Quiz Revision Notes - User contributions [en-gb]

Sport and Leisure/Chess

2022-08-02T15:16:07Z

Loonapick:

== History ==
Lewis Chessmen (or Uig Chessmen, named after their find-site) are a group of 78 chess pieces from the 12th century most of which are carved in walrus ivory, discovered in 1831 on the Isle of Lewis. Displayed in British Museum

Philidor's book ''Analyse du jeu des Echecs'', written in 1749, was considered a standard chess manual for at least a century

The Turk was a hoax that purported to be a chess-playing machine. Constructed and unveiled in 1770 by the Austrian-Hungarian baron Wolfgang von Kempelen, the mechanism appeared to be able to play a strong game of chess against a human opponent

Staunton chess set – Nathaniel Cook is credited with the design, and they are named after Howard Staunton. This style of set was first made available by Jaques of London in 1849

The Immortal Game was a chess game played by Adolf Anderssen and Lionel Kieseritzky in 1851 in London. The very bold sacrifices made by Anderssen to finally secure victory have made it one of the most famous chess games of all time

First World Championship chess match won by William Steinitz, in 1886

Capablanca was the first player to be recognized by FIDE as world champion, in 1925

The Women's World Championship was established by FIDE in 1927 as a single tournament held alongside the Chess Olympiad

In 1968, International Master David Levy made a famous bet that no chess computer would be able to beat him within ten years. He won his bet in 1978 by beating Chess 4.7 (the strongest computer at the time), but acknowledged then that it would not be long before he would be surpassed. In 1989, Levy was crushed by the computer Deep Thought in an exhibition match

From 1948 to 1993, the championship was administered by FIDE, the world chess federation. In 1993, the reigning champion (Garry Kasparov) broke away from FIDE, leading to the creation of two rival championships. This situation remained until 2006, when the title was unified at the World Chess Championship 2006

The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of players in two-player games such as chess and Go. It is named after the system’s creator, Arpad Elo, a Hungarian-born physics professor. Elo's system was adopted by the World Chess Federation in 1970

World Computer Chess Championship (WCCC) was first held in Sweden in 1974, and was won by Kaissa. Junior won in 2013 for the sixth time

From 1985 the World Team Chess Championship was held every four years, since 2011 every two years. Since 2007 there is a separate championship for women teams, which is also held every two years

Deep Blue was a chess-playing computer developed by IBM. In 1997, the machine defeated world champion Garry Kasparov

In 2006 Deep Fritz beat Vladimir Kramnik

Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, the former President of Kalmykia, is head of FIDE

== Terms ==
++ double check

!! outstanding move

?? blunder

?! dubious move

!? interesting move

0-0 castling kingside

0-0-0 castling queenside

Armageddon – a game which White must win to win the match, but which Black only needs to draw to win the match. White has more time than Black

Elephant – forerunner of the bishop

En Prise – chess piece that can be taken

Fianchetto – a pattern of development wherein a bishop is developed to the second rank of the adjacent knight file, the knight pawn having been moved one or two squares forward

Fool’s mate – 1. f3 e5 2. g4 Qh4

J’adoube (I adjust) – to adjust the position of a chess piece on its square without being required to move it

Scholar’s mate – a four-move checkmate

Sicilian Defence – 1. e4 c5

Zugzwang – when a player is put at a disadvantage by having to make a move; where any legal move weakens the position

== Male players ==
'''Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais''' (1795–1840) was a French chess master, possibly the strongest player in the early 19th century. La Bourdonnais was considered to be the unofficial World Chess Champion from 1821 until his death in 1840. The most famous match series, indeed considered as the world championship, was the series against Alexander McDonnell in 1834

'''Howard Staunton''' (1810–1874) was an English chess master who is generally regarded as having been the world's strongest player from 1843 to 1851, largely as a result of his 1843 victory over Saint-Amant. He promoted a chess set of clearly distinguishable pieces of standardized shape (Staunton pattern) that is still the style required for competitions. He was the principal organizer of the first international chess tournament in 1851

'''Adolf Anderssen''' (1818–1879) was a German chess master. He is considered to have been the world's leading chess player in the 1850s and 1860s. He was ‘dethroned’ temporarily in 1858 by Paul Morphy

'''Paul Morphy''' (1837–1884) was an American chess player. He is considered to have been the greatest chess master of his era and an unofficial World Chess Champion in 1858. Morphy retired from chess in 1859

'''Wilhelm''' (later '''William''') '''Steinitz''' (1836–1900) was an Austrian and then American chess player and the first undisputed world chess champion from 1886 to 1894. Steinitz lost his title to Emanuel Lasker in 1894 and also lost a rematch in 1897

'''Aron Nimzowitsch''' (1886–1935) was a Russian-born Danish unofficial chess grandmaster and an influential chess writer

'''Emanuel Lasker''' (1868–1941) was a German chess player, mathematician, and philosopher who was World Chess Champion for 27 years (1894–1921). In his prime Lasker was one of the most dominant champions, and he is still generally regarded as one of the strongest players ever

Emanuel Lasker invented a draughts-like game in 1911

'''Jose Raul Capablanca''' (1888–1942) was a Cuban chess player who was world chess champion from 1921 to 1927. Due to his achievements in the chess world, mastery over the board and his relatively simple style of play he was nicknamed the ‘Human Chess Machine’

'''Alexander Alekhine''' (1892–1946) he became the fourth World Chess Champion in 1927 by defeating Capablanca, widely considered invincible, in what would stand as the longest chess championship match held until 1985. He was defeated by Euwe in 1935, but regained his crown in the 1937 rematch

'''Max Euwe''' (1901–1981) was a Dutch chess Grandmaster, mathematician, and author. He was the fifth player to become World Chess Champion (1935 – 1937). Euwe also served as President of FIDE, the World Chess Federation, from 1970 to 1978

'''Mikhail Botvinnik''' (1911–1995) was a Soviet International Grandmaster and three-time World Chess Champion (1948–1957, 1958–1960, 1961–1963). Working as an electrical engineer and computer scientist at the same time, he was one of the very few famous chess players who achieved distinction in another career while playing top-class competitive chess

'''Vasily Smyslov''' (1921–2010) was a Soviet and Russian chess grandmaster, and was World Chess Champion from 1957 to 1958

'''Mikhail Tal''' (1936–1992) was a Soviet–Latvian chess player, a Grandmaster, and the eighth World Chess Champion, from 1960 to 1961. He holds the records for both the first and second longest unbeaten streaks in competitive chess history. Many authorities consider him to have been the greatest attacking Grandmaster in the history of chess

'''Tigran Petrosian''' (1929–1984) was a Soviet-Armenian grandmaster born in Tbilisi, and World Chess Champion from 1963 to 1969. He was nicknamed ‘Iron Tigran’ due to his playing style because of his almost impenetrable defence, which emphasized safety above all else

'''Victor Korchnoi''' (1931-2016) played three matches against Anatoly Karpov, the latter two for the World Chess Championship. In 1974, he lost the Candidates final to Karpov, who was declared world champion in 1975 when Bobby Fischer failed to defend his title. Then, after defecting from the Soviet Union in 1976, he won consecutive Candidates cycles to qualify for World Championship matches with Karpov in 1978 and 1981, losing both

'''Nigel Short''' (born 1965) was ranked third in the world, from January 1988 – July 1989 and in 1993, he challenged Garry Kasparov for the World Chess Championship, in London

'''Boris Spassky''' (born 1937) is a Soviet-French chess grandmaster. Spassky defeated Tigran Petrosian in 1969 to become World Champion, then lost the title in the Fischer–Spassky match in 1972

'''Bobby Fischer''' (1943–2008) captured the World Championship from Boris Spassky of the USSR in a match held in Reykjavík in 1972. In 1975, Fischer declined to defend his title when he could not come to agreement with FIDE over the conditions for the match. After ending his competitive career, he proposed a new variant of chess and a modified chess timing system: His idea of adding a time increment after each move is now standard

The Game of the Century refers to a game played between Donald Byrne and 13-year-old Bobby Fischer in the Rosenwald Memorial Tournament in New York City in 1956, which Fischer won

In 1977, Bobby Fischer played three games in Cambridge against the MIT Greenblatt computer program. Fischer won all the games

Bobby Fischer was involved with the Worldwide Church of God and died in Iceland

'''Tony Miles''' (1955-2001) was the first British-born chess grandmaster

'''Raymond Keene''' (born 1948) was the second British-born chess grandmaster. He has been chess correspondent of ''The Times'' since 1985, and has written over 100 books on chess

'''Anatoly Karpov''' (born 1951) was the official world champion from 1975 to 1985 when he was defeated by Garry Kasparov. He played three matches against Kasparov for the title from 1986 to 1990, before becoming FIDE World Champion once again after Kasparov broke away from FIDE in 1993. He held the title until 1999, when he resigned his title in protest against FIDE's new world championship rules

'''Garry Kasparov''' (born 1963) became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at the age of 22. He held the official FIDE world title until 1993, when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association. He continued to hold the "Classical" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. He is also widely known for being the first world chess champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls, when he lost to Deep Blue in 1997. He was the world No. 1 ranked player for 255 months

'''Vladimir Kramnik''' (born 1975) was the Classical World Chess Champion from 2000 to 2006, and the undisputed World Chess Champion from 2006 to 2007. In 2006, Kramnik, the Classical World Champion, defeated reigning FIDE World Champion Veselin Topalov in a unification match, the World Chess Championship 2006. As a result Kramnik became the first undisputed World Champion, holding both the FIDE and Classical titles, since Kasparov split from FIDE in 1993. In 2007, Kramnik lost the title to Viswanathan Anand

'''Veselin Topalov''' (born 1975) from Bulgaria won the FIDE World Chess Championship in 2005. Ranked number one for a total of 27 months

'''Viswanathan Anand''' (born 1969) from India held the FIDE World Chess Championship from 2000 to 2002, at a time when the world title was split. He became the undisputed World Champion in 2007 and defended his title against Vladimir Kramnik in 2008. He then successfully defended his title in the World Chess Championship 2010 against Veselin Topalov. As the reigning champion, he defeated Boris Gelfand, the winner of the Candidates Tournament, for the World Chess Championship 2012

'''Sergey Karjakin''' (born 1990) is a Russian (formerly Ukrainian) grandmaster. He was a chess prodigy and holds the record for both the youngest International Master, 11 years and 11 months, and grandmaster in history, at the age of 12 years and 7 months. In September 2011 he had an Elo rating of 2772, making him Russia's second best chess player, and the fifth in the world

'''Magnus Carlsen''' (born 1990) is a Norwegian chess Grandmaster and chess prodigy who is currently the number-one ranked player in the world. His peak rating is 2882, the highest in history. In 2004 Carlsen became a Grandmaster at the age of 13, making him the third-youngest Grandmaster in history. In 2010, at the age of 19 years, he became the youngest chess player in history to be ranked world number one, breaking the record previously held by Vladimir Kramnik. Magnus Carlsen faced Anand in the World Chess Championship 2013 in Chennai. Carlsen won the match 6½–3½. Carlsen retained the title against Sergey Karjakin in 2016 and Fabiano Caruana in 2018

== Female players ==
'''Vera Menchik''' (1906–1944) was a British-Czech chess player who gained renown as the world's first women's chess champion. She also competed in chess tournaments with some of the world's leading male chess masters, defeating many of them, including future World Champion Max Euwe. The daughter of a Czech father and British mother, Vera Menchik was born in Moscow but, in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution, moved with her family to England in 1921. She won the first Women's World Championship in 1927 and successfully defended her title six times. She was killed in a V-1 rocket bombing raid in Clapham in 1944

'''Lyudmila Rudenko''' (1904–1986) was a Soviet chess player and the second Women's World Chess Champion from 1950 until 1953

'''Elisabeth Bykova''' (1913–1989) was a Soviet chess player and the third and fifth Women's World Chess Champion, from 1953 until 1956, and again from 1958 to 1962

'''Xie Jun''' (born 1970) from China was Women's World Chess Champion from 1991 to 1996 and again from 1999 to 2001

'''Susan Polgar''' (born 1969), often known as '''Zsuzsa Polgar''', was the Women's World Chess Champion from 1996 to 1999. She was also the first woman in history to break the gender barrier by qualifying for the 1986 Men's World Championship

'''Judit Polgar''' (born 1976) is a Hungarian chess grandmaster. She is by far the strongest female chess player in history. In 1991, Polgar achieved the title of Grandmaster at the age of 15 years, the youngest person ever to do so at that time. Polgar was ranked No. 35 in the world on the November 2011 FIDE rating list with an Elo rating of 2710. She is the only female player to have won a game against a Men's World champion

'''Sofia Polgar''' (born 1974) is an International Master and Woman Grandmaster, and is the middle sister of Grandmasters Susan and Judit Polgar

'''Alexandra Kosteniuk''' (born 1984) is a Russian chess Grandmaster and was Women's World Chess Champion from 2008 to 2010

'''Hou Yifan''' (born 1994) won the Women's World Chess Championship 2010 in Hatay, Turkey, making her the youngest women's world champion in history, aged 16. She defended her title by defeating Indian GM Koneru Humpy in 2011, and regained the title in 2013

'''Anna Ushenina''' (born 1985) from Ukraine won the Women's World Chess Championship 2012, which was a knockout tournament for the first time

'''Ju Wenjun''' (born 1991) from China won three consecutive Women's World Chess Championships held between 2018 and 2020

Entertainment/Academy Awards

2022-08-02T12:27:43Z

Loonapick:

The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, are awards of merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to recognize excellence of professionals in the film industry

The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held on Thursday, 16 May 1929, at the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood to honour outstanding film achievements of 1927 and 1928. It was hosted by actor Douglas Fairbanks and director William C. DeMille

The official name of the Oscar statuette is the Academy Award of Merit. Made of gold-plated Britannia metal on a black metal base, it is 13.5 in (34 cm) tall, weighs 8.5 lb (3.85 kg) and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a crusader's sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes. The five spokes each represent the original branches of the Academy: Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers, and Technicians. MGM's art director Cedric Gibbons, one of the original Academy members, supervised the design of the award trophy. Mexican actor Emilio ‘El Indio’ Fernandez posed naked to create what today is known as the ‘Oscar’. The statuettes are cast, moulded, and polished by Chicago's R. S. Owens & Company. It was named by Margaret Herrick, the Academy librarian, who remarked in 1931 (upon seeing the statuettes), "Why it looks like my Uncle Oscar!"

In 2002, the Dolby Theatre (formerly known as the Kodak Theatre) became the current venue of the presentation

''The most frequent host is Bob Hope with 14 appearances''

The official Oscar after-party is the Governors Ball

Chronological

At the first Academy Awards, Best Director awards went to Lewis Milestone for ''Two Arabian Knights'' and Frank Borzage for ''7th Heaven''. The first award for Actor in a Leading Role went to Emil Jannings for his roles in ''The Last Command'' and ''The Way of All Flesh''. The first Best Actress award was won by Janet Gaynor for her roles in ''7th Heaven'', ''Street Angel'' and ''Sunrise''. The first Best Picture award went to ''WINGS''

''The Broadway Melody'' – second film to win Oscar for Best Picture (1928/9)

The rumour alleging Rin Tin Tin won the most Best Actor votes at the first Academy Award competition in 1929 is nothing more than urban legend

''All Quiet on the Western Front'' – first screen adaptation of a novel to win Best Picture Oscar (1930)

''Grand Hotel'' (1932) is the only film to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture without it or its participants being nominated in any other category

First film to win Oscars for Best Actor and Actress – ''It Happened One Night'' (1934), for Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert

''It Happened One Night'' became the first film ever to win the ‘Big Five’ Academy Awards (Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Writing)

In 1935, Shirley Temple became the first child star to be honoured with a miniature Juvenile Oscar, aged six

Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress introduced in 1937

Best Visual Effects introduced in 1938

Edgar Bergen was given an Academy Honorary Award (in the form of a wooden Oscar statuette with a movable mouth) in 1938 for his ventriloquist’s dummy named Charlie McCarthy

Erich Korngold's 1938 Academy Award for his score to ''The Adventures of Robin Hood'' marked the first time an Oscar was awarded to the composer rather than the head of the studio music department

''Gone with the Wind'' (1939) won eight Oscars. Longest Best Picture winner (234 minutes)

The first black actress to win an Oscar was Hattie McDaniel, who won Best Supporting Actress for ''Gone With The Wind''

Alfred Hitchcock won his only Best Picture Oscar for ''Rebecca'' (1940)

Preston Sturges won an Academy Award for the original screenplay for ''The Great McGinty'' (1940)

Joan Fontaine is the only actress to ever win the Best Actress Oscar in a film directed by Alfred Hitchcock (''Suspicion'', 1941). This is the only Oscar-winning performance in a Hitchcock film

Greer Garson won the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1942 for her role in ''Mrs. Miniver''. She holds the record for the longest Oscar acceptance speech, at five minutes and 30 seconds

Laurence Olivier was the first person to win an Oscar for Best Actor in a film which he also directed, for ''Hamlet'' in 1948

Academy Award for Best Costume Design was first given for films made in 1948. Initially, separate award categories were established for black-and-white films and colour films. The two categories merged in 1967

''All About Eve'' (1950) was nominated for 14 Academy Awards and won six, including Best Picture. As of 2014[update], ''All About Eve'' is still the only film in Oscar history to receive four female acting nominations

Humphrey Bogart won his only Oscar for Best Actor in ''The African Queen'' (1951)

Dimitri Tiomkin won an Oscar for Best Music Original Song for ''High Noon'' (1952)

''Secret Love'' – sung by Doris Day in ''Calamity Jane'' (1953). Academy Award for Best Original Song

''Marty'' (1955) is the shortest Best Picture winner (94 minutes)

Anthony Quinn's performance as painter Paul Gauguin in ''Lust for Life'' (1956) is the shortest ever to win an Academy Award. He was on screen for only eight minutes and won the Best Supporting Actor award

1956 Academy Award for Best Original Song won by ''Whatever Will Be, Will Be (Que Sera, Sera)'', from ''The Man Who Knew Too Much'', directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Sung by Doris Day

David Niven won the 1958 Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Major Pollock in ''Separate Tables'', his only nomination for an Oscar. Appearing on-screen for only 16 minutes in the film, this remains the briefest performance ever to win a Best Actor Oscar

''Ben-Hur'' received12 Oscar nominations in 1959, and won 11

In 1963, Sidney Poitier became the first black actor to win the Academy Award for Best Actor, for his role in ''Lilies of the Field''

''The Windmills of Your Mind'', the theme tune from the film ''The Thomas Crown Affair'', won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1968

''Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head'' was written by Hal David and Burt Bacharach for the 1969 film ''Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid'', winning an Academy Award for Best Original Song. The version by B. J. Thomas reached No. 1 on singles charts in the United States

''Midnight Cowboy'' (1969) is the only X-rated film to win Best Picture Oscar

George C Scott turned down as Oscar for ''Patton'' in 1970

''Cabaret'' (1972) won the most Oscars (eight) without winning Best Picture

Marlon Brando turned down as Oscar for ''The Godfather'' in 1972

Tatum O'Neal is the youngest person ever to win a competitive Academy Award, which she won in 1974 at age 10 for her performance as Addie Loggins in ''Paper Moon'' opposite her father, Ryan O'Neal

''The oldest Best Actor winner is 76 year-old Henry Fonda for On Golden Pond in 1982''

''The Last Emperor'' was directed by Bernardo Bertolucci (1987). Won nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Original Score (David Byrne)

Jessica Tandy became the oldest actress to receive the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in ''Driving Miss Daisy'' (1989), aged 80

''Driving Miss Daisy'' won Best Picture without receiving a nomination for Best Director

''Beauty and the Beast'' (1991) was the first full-length animated film nominated for an Oscar

''Schindler’s List'' was last black and white film to win Best Picture (1993) before ''The Artist''

The oldest actor to be nominated for an Oscar is Gloria Stewart, who was 87 when she was nominated for her role as Old Rose in ''Titanic'' (1997)

''Titanic'' tied ''All About Eve'' (1950) for the most Oscar nominations (14), and won 11, including the awards for Best Picture and Best Director, tying ''Ben Hur'' (1959) for the most Oscars won by a single film

Denzil Washington is the second African-American (after Sidney Poitier) to win the Academy Award for Best Actor, which he received for his role in the 2001 film ''Training Day''

In 2002, Halle Berry became the first black woman to win the Academy Award for Best Actress, for her role in ''Monster’s Ball''

Adrien Brody is the youngest actor to win an Oscar for Best Actor, for ''The Pianist'' (2003)

''Lord Of The Rings: The Return Of The King (2004)'' won all the categories for which it was nominated (11)

In 2006, Paul Haggis became the first person in the history of the Academy Awards to write two back-to-back Best Picture Winners, for ''Crash'' and the previous year's winner, ''Million Dollar Baby''

Until Heath Ledger's ''Dark Knight'' Oscar for Best Supporting Actress in 2008, Peter Finch was the only actor to be awarded an Academy Award posthumously for his performance in the 1976 film ''Network''

''The Artist'' (2011) is only the second silent film to collect an Oscar for Best Picture, after ''Wings''

Oldest person to win an Oscar – Christopher Plummer won Best Supporting Actor for his role in ''Beginners'' in 2012, aged 82

Trivia

Most Oscars – Walt Disney 26 (22 competitive from 59 nominations, four honorary)

John Williams has won five Academy Awards. With 49 Academy Award nominations, Williams is the second most-nominated person, after Walt Disney

Actress with most Oscars – Katherine Hepburn (four), for ''Morning Glory'', ''Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner'', ''The Lion in Winter'', ''On Golden Pond''

3 Oscars – Ingrid Bergman, for ''Anastasia'', ''Gaslight'', ''Murder on the Orient Express''

3 Oscars – Walter Brennan, for ''Come and Get It'', ''Kentucky'', ''The Westerner'' (all for Best Supporting Actor)

3 Oscars – Jack Nicholson, for ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest'', ''As Good as It Gets'', ''Terms of Endearment''

3 Oscars – Meryl Streep, for ''Sophie’s Choice'', ''The Iron Lady'', ''Kramer vs Kramer''

3 Oscars – Daniel Day-Lewis, for ''My Left Foot'', ''There Will Be Blood'', ''Lincoln''

Actors who have won Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor – Jack Lemmon, Gene Hackman, Jack Nicholson, Robert De Nero, Kevin Spacey and Denzil Washington

Actresses who have won Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress – Ingrid Bergman, Helen Hayes, Jessica Lange, Maggie Smith, Meryl Streep

Shelley Winters and Dianne Wiest are the only actresses to win Best Supporting Actress twice

Sound re-recording mixer Kevin O'Connell holds the record for most Academy Award nominations without a win at 20, having originally set the record in 2006 with his 18th nomination and loss

Meryl Streep has had19 Oscar nominations

Jack Nicholson has most Oscar nominations for a man (12)

''The most successful films in Oscar history are Ben-Hur, Titanic and Lord Of The Rings: The Return Of The King. Each took home 11 awards – although The Return Of The King was the only one of those to take home every award for which it was nominated''

Spencer Tracy and Tom Hanks won Oscars in consecutive years

John Ford’s four Academy Awards for Best Director (1935, 1940, 1941, 1952) are a record, and one of those films, ''How Green Was My Valley'', also won Best Picture

Most nominations for Best Director – William Wyler (12), Martin Scorsese (8), Billy Wilder (8)

Kenneth Branagh has been nominated for five Academy Awards, the first man to be nominated for five different categories

The Hustons are the only family to produce three generations of Oscar winners: Walter Huston was named Best Supporting Actor in 1948 for his role in ''The Treasure of the Sierra Madre''; John Huston was awarded Best Director/Adapted Screenplay for the same movie, and Anjelica Huston received an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress in ''Prizzi's Honor'', 1985

Only two married couples won Oscars for acting roles: Laurence Olivier (''Hamlet'', 1948) and Vivian Leigh (''A Streetcar Named Desire'', 1951); and Joanne Woodward (The ''Three Faces of Eve'', 1957) and Paul Newman (''The Colour of Money'', 1986). The only sisters to have won Oscars are Joan Fontaine (''Suspicion'', 1941) and Olivia de Havilland (''To Each His Own'', 1946, and ''The Heiress'', 1949)

Kate Winslet was the first actress to receive four Oscar nominations before the age of 30

Glenn Close and Richard Burton had multiple Oscar nominations, but have never won

Alfred Hitchcock was nominated five times, but never won Oscar for Best Director

Alfred Newman was a major American composer of music for films. He received 43 Academy Award nominations making him (currently) the third most nominated person in the history of the Academy Awards behind John Williams and Walt Disney. He won nine Oscars

Deborah Kerr was nominated six times for an Academy Award as Best Actress but never won

Elizabeth Taylor won two Academy Awards for Best Actress for her performance in ''BUtterfield 8'' in 1960, and for ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'' in 1966

Nora Ephron is a triple nominee for the Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay; for ''Silkwood'', ''When Harry Met Sally…'' and ''Sleepless in Seattle''

George C Scott and Marlon Brando are the only two actors to have turned down an Oscar

Peter O'Toole is the only actor to refuse an honorary Oscar

Peter Ustinov won Best Supporting Actor for roles in ''Spartacus'' and ''Topkapi''

Cecil Beaton won two Oscars for costume design

James Dean is the first person to be nominated posthumously for an Oscar and the only person to be nominated posthumously for two Oscars

Michael Caine won two Best Supporting Actor Oscars, for ''The'' ''Cider House Rules'' and ''Hannah and her Sisters''

Michael Caine is one of only two actors to be nominated for an Academy Award for acting (either lead or supporting) in every decade from the 1960s to the 2000s.The other is Jack Nicholson

William Wyler won Oscar for Best Director, and the film also won Best Picture – ''Ben-Hur'' (1959), ''The Best Years of Our Lives'' (1946), and ''Mrs. Miniver'' (1942)

Edith Head was an American costume designer who won eight Academy Awards, more than any other woman

Maurice Jarre received three Academy Awards and was nominated a total of eight times, all in the category of Best Original Score. Oscars for ''Lawrence of Arabia'', ''Doctor Zhivago'', and ''A Passage to India''

James Horner has won two Academy Awards for Best Original Score (''Titanic'') and Best Original Song (''My Heart Will Go On'') in 1998, and has been nominated for Oscars an additional eight times

Peter O'Toole has been nominated eight times for the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, making him the most-nominated actor never to win the award

Georgio Moroder has won three Academy Awards: Best Original Score for ''Midnight Express'' (1978); Best Song for ''Flashdance...What a Feeling'', from the film ''Flashdance'' (1983); and Best Song for ''Take My Breath Away'', from ''Top Gun'' (1986)

Gary Cooper received five Academy Award nominations for Best Actor, winning twice for ''Sergeant York'' and ''High Noon''

Greta Garbo was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for ''Anna Christie'' (1930) – ‘Garbo talks’, ''Romance'' (1930), ''Camille'' (1937) and ''Ninotchka'' (1939) – ‘Garbo laughs’

Bing Crosby won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Father Chuck O'Malley in the 1944 motion picture ''Going My Way'', and was nominated for his reprise of the role in ''The Bells of St. Mary's'' the next year. He was also nominated for an Oscar in ''The Country Road''

Howard Shore won won three Academy Awards for his work on ''The Lord of the Rings'' film trilogy

The Academy Award for the Best Film in a Foreign Language is the only Oscar awarded to an entire country

''Turning Point'' (1978) and ''The Colour Purple'' (1986) each received 11 nominations but won no awards

''Godfather: Part II'' is the only sequel to win Best Picture

''The most nominated character is Henry VIII (three nominations)''

Five people have been nominated for playing the same character twice: Cate Blanchett (Elizabeth I); Bing Crosby (Father Chuck O'Malley); Paul Newman ('Fast' Eddie Felson); Peter O'Toole (Henry II); and Al Pacino (Michael Corleone)

''Only one actress has won an Oscar for playing a member of the opposite sex: Linda Hunt in The Year Of Living Dangerously (1982)''

''Laurence Olivier and Roberto Benigni are also the only people to have won Best Actor in a film they directed: Benigni for Life Is Beautiful (1997) and Olivier for Hamlet (1948)''

Liza Minnelli is the only Oscar winner whose parents (Judy Garland and Vincente Minnelli) also both won Academy Awards

''Woody'' Allen has been nominated 24 times and won four Academy Awards: three for Best Original Screenplay and one for Best Director (''Annie Hall''). He has more screenwriting Academy Award nominations than any other writer

Cedric Gibbons won 11 Oscars for Art Direction

Alan Menken is best known for his scores for films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. His scores for ''The Little Mermaid'', ''Beauty and the Beast'', ''Aladdin'', and ''Pocahontas'' have each won him two Academy Awards

In 1962 Bette Davis became the first person to secure ten Academy Award nominations for acting. Won for ''Dangerous'' (1935) and ''Jezebel'' (1938)

Alan Jay Lerner won Oscars for ''Gigi'' (two) and ''An American in Paris'' (one)

Steven Spielberg’s Best Director Oscars – ''Schindler’s List'', ''Saving Private Ryan''

Marilyn Monroe never received an Oscar nomination

To qualify for Best Picture, a film needs to be at least 40 minutes long

''Fanny and Alexander'' won 1983 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film (Directed by Ingmar Bergman)

AR Rahman won two Academy Awards (Best Original Score and Best Original Song) for ''Slumdog Millionaire'' in 2009

Best Original Song (1939) ''Over the Rainbow'' from ''The Wizard of Oz''. Music: Harold Arlen. Lyrics: Yip Harburg

Cecil Beaton won an Oscar for Best Costume for ''My Fair Lady'' (1964)

Robert Bolt won Oscars for Best Adapted Screenplay for ''Doctor Zhivago'' (1965) and ''A Man for All Seasons'' (1966)

James Bond Oscars – ''Goldfinger'' (1964) for Best Sound Effects, ''Thunderball'' (1965) for Best Visual Effects, ''Skyfall'' (2012) for Best Original Song and Best Sound Editing

During the 2022 Oscars ceremony, Will Smith walked onto the stage and smacked host Chris Rock across the cheek after Rock made a joke at the expense of Smith's wife.

Civilisation/Psychology

2022-08-02T12:17:06Z

Loonapick:

== Psychologists ==
'''Alfred Adler''' (1870 – 1937) was an Austrian medical doctor and psychologist, founder of the school of individual psychology. He wrote a book defining his key ideas in 1912: ''The Neurotic Character''. He argued that human personality could be explained teleologically, separate strands dominated by the guiding purpose of the individual's unconscious self ideal to convert feelings of inferiority to superiority (or rather completeness). Introduced the concept of the Inferiority Complex. He wrote ''Understanding Human Nature''

'''Albert Bandura''' (1925-2021) was responsible for the influential 1961 Bobo doll experiment, which studied children's behavior after watching an adult model act aggressively towards a Bobo doll (a large inflatable toy painted to look like a clown)

'''Eric Berne''' (1910 – 1970) was a Canadian-born psychiatrist best known as the creator of transactional analysis and the author of ''Games People Play''

'''Alfred Binet''' (1857 – 1911) was a French psychologist and inventor of the first usable intelligence test, known at that time as Binet test basically today called IQ test. His principal goal was to identify students who needed special help in coping with the school curriculum. Along with his collaborator Théodore Simon, Binet published revisions of his intelligence scale in 1908 and 1911

'''Josef Breuer''' (1842 – 1925) used the terms ‘the Talking Cure’ and ‘chimney sweeping’ for verbal therapy given to his patient Bertha Pappenheim under the alias of Anna O. They were first published in ''Studies on Hysteria''

'''Hans Eysenck''' (1916 – 1997) championed the view that genetic factors play a large part in determining the psychological differences between people. Held controversial views, particularly with his study of racial differences in intelligence. Wrote ''Know Your Own IQ''

'''Anna Freud''' (1895 – 1982) was the sixth and last child of Sigmund and Martha Freud. Born in Vienna, she followed the path of her father and contributed to the newly born field of psychoanalysis

'''Sigmund Freud''' (1856 – 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the co-founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind, especially involving the mechanism of repression; his redefinition of sexual desire as mobile and directed towards a wide variety of objects; and his therapeutic technique, especially his understanding of transference in the therapeutic relationship and the presumed value of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires. The id, ego, and super-ego are the divisions of the psyche according to Freud's ‘structural theory’ (1923). The id (fully unconscious) contains the drives and those things repressed by consciousness; the ego (mostly conscious) deals with external reality; and the super ego (partly conscious) is the conscience or the internal moral judge. He wrote ''The Interpretation of Dreams.'' Sigmund Freud popularized the term and defined ’libido’ as the instinct energy or force, contained in what Freud called the id, the largely unconscious structure of the psyche. Father of architect Ernst Freud and grandfather of Lucian Freud

Freudian slip – a slip-up that (according to Sigmund Freud) results from the operation of unconscious wishes or conflicts and can reveal unconscious processes in normal healthy individuals

'''Carl Gustav Jung''' (1875 – 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology. Jung coined the term ‘collective unconscious’ to refer to that part of a person's unconscious which is common to all human beings, and popularized the terms introvert and extrovert. The use of archetypes to illuminate personality and literature was advanced by Carl Jung

Anima and animus, in Carl Jung's school of analytical psychology, are the female and male anthropomorphic archetypes of the unconscious mind

Synchronicity is the experience of two or more events that are apparently causally unrelated or unlikely to occur together by chance, that are observed to occur together in a meaningful manner. The concept of synchronicity was first described by Carl Gustav Jung in the 1920s

Carl Jung was a proponent of the concept of the Age of Aquarius

'''Melanie Klein''' (1882 – 1960) was an Austrian-born British psychoanalyst who devised novel therapeutic techniques for children that had an impact on child psychology and contemporary psychoanalysis. She was a leading innovator in theorizing object relations theory

'''Abraham Maslow''' (1908 – 1970) proposed his hierarchy of needs in his 1943 paper ''A Theory of Human Motivation''. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid, with the largest and lowest levels of needs (physiological) at the bottom, and the need for self-actualization at the top

'''Stanley Milgram''' (1933 – 1984) was a Yale University psychologist best known for his experiment on obedience to authority figures. This was a series of social psychology experiments, which measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience, such as giving people electric shocks

'''Ivan Pavlov''' (1849 – 1936) is widely known for first describing the phenomenon now known as classical conditioning in his experiments with dogs. Pavlov called the correlation between the unconditioned stimulus (food) and the unconditioned response (salivation) an unconditional reflex

'''Jean Piaget''' (1896 – 1980) was a Swiss philosopher, natural scientist and developmental psychologist, well known for his work studying children and his theory of cognitive development

'''B.F. Skinner''' (1904 – 1990) believed that human free will is an illusion. Skinner called the use of reinforcement to strengthen behaviour operant conditioning

Skinner box – an operant conditioning chamber used in experimental psychology to study animal behavior. Used to study both classical conditioning and operant conditioning

'''Charles Spearman''' (1863 – 1945) was an English psychologist known for work in statistics, as a pioneer of factor analysis, and for Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. He also did seminal work on models for human intelligence, including his theory that disparate cognitive test scores reflect a single general factor and coining the term ‘g’ factor

'''Lewis Terman''' (1877 – 1956) was an American psychologist, noted as a pioneer in educational psychology in the early 20th century at the Stanford University School of Education. He is best known for his revision of the Stanford-Binet IQ test and for studies of children with high IQs

'''John B. Watson''' (1878 – 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, after doing research on animal behavior. He is known for having claimed that he could take any 12 healthy infants and, by applying behavioral techniques, create whatever kind of person he desired. He also conducted the controversial “Little Albert” experiment which tried to to condition phobias into an emotionally stable child

== Terms ==
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) – a short-term psychotherapy originally designed to treat depression

Cognitive dissonance – an uncomfortable feeling caused by holding two contradictory ideas simultaneously

Conformation bias – a tendency to search for or interpret new information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions and to avoid information and interpretations which contradict prior beliefs

Constitutional psychology – a theory, developed in the 1940s by American psychologist William Sheldon, associating body types with human temperament types. Sheldon proposed that the human physique be classed according to the relative contribution of three fundamental elements, somatotypes, named after the three germ layers of embryonic development

Equipotentiality – a neurological principle that describes a cortical mechanism, first identified by Jean Pierre Flourens and later revisited by Karl Lashley in the 1950s. The principle of equipotentiality is the idea that the rate of learning is independent of the combination of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli that are used in classical conditioning

Four Temperaments – a theory that stems from the ancient concept of four humors (humorism). Hans Eysenck realised that by pairing the dimensions of Neuroticism (N) and Extraversion (E), the results (choleric – yellow bile, melancholic – black bile, sanguine – blood and phlegmatic – phlegm) were similar to the four ancient temperaments

Fugue state – usually defined by the term dissociative fugue. It is related to amnesia, the state where someone completely forgets who they are

Gestalt psychology (also Gestalt theory of the Berlin School) – a theory of mind and brain that proposes that the operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies. The classic Gestalt example is a soap bubble, whose spherical shape (its Gestalt) is not defined by a rigid template, or a mathematical formula, but rather it emerges spontaneously by the parallel action of surface tension acting at all points in the surface simultaneously. This is in contrast to the atomistic principle of operation of the digital computer, where every computation is broken down into a sequence of simple steps, each of which is computed independently of the problem as a whole. Although Max Wertheimer is credited as the founder of the movement, the concept of Gestalt was first introduced in contemporary philosophy and psychology by Christian von Ehrenfels

Groupthink – a psychological phenomenon that occurs within groups of people. It is the mode of thinking that happens when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. The majority of the initial research on groupthink was performed by Irving Janis, a research psychologist from Yale University

Identity crisis – term coined by Erik Erikson, for the failure to achieve ego identity during adolescence

Illusory superiority (also known as Superiority bias) – a cognitive bias in which people overestimate the degree to which they possess desirable qualities, relative to others

Object permanence – the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed

Oedipus complex – the emotions and ideas that the mind keeps in the unconscious, via dynamic repression, that concentrate upon a boy’s desire to sexually possess his mother, and kill his father; a girl’s analogous experience is the Electra complex

Operant conditioning – the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior. Operant conditioning is distinguished from classical conditioning in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of ‘voluntary behavior’ or operant behavior

Pleasure principle – a psychoanalytic concept, originated by Sigmund Freud. The pleasure principle states that people seek pleasure and avoid pain

Sibling rivalry – for an older sibling ‘the aggressive response to the new baby is so typical that it is safe to say it is a common feature of family life’. Term introduced by David Levy in 1941

Social Identity Theory – developed by Tajfel and Turner in 1979. The theory was originally developed to understand the psychological basis of intergroup discrimination

Somatoform disorder – a mental disorder characterized by physical symptoms that suggest physical illness or injury – symptoms that cannot be explained fully by a general medical condition, direct effect of a substance, or attributable to another mental disorder

Stanford prison experiment – a study of the psychological effects of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. The experiment was conducted at Stanford University in 1971 by a team of researchers led by psychology professor Philip Zimbardo

Transitional object – something a child holds onto during childhood, e.g. a doll or a blanket

== Effects and syndromes ==
Diogenes syndrome – a behavioural disorder characterized by extreme self-neglect. It is named after Diogenes of Sinope

Halo effect – a cognitive bias in which our judgments of a person’s character can be influenced by our overall impression of him or her. The halo effect was given its name by psychologist Edward Thorndike

Jerusalem syndrome – the name given to a group of mental phenomena involving the presence of either religiously themed obsessive ideas, delusions or other psychosis-like experiences, that are triggered by, or lead to, a visit to the city of Jerusalem

Lima syndrome – abductors develop sympathy for their hostages. It was named after an abduction at the Japanese Embassy in Lima in 1996. Inverse of Stockholm syndrome

Munchausen syndrome – a psychiatric factitious disorder wherein those affected feign disease, illness, or psychological trauma to draw attention or sympathy to themselves

Munchausen syndrome by proxy – a label for a pattern of behaviour in which a caregiver deliberately exaggerates, fabricates, and/or induces physical, psychological, behavioural, and/or mental health problems in those who are in their care. Named after Baron Munchausen, a German nobleman and a famous recounter of tall tales

Paris syndrome – a psychological disorder unique to the interaction of Japanese nationals working and vacationing in Paris. That is what some polite Japanese tourists suffer when they discover that Parisians can be rude or the city does not meet their expectations. The experience can apparently be too stressful for some and they suffer a psychiatric breakdown. A form of Stendhal syndrome

Pygmalion effect – the phenomenon in which the greater the expectation placed upon people, the better they perform. The corollary of the Pygmalion effect is the golem effect, in which low expectations lead to a decrease in performance. The Pygmalion effect and the golem effect are forms of self-fulfilling prophecy

Stendhal syndrome – a psychosomatic illness that causes rapid heartbeat, dizziness, confusion and even hallucinations when an individual is exposed to art, usually when the art is particularly 'beautiful' or a large amount of art is in a single place. The term can also be used to describe a similar reaction to a surfeit of choice in other circumstances, e.g. when shopping

Stockholm syndrome – hostages become attached to their captors, e.g. Patty Hearst, who after having being a hostage of the Symbionese Liberation Army, joined the group in a bank robbery in 1974

Ulysses syndrome – a set of chronic psychosocial symptoms experienced by migrants facing chronic stress as a result of their migration

Uncle Tom syndrome – a coping skill where individuals use passivity and submissiveness when confronted with a threat. The term "Uncle Tom" comes from the title character of Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel ''Uncle Tom's Cabin''

Civilisation/Architecture

2022-08-02T12:08:18Z

Loonapick:

== Architectural orders ==
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian (all Greek), Tuscan and Composite (added by the Romans)

'''Doric''' architecture – oldest and simplest

'''Ionic''' architecture – characterised by spiral scrolls

'''Corinthian''' architecture – is the most ornate, characterized by a slender fluted column and an elaborate capital decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls

'''Tuscan''' is the Roman equivalent of Doric

'''Composite''' is a mixture of Ionic and Corinthian

Parthenon is an example of Doric architecture

Pantheon is an example of Corinthian architecture

An entablature refers to the superstructure of mouldings and bands which lie horizontally above columns, resting on their capitals. Entablatures are major elements of classical architecture, and are commonly divided into the architrave (the supporting member carried from column to column, pier or wall immediately above) the frieze (an unmolded strip that may or may not be ornamented) and the cornice (the projecting member below the pediment).

The structure of the entablature varies with the three classical orders. In each, the proportions of the subdivisions (architrave, frieze, cornice) are defined by the proportions of the column in the order. In Roman and Renaissance interpretations, it is usually approximately a quarter of the height of the column

The frieze is dominated by the triglyphs, vertically channeled tablets, separated by metopes, which may or may not be decorated

A pediment is a classical architectural element consisting of the triangular section found above the entablature, typically supported by columns. The gable end of the pediment is surrounded by the cornice moulding

Caryatid – a sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar supporting an entablature on her head

Telamon – male version of a caryatid

Volute – a spiral, scroll-like ornament that forms the basis of the Ionic order, found in the capital of the Ionic column

== Architectural styles (chronological) ==
'''Romanesque''' architecture is the term that is used to describe the architecture of Europe which emerged in the late 10th century and evolved into the Gothic style during the 12th century. The Romanesque style in England is more traditionally referred to as Norman architecture. Romanesque architecture is characterized by its massive quality, its thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers and decorative arcading, e.g. Durham Cathedral

'''Gothic''' – architectural style prevalent in Western Europe from the 12th through the 15th century and characterized by pointed arches, rib vaulting, and a developing emphasis on verticality and the impression of height

In Gothic architecture, ogives are the intersecting transverse ribs of arches that establish the surface of a Gothic vault

'''English Gothic''' architecture is divided into three periods – '''Early English''' e.g. Salisbury Cathedral, '''Decorated''' e.g. Wells Cathedral, Exeter Cathedral and York Minster, and '''Perpendicular''' e.g. Winchester Cathedral, Eton College Chapel and King’s College Chapel, Cambridge

'''Renaissance''' – rebirth of Classical architecture. Palladian style in England. Brunelleschi, Bramante and Michelangelo in Italy

The dome of St Peter’s Basilica was designed by Bramante, then Michelangelo and then della Porta

On the hillside above the Vatican Palace, Antonio Pollaiuolo built a small casino named the palazzetto or the Belvedere for Pope Innocent VIII. Some years later Donato Bramante linked the Vatican with the Belvedere, under a commission from Pope Julius II by creating the Cortile del Belvedere (‘Courtyard of the Belvedere’), in which stood the Apollo Belvedere, among the most famous of antique sculptures. The 1st century Roman bronze Pigna (‘pinecone’) gives the name Cortile della Pigna to the highest terrace

Building of the Uffizi was begun by Giorgio Vasari in 1560 for Cosimo I de' Medici as the offices for the Florentine magistrates — hence the name ‘uffizi’ (‘offices’) Construction was continued to Vasari's design by Alfonso Parigi and Bernardo Buontalenti and ended in 1581

'''Palladian''' architecture – named after the 16th century Italian architect Andrea Palladio

'''Baroque''' – Bernini and Borromini in Rome. Wren (St. Paul’s), Vanburgh and Hawksmoor in England. Includes '''Rococo''', which is characterised by soft curves and scrollwork

'''Classical style''' of architecture introduced by Inigo Jones, after studying Palladio

'''Neo-Classical''' – Robert Adam, John Nash, John Wood, Baron Haussmann

'''Gothic Revival''' (also referred to as '''Victorian Gothic''', '''Neo-Gothic''') – House of Commons (Barry and Pugin)

'''Art Nouveau''' (1890s) – Gaudi, Mackintosh

'''Beaux-Arts''' architecture expresses the academic neoclassical architectural style taught at the ''École des Beaux-Arts'' in Paris. The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced the architecture of the United States in the period from 1880 to 1920

The Vesnin brothers: Leonid, Victor and Alexander were the leaders of '''Constructivist''' architecture, the dominant architectural school of the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s

'''Art Deco''' (1925–39) – heavy geometric base forms, e.g. Radio City Music Hall in New York

'''Streamline Moderne''', sometimes referred to as '''Art Moderne''', was a late type of the Art Deco design style which emerged during the 1930s. Its architectural style emphasized curving forms, long horizontal lines, and sometimes nautical elements, e.g. Midland Hotel, Morecambe

'''Modernism''' or '''Functionism''' (1901–80) – Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright

'''Googie architecture''' is a subdivision of futurist architecture influenced by car culture and the Space and Atomic Ages. Originating in Southern California during the late 1940s and continuing approximately into the mid-1960s, Googie-themed architecture was popular among motels, coffee houses and gas stations

'''Brutalism''' – architectural style of the 1950s and 1960s that evolved from the work

of Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe

'''Postmodernism''' (1980s onwards) – e.g. Pompidou Centre

'''Organic architecture''' is a philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches so sympathetic and well integrated with its site that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition. Architects Antoni Gaudi and Frank Lloyd Wright are famous for their work with organic architecture

'''Prairie School''' is mostly associated with a generation of architects employed or influenced by Louis Sullivan or Frank Lloyd Wright, but usually does not include Sullivan himself

'''International style''' is a major architectural style that emerged in the 1920s and 1930s, the formative decades of Modern architecture. The term originated from the name of a book by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson, ''The International Style''

'''Futurist architecture''' is an early-20th century form of architecture born in Italy, and was part of the Futurism movement. Included the architect Antonio Sant'Elia

The intersection of two or three barrel vaults produces a rib vault or ribbed vault

A groin vault or groined vault (also sometimes known as a double barrel vault or cross vault) is produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults

'''Pueblo Revival Style''' is a regional architectural style of the Southwestern United States which draws its inspiration from the Pueblos and the Spanish missions in New Mexico. The style developed at the turn of the 20th century and reached its greatest popularity in the 1920s and 1930s

'''Deconstructivism''' is a development of postmodern architecture that began in the late 1980s. It is characterized by ideas of fragmentation, an interest in manipulating ideas of a structure's surface or skin, non-rectilinear shapes which serve to distort and dislocate some of the elements of architecture, such as structure and envelope

'''Metabolism''' was a post-war Japanese architectural movement that fused ideas about architectural megastructures with those of organic biological growth

== Architectural terms ==
Fan vault – a form of vault used in the Gothic style, in which the ribs are all of the same curve and spaced equidistantly, in a manner resembling a fan. The largest fan vault in the world can be found in the chapel of King's College, Cambridge

Barrel vault – also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. The intersection of two or three barrel vaults produces a rib vault or ribbed vault

Groin vault – or groined vault (also sometimes known as a double barrel vault or cross vault) is produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults

Spandrel – the space between two arches or between an arch and a rectangular enclosure

Quoin – stones used to form the exterior angle of a building

Corbel – an architectural member that projects from within a wall and acts as a type of bracket to carry weight

Tracery – stone bars or ribs between sections of glass used decoratively in windows

Jamb – the vertical section of a door frame

Mullion – a vertical strip between the casements or panes of a window

== Architects ==
'''Alvar Aalto''' (1898 – 1976) was a Finnish architect and designer. His work also includes furniture, textiles and glassware

Finlandia Hall in Helsinki

'''Patrick Abercrombie''' (1897 – 1957) redesigned London after World War II, Plymouth in the 1950s, Hong Kong, and Addis Ababa

'''Robert Adam''' (1728 – 1792)

Designed interiors for Harewood House, Osterley Park and Syon House.

Register House, Edinburgh – first major government building to be constructed in Britain

'''Uno Ahren''' (1897 – 1977) was a Swedish architect and city planner, and a leading proponent of functionalism. He co-authored ''The Housing Question as a Social Planning Problem'', a work that would prove influential in the structuring of the Social Democratic Swedish society

'''Will Alsop''' (1947-2018)

Peckham Library – won the Stirling Prize in 2000

Cardiff Bay Visitor Centre

Public art gallery in West Bromwich

'''Michael Arad''' (born 1969) was the winning designer of the World Trade Center Memorial with “Reflecting Absence” – a pair of pools set 30 feet deep in the “footprints” of the downed towers, with cascading waterfalls surrounded by the names of the dead'''Alvar Aalto''' (1898 – 1976) was a Finnish architect and designer. His work also includes furniture, textiles and glassware. Designed Finlandia Hall in Helsinki

'''Herbert Baker''' (1862 – 1946) was the dominant force in South African architecture for two decades, from 1892 to 1912. With Edwin Lutyens he was instrumental in designing New Delhi. His tomb is in Westminster Abbey

'''Charles Barry''' (1795 – 1860) was an English architect

rebuilding of the Palace of Westminster (also known as the Houses of Parliament) in London during the mid-19th century

Trafalgar Square

'''John Francis Bentley''' (1839 – 1902) was an English ecclesiastical architect

Westminster Cathedral, built in a style heavily influenced by Byzantine architecture

'''Gianlorenzo Bernini''' (1598 – 1660)

Saint Peter's baldachin is a large Baroque sculpted bronze canopy located directly under the dome of Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City. It was intended to mark, in a monumental way, the place of Saint Peter's tomb underneath. Under its canopy is the High Altar of the basilica. Commissioned by Pope Urban VIII, the work began in 1623 and ended in 1634

designed the piazza and colonnades of St Peter's

several Roman palaces: Palazzo Barberini (from 1630 on which he worked with Borromini); Palazzo Ludovisi and Palazzo Chigi

'''Francesco Borromini''' (1599 – 1667) was an influential Baroque architect in Rome. He designed many churches, and was a rival of Bernini. Born in Ticino. Committed suicide

'''Donato Bramante''' (1444 – 1514) was an Italian architect, who introduced Renaissance architecture to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome

plan for St. Peter's Basilica formed the basis of design executed by Michelangelo

Tempietto (San Pietro in Montorio) was a sanctuary that allegedly marked the spot where Peter was crucified, built after he was appointed by Pope Julius II

'''Marcel Breuer''' (1902 – 1981) was a Hungarian architect

Wassily chair – made at the Bauhaus. Named after Wassily Kandinsky

Cesca chair

'''Filippo Brunelleschi''' (1377 – 1446) was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. All of his principal works are in Florence

designs for the dome of the Cathedral of Florence (Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore)

Sagrestia Vecchia, or Old Sacristy of San Lorenzo

'''William Burges''' (1827 – 1881) was a Gothic Revival architect responsible for the rebuilding of Cardiff Castle

'''Daniel Burnham''' (1846 – 1912) was the Director of Works for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. He took a leading role in the creation of master plans for the development of a number of cities, including Chicago and downtown Washington DC. He also designed several famous buildings

Flatiron Building in New York City

Union Station in Washington D.C.

Selfridges in London

'''Santiago Calatrava''' (born 1951)

Quadracci Pavilion (2001) of the Milwaukee Art Museum

World Trade Center Transportation Hub, at the rebuilt World Trade Centre in New York

HSB Turning Torso is a Deconstructivist skyscraper in Malmo, located on the Swedish side of the Oresund strait. The tower reaches a height of 190 metres

City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia

Peace Bridge in Calgary, which crosses the Bow River

'''William Chambers''' (1723 – 1796) was a Scottish-Swedish architect, based in London

Somerset House, London

pagoda at Kew

'''David Chipperfield''' (born 1953)

River and Rowing Museum in Henley

Turner Contemporary in Margate

The Hepworth Wakefield

Neues Museum in Berlin

'''John Dobson''' (1787 – 1865) was an English architect in the neoclassical tradition. He is best known for designing Newcastle Central Station and for his work with Richard Grainger developing the centre of Newcastle in a neoclassical style

'''Peter Eisenman''' (born 1932) and engineering firm Buro Happold

Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, also known as the Holocaust Memorial, is a memorial in Berlin to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust

'''Terry Farrell''' (born 1938)

The MI6 Building,

Charing Cross Station

TV-am studios in Camden

The Deep Aquarium in Hull

'''Norman Foster''' (born 1935)

Swiss Re building in London (30 St Mary Axe, also known as the gherkin)

Millau Viaduct

The Sage Gateshead

The Reichstag Berlin

Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre (SECC) Clyde Auditorium, known as the Armadillo building

Pyramid of Peace in Astana

Millennium Bridge (with Anthony Caro)

City Hall, the headquarters of the Greater London Authority

McLaren Technology Centre

'''Antoni Gaudi''' (1852 – 1926) was the figurehead of Catalan Modernism

His masterpiece is the still-uncompleted Sagrada Família in Barcelona. Construction started in 1882

'''Frank Gehry''' (born 1929)

Guggenheim at Bilbao, which is constructed of titanium

The Walt Disney Concert Hall in Downtown Los Angeles is the fourth hall of the Los Angeles Music Center. building, an example of Deconstructivism, and features his trademark steel cladding

Dancing House, Prague – nicknamed ‘Fred and Ginger’

Jay Pritzker Pavilion, Chicago

New World Symphony Concert Hall, Miami Beach

Guggenheim Abu Dhabi – construction has yet to start

Vitra Design Museum in Germany

Dr Chau Chak Wing Building is a Business School building of the University of Technology, Sydney

'''James Gibbs''' (1682 – 1754)

St Martin-in-the-Fields in 1721

The cylindrical Radcliffe Camera at Oxford University

'''Erno Goldfinger''' (1902 – 1987) was a Hungarian-born architect and designer of furniture, and a key member of the architectural Modern Movement after he had moved to the United Kingdom. The James Bond character Auric Goldfinger is named after Erno

Trellick Tower in North Kensington

'''Nicholas Grimshaw''' (born 1939) is noted for several modernist buildings. In 2004, he was elected President of the Royal Academy

London's Waterloo International railway station

Eden Project in Cornwall

National Space Centre

Cutty Sark Renovation – Grimshaw Architests

'''Walter Gropius''' (1883 – 1969) was the first director of the Bauhaus. Born in Germany, moved to the USA in 1937. Married Alma Mahler

Pan Am building (now known as The MetLife Building) in New York

'''Hector Guimard''' (1867 – 1942) is the best-known representative of the French Art Nouveau style of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Designed many Paris metro entrances

'''Zaha Hadid''' (1950 – 2016) was a Deconstructivist architect born in Baghdad, and the first female recipient of the Pritzker Architecture Prize (2004)

Designed the Phaeno Science Center in Wolfsburg, Germany. She won the Stirling Prize two years running: in 2010, for the

Maxxi in Rome – won the Stirling Prize in 2010

Evelyn Grace Academy, a school in Brixton – won the Stirling Prize in 2011

London Aquatics Centre for the 2012 Olympics.

'''Philip Hardwick''' (1792 – 1870) was an English architect, particularly associated with railway stations and warehouses

London's demolished Euston Arch

Birmingham Curzon Street. The entrance building (1838) stands today as the oldest railway terminus in the world

'''Baron Haussmann''' (1809 – 1891) was chosen by the Emperor Napoleon III to carry out a massive program of new boulevards, parks and public works in Paris

'''Nicholas Hawksmoor''' (1661 – 1736) was a pupil of Wren. Worked with Vanbrugh on Blenheim Palace and Castle Howard, where he designed the mausoleum. Hawksmoor was known as “the devil’s architect”

Six London churches – St Alfege's Church, Greenwich, St George's Church, Bloomsbury, Christ Church, Spitalfields, St George in the East, St Mary Woolnoth and St Anne's Limehouse

'''Thomas Heatherwick''' (born 1970) designed the New Bus for London. B of the Bang was a sculpture located next to the City of Manchester Stadium that was dismantled in 2009 because of structural problems. Plan for a garden bridge across the Thames has now been cancelled

The Seed Cathedral references the race to save seeds from round the world in banks, and therefore the cathedral houses 60,000 plant seeds at the end of acrylic rods, held in place by geometrically cut holes with the rods inserted therein. The structure stands where it was built, at a cost of £25 million, in Shanghai for the 2010 World Expo

'''Herzog & de Meuron''' was founded in Basel in 1978 by Jacques Herzog (born 1950) and Pierre de Meuron (born 1950)

Converted Bankside Power Station into Tate Modern

Allianz stadium in Munich

Birds Nest stadium in Beijing, with engineer ArupSport

'''James Hoban''' (c. 1758 – 1831)

White House by in 1792. Design was influenced by Leinster House in Dublin

'''Josef Hoffmann''' (1870 – 1956) was an Austrian architect and designer of consumer goods. He established the Wiener Werkstatte, which was to last until 1932

Palais Stoclet in Brussels – masterpiece of Jugendstil, was an example of Gesamtkunstwerk, replete with murals in the dining room by Klimt and four copper figures on the tower by Franz Metzner

'''Charles Holden''' (1875 – 1960) is best known for designing many London Underground stations during the 1920s and 1930s. He also created many war cemeteries in Belgium and northern France for the Imperial War Graves Commission

Bristol Central Library

Underground Electric Railways Company of London's headquarters at 55 Broadway

University of London's Senate House.

'''Michael Hopkins''' (born 1935)

Opera house at Glyndebourne

Mound Stand at Lord’s

Portcullis House

The Rose Bowl

Schlumberger Research Centre at Cambridge

'''Victor Horta''' (1861 – 1947) was born in Belgium and is one of the most important names in Art Nouveau architecture

Palais de Beaux-Arts in Brussels

Hotel Tassel in Brussels

'''Arne Jacobsen''' (1902 – 1971) was a Danish architect and designer, exemplar of the ‘Danish Modern’ style. Jacobsen has created a number of highly original chairs and other furniture, including the egg, drop, and swan chairs

St Catherine’s College, Oxford

Danish National Bank building in Copenhagen

'''Geoffrey Jellicoe''' (1900 – 1996) designed Motopia, a city of the future, where the bubble-top cars of tomorrow moved freely on elevated streets, and the pedestrian zipped around safely on moving sidewalks

'''Philip Johnson''' (1906 – 2005) founded the Department of Architecture and Design at MoMA in 1930 and in 1978 he was awarded an American Institute of Architects Gold Medal and the first Pritzker Architecture Prize. The Seagram Building, the company's American headquarters office tower at 375 Park Avenue in New York City, was designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe with Philip Johnson. Philip Johnson won the Pritzker Prize for a house made from glass

'''Inigo Jones''' (1573 – 1652)

Queen’s House at Greenwich.

Covent Garden – Palladian architecture, designed by Inigo Jones

Palace of Whitehall was the main residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530 until 1698 when all except Inigo Jones's 1622 Banqueting House (site of execution of Charles I in 1649) was destroyed by fire. Originally known as York Place

'''Rem Koolhaas''' (born 1944) is s Dutch architect

CCTV Headquarters building in Beijing

Kunsthal, Rotterdam

De Rotterdam is the largest building in the Netherlands. Won the Pritzker Prize in 2000

'''Eric Kuhne''' (1951-2016)

Bluewater Shopping Centre

Titanic Quarter building in Belfast

'''Kisho Kurokawa''' (1934 – 2007) was one of the founders of the Metabolist Movement. Designed a number of art museums in Japan. Produced the master plan for Astana

New wing of the Van Gogh Museum

Singapore Flyer ferris wheel

'''Denys Lasdun''' (1914 – 2001)

University of East Anglia. Halls of residence at the University of East Anglia are based on the ziggurats of Mesopotamia

National Theatre, South Bank

'''Le Corbusier''' (1887 – 1965), was born Charles-Edouard Jeanneret in Switzerland and became a French citizen. Wrote ''Toward an Architecture''. Devised a scale of proportions known as The Modulor, based on the golden ratio. Le Corbusier designed Chandigarh. Le Corbusier had the idea of a “Vertical Garden City”

The chapel of Notre Dame du Haut in Ronchamp

Villa Savoye is a modernist villa in Poissy, in the outskirts of Paris

Ville Radieuse (French: ‘Radiant City’) was an unrealized project designed by Le Corbusier in 1924. Le Corbusier planned to bulldoze most of central Paris north of the Seine in 1925

'''CY Lee''' (born 1938) is a Chinese architect based in Taiwan

Directed the design of Taipei 101, the world's tallest skyscraper at the time of completion, in 2004

'''Daniel Libeskind''' (born 1946)

Jewish Museum in Berlin

extension to the Denver Art Museum

Grand Canal Theatre in Dublin

Imperial War Museum North in Manchester

Spiral – cancelled extension to V&A

'''Adolf Loos''' (1870 – 1933) was a Moravian-born Austro-Hungarian architect. He was influential in European Modern architecture, and in his essay ''Ornament and Crime'' he repudiated the florid style of the Vienna Secession

'''Berthold Lubetkin''' (1901 – 1990) was a Russian émigré architect who pioneered modernist design in Britain in the 1930s. Lubetkin set up the architectural practice Tecton

Highpoint housing complex in Highgate

London Zoo penguin pool

Dudley Zoo

Finsbury Health Centre and Spa Green Estate in Clerkenwell

'''Edwin Lutyens''' (1869 – 1944) designed New Delhi

Cenotaph, Whitehall

Thiepval Memorial

Liverpool’s Catholic cathedral, but only the crypt was built. New cathedral (Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King, known as “Paddy’s Wigwam”) was designed by Frederick Gibberd

Fountains surrounding Nelson’s Column

'''Charles Rennie Mackintosh''' (1868 – 1928)

Glasgow School of Art

The Lighthouse was designed for the ''Glasgow Herald'' and now an architecture and design centre

'''Frank Matcham''' (1854 – 1920) was an English theatrical architect and designer. He was known for his designs of many London theatres including the Hackney Empire (1901); the London Coliseum (1904); the London Palladium (1910) and the Victoria Palace (1911)

'''Paulo Mendes da Rocha''' (1928 – 2021) was a Brazilian architect who initially designed Brutalist buildings. He designed a number of buildings in Sao Paulo and won the Mies van der Rohe Prize (2000) and the Pritzker Prize (2006)

'''Hannes Meyer''' (1889 – 1954) was a Swiss architect and second director of the Bauhaus in Dessau. He was fired from the Bauhaus in 1930 for allegedly allowing Communist student organization to bring bad publicity to the school

'''Ludwig Mies van der Rohe''' (1886 – 1969) designed many buildings around Chicago. He was the third and final director of the Bauhaus. He is often associated with his quotation of the aphorisms, "less is more" and "God is in the details"

Seagram building in New York

New National Gallery in Berlin

'''Rafael Moneo''' (born 1937) won the Pritzker Prize in 1996

Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles

expansion of the Madrid Atocha railway station

'''John Nash''' (1752 – 1835) designed laid out Regent Street in the 1820s

St James Park

Royal Pavilion at Brighton (for the Prince Regent)

Marble Arch, based on the triumphal arch of Constantine in Rome. It was originally erected on The Mall as a gateway to the new Buckingham Palace. In 1851, the arch was moved to its present location during the building of the east front of the palace

'''Balthasar Neumann''' (1687 – 1753) was a German military artillery engineer and architect who developed a refined brand of Baroque architecture

Wurzburg Residence

Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers

'''Oscar Niemeyer''' (1907 – 2012) designed a number of civic buildings in Brasilia and collaborated with other architects on the United Nations Headquarters in New York City

Niteroi Contemporary Art Museum in Rio de Janeiro

'''Jean Nouvel''' (born 1945) won the Pritzker Prize in 2008 for his work on more than 200 projects

Louvre branch in Abu Dhabi

Arab World Institute in Paris

National Museum of Qatar

'''Andrea Palladio''', born Andrea Di Pietro della Gondola (1508 – 1580) is widely considered the most influential individual in the history of Western architecture. All of his buildings are located in what was the Venetian Republic, but his teachings, summarized in the architectural treatise, ''The Four Books of Architecture'', gained him wide recognition. The city of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto are UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Villa Barbaro is a large villa at Maser in the Veneto region of northern Italy. It was built for two of his most important patrons, the brothers Barbaro

Church of the Redeemer, Venice

'''Victor Pasmore''' (1908 – 1998) pioneered the development of abstract art in Britain in the 1940s and 1950s

Apollo Pavilion in Peterlee

'''Joseph Paxton''' (1803 – 1865) designed Britain’s tallest fountain, ‘The Emperor’, at Chatsworth House

Crystal Palace

Great Conservatory at Chatsworth. At the time, the conservatory was the largest glass building in the world

Great Victorian Way was an unbuilt infrastructure project, designed by Joseph Paxton in 1855. It would have consisted of a ten-mile covered loop around much of central and west London, integrating a glass-roofed street, railways, shops and houses

'''Cesar Pelli''' (1926-2019) was born in Argentina

Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur were the tallest buildings in the world from 1998 to 2004 and remain the tallest twin towers in the world

One Canada Square, London E14, is the tallest habitable building in the United Kingdom, at 771 ft and 50 storeys. Designed by Cesar Pelli, construction was completed in 1991. The building is most commonly known as Canary Wharf or Canary Wharf Tower. It was formerly called Canada Tower. The square to the east of the tower was named after Canada because it was built by the Canadian firm Olympia and York

Costanera Centre in Santiago is the tallest building in Latin America and the second tallest in the Southern Hemisphere after Australia's Q1 on the Gold Coast

'''Dominique Perrault''' (born 1953) won the Mies van der Rohe Prize in 1996

French National Library

'''Renzo Piano''' (born 1937) was born in Italy

Shard London Bridge, previously known as London Bridge Tower, is also known as the Shard of Glass and 32 London Bridge. It is the tallest building in the European Union. The tower stands at 310 m (1017 ft) tall and has 95 floors. Renzo Piano, the building's architect, worked together with architectural firm Broadway Malyan during the planning stage of the project. Shard site bought by Irvine Sellar. Main building contractor – Mace. Shard observation deck is on 72nd floor

The New York Times Building

Zentrum Paul Klee is a museum dedicated to the artist Paul Klee, located in Bern, Switzerland. It features about 40 percent of Paul Klee’s entire pictorial oeuvre

The Auditorium Parco della Musica is a large multi-functional public music complex to the north of Rome, in the area where the 1960 Summer Olympic Games were held

'''IM Pei''' (1917-2019) was born in Guangzhou and raised in Hong Kong and Shanghai

Louvre Pyramid

Bank of China Tower in Hong Kong

Museum of Islamic Art in Doha

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio

'''John Portman''' (1924-2017) was an American architect and real estate developer widely known for popularizing hotels and office buildings with multi-storied interior atria. Portman also had a large impact on the cityscape of his hometown of Atlanta, with the Peachtree Center complex which includes Portman-designed Hyatt, Westin, and Marriott hotels

'''Augustus Pugin''' (1812 – 1852) was an English architect, designer and theorist of design now best remembered for his work on churches and on the Houses of Parliament, rebuilt after a fire in 1834. The Grange in Ramsgate was the home of August Pugin, who designed it in the Victorian Gothic style. Pugin was buried at St Augustine's Church next to the house. Pugin designed the Gothic interiors, wallpapers and furnishings, including the royal thrones and the Palace of Westminster's clock tower in which Big Ben hangs.

St Giles’ Catholic Church in Cheadle

St Chad’s Cathedral in Birmingham

St Georges Cathedral in Southwark

'''William Railton''' (1800 – 1877) was an English architect

Nelson's Column. The column itself is built of granite from Dartmoor. The whole monument is 51.6 m tall from the bottom of the pedestal to the top of Nelson's hat

'''Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli''' (1700 – 1771) was an Italian architect whose entire career was spent in Russia. He developed a style of Late Baroque

Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg

Catherine Palace in Saint Petersburg

'''John Rennie''' (1761 – 1821) designed bridges, canals, and docks. John Rennie surveyed the route of the Kennet and Avon Canal. His son, John, also designed bridges in London

London Bridge

Southwark Bridge

The first Waterloo Bridge on the site was opened in 1817 as a toll bridge.

'''Gerrit Rietveld''' (1888 – 1964) was a Dutch furniture designer and architect. He designed Schroder House in Utrecht, which was built in 1924

'''Richard Rogers''' (1933-2021) was born in Florence

European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg

Pompidou Centre is known as “our lady of the pipe work” and known locally as Beaubourg – it was designed by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers and opened in 1977

Welsh Assembly building

Millennium Dome

Lloyd’s building

'''Eero Saarinen''' (1910 – 1961) was a Finnish-American architect and industrial designer. He designed the Tulip Chair, which appeared on the bridge set of the U.S.S. ''Enterprise'' in ''Star Trek''

Gateway Arch in St. Louis

Washington Dulles International Airport

TWA Flight Center at JFK International Airport

'''Nicola Salvi''' (1697 – 1751) was an Italian architect; among his few projects completed is the Trevi fountain in Rome

'''Karl Schinkel''' (1781 – 1841) was a Prussian architect. His most famous buildings are found in and around Berlin. He also designed the Iron Cross

'''George Gilbert Scott''' (1811 – 1878)

St Pancras station

Foreign Office

Albert Memorial

'''George Gilbert Scott, Jr.''' (1839 – 1897) was an architect working in late Gothic and Queen Anne revival styles. He was the son of Sir George Gilbert Scott, and father of Sir Giles Gilbert Scott. He died in Midland Grand Hotel, a building designed by his father

'''Giles Gilbert Scott''' (1880 – 1960) designed the K2 red telephone box (1936)

Liverpool’s Anglican cathedral (primarily constructed of sandstone)

Battersea power station

Bankside power station

Waterloo Bridge (the original bridge was demolished in the 1930s)

'''Richard Seifert''' (1910 – 2001) was a British architect, born in Zurich

NatWest Tower (now called Tower 42)

Centre Point

'''Richard Norman Shaw''' (1831 – 1912)

Bedford Park

New Scotland Yard

Piccadilly Hotel

'''Robert Smirke''' (1780 – 1867) was one of the leaders of Greek Revival architecture. Smirke designed the main block and facade of the British Museum

'''Peter Smithson''' (1923 – 2003) and '''Alison Smithson''' (1928 – 1993) together formed an architectural partnership, and are often associated with the New Brutalism. They wanted “streets in the sky”. Designed a number of buildings at the University of Bath

'''John Soane''' (1753 – 1837)

Bank of England in 1788

Dulwich Picture Gallery

'''James Stirling''' (1926 – 1992) was the first British winner of the Pritzker Prize, in 1981

Clore Gallery for the Turner Collection at Tate Britain

'''Louis Sullivan''' (1856 – 1924) was called the “father of modernism.” He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper, was an influential architect and critic of the Chicago School, and was a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright and an inspiration to architects of the Prairie School. Known for the aphorism “Form follows function”

'''Kenzo Tange''' (1913 – 2005) designed the city of Abuja

Peace Garden of Hiroshima

The gymnasium and swimming pool for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics

Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building was designed to look like a circuit board

'''Yoshio Taniguchi''' (born 1937) is a Japanese architect

Redesign of the Museum of Modern Art in New York which was reopened in 2004

'''Jorn Utzon''' (1918 – 2008) was a Danish architect whoalso made important contributions to housing design, especially with his Kingo Houses near Helsingor

Sydney Opera House

Bagsvard Church near Copenhagen

National Assembly Building in Kuwait

'''William Van Alen''' (1883 – 1954) was an American architect

New York City's Chrysler Building which was completed in 1930

'''John Vanbrugh''' (1664 – 1726) was an English architect. Vanbrugh also wrote Restoration comedies

Castle Howard

Blenheim Palace in 1705 for the Duke of Marlborough

'''Robert Venturi''' (1925-2018) was an American architect, founding principal of the firm Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates. Venturi was awarded the Pritzker Prize in Architecture in 1991; the prize was awarded to him alone, despite a request to include his equal partner Denise Scott Brown

Sainsbury Wing of the National Gallery

'''Rafael Vinoly''' (born 1943) is a Uruguayan architect. Two of the skyscrapers designed by Vinoly, the Vdara in Las Vegas and 20 Fenchurch Street in London, have experienced unusual sun reflectivity problems due to their concave curved glass exteriors acting as respectively cylindrical and spherical reflectors for sunlight

20 Fenchurch Street nicknamed 'The Walkie-Talkie' because of its distinctive shape. In 2015 it was awarded the Carbuncle Cup for the worst new building in the UK

'''Otto Wagner''' (1841 – 1918) was an Austrian architect and urban planner, known for many buildings in Vienna, including stations on the Metropolitan Railway

'''Alfred Waterhouse''' (1830 – 1905) was associated with the Victorian Gothic Revival architecture

Strangeways prison

Manchester Town Hall

Natural History Museum

'''Aston Webb''' (1849 – 1930) completed the Victoria and Albert Museum, and gave a new facade to Buckingham Palace. He was President of the Royal Academy from 1919 to 1924, and the founding Chairman of the London Society, from 1912

Admiralty Arch

'''Stanford White''' (1853 – 1906)

second Madison Square Garden (1890; demolished in 1925)

Washington Square Arch in Greenwich Village

New York Herald Building

'''Colin St John Wilson''' (1922 – 2007) spent over 30 years progressing the project to build a new British Library in London, originally planned to be built in Bloomsbury and now completed near Kings Cross in 1997

'''John Wood''' (1704 – 1754) designed a number of buildings in Bath. His son, John, designed the Bath Assembly Rooms and Royal Crescent

Queen Street, Bath

The Circus, Bath

'''Christopher Wren''' (1632 – 1723) was accorded responsibility for rebuilding 52 churches in the City of London after the Great Fire in 1666, including his masterpiece, St. Paul's Cathedral, on Ludgate Hill, completed in 1710. The Monument to the Great Fire of London, more commonly known as The Monument, is a Roman Doric column designed by Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke. He was also a noted scientist, and he was a founder of the Royal Society

south front of Hampton Court Palace

Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford

Marlborough house in Pall Mall

Flamsteed House in Greenwich Park, Greenwich Hospital

Royal Naval College, Greenwich

St Bride’s church

St Mary-le-Bow church

'''Frank Lloyd Wright''' (1867 – 1959) designed more than 1,000 structures, 532 of which were completed. Wright believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called organic architecture. Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture. His estate in Wisconsin was known as Taliesin (Taliesin in Welsh mythology was a poet, magician, and priest)

Fallingwater, at Bear Run, Pennsylvania, was constructed from 1935 to 1939 for the Kaufmann family

Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

'''Minoru Yamasaki''' (1912 – 1986)

Pruitt–Igoe, a large housing project first occupied in 1954 in St Louis. Its buildings were torn down in the mid-1970s, and the project has become an icon of urban renewal and public-policy planning failure

The World Trade Center in New York City (sometimes informally referred to as the Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings, mostly designed by Yamasaki and developed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

'''Peter Zumthor''' (born 1943) is a Swiss architect and winner of the 2009 Pritzker Prize. Designed the cave-like thermal baths in Vals, Switzerland

Kunsthaus Bregenz, a shimmering glass and concrete cube that overlooks Lake Constance (Bodensee) in Austria

== Awards ==

=== Pritzker Architecture Prize ===
The prize has been awarded annually since 1979 by the Hyatt Foundation to honour a living architect. Frei Otto won the award posthumously in 2015

'''Notable Winners'''
{| class="wikitable"
|1979
|Philip Johnson
|-
|1981
|James Stirling
|-
|1983
|I M Pei
|-
|1987
|Kenzo Tange
|-
|1988
|Oscar Niemeyer
|-
|1989
|Frank Gehry
|-
|1991
|Robert Venturi
|-
|1995
|Tadao Ando
|-
|1998
|Renzo Piano
|-
|1999
|Norman Foster
|-
|2000
|Rem Koolhaus
|-
|2001
|Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron
|-
|2003
|Jorn Utzon
|-
|2004
|Zaha Hadid
|-
|2006
|Paulo Mendes da Rocha
|-
|2007
|Richard Rogers
|-
|2008
|Jean Nouvel
|-
|2009
|Peter Zumthor
|-
|2014
|Shigeru Ban
|-
|2020
|Yvonne Farrell and Shelley McNamara
|}

=== RIBA Stirling Prize ===
The prize is named after the architect James Stirling who died in 1992. The award was founded in 1996.The award was known as the Building of the Year Award

'''Notable Winners'''
{| class="wikitable"
|1996
|Stephen Hodder
|Centenary Building, University of Salford
|-
|1997
|James Stirling, Michael Wilford
|Stuttgart Music School
|-
|1998
|Foster and Partners
|Imperial War Museum, Cambridge
|-
|1999
|Future Systems
|Lord’s Media Centre
|-
|2001
|Wilkinson Eyre Architects
|Magna Centre, Rotherham
|-
|2002
|Wilkinson Eyre Architects
|Gateshead Millennium Bridge
|-
|2003
|Herzog & De Meuron
|Laban, Deptford
|-
|2004
|Foster and Partners
|30 St Mary Axe (The Gherkin)
|-
|2006
|Richard Richards
|Barajas Airport, Madrid
|-
|2007
|David Chipperfield
|Museum of Modern Literature, Marbach
|-
|2009
|Rogers Stirk Harbour
|Maggie’s Centre, London
|-
|2010
|Zaha Hadid
|MAXXI, Rome
|-
|2011
|Zaha Hadid
|Evelyn Grace Academy, London
|-
|2018
|Foster and Partners
|Bloomberg Building, London
|}

The European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture or '''Mies van der Rohe Award''' is a prize for architecture given every two years since 1988 by the European Commission

'''Royal Gold Medal''' for architecture is awarded annually by the Royal Institute of British Architects on behalf of the British monarch, in recognition of an individual's or group's substantial contribution to international architecture. It is given for a distinguished body of work rather than for one building. The medal was first awarded in 1848 to Charles Robert Cockerell

'''Carbuncle Cup''' was an architecture prize, given annually by the magazine ''Building Design'' to ‘the ugliest building in the United Kingdom completed in the last 12 months’ held annually from 2006 to 2018. The names derive from a comment by Prince Charles who in 1984 described the proposed extension of London's National Gallery as a "monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved and elegant friend"

Art and Culture/Photography

2022-08-02T11:00:33Z

Loonapick: /* Most expensive photographs (May 2021) */

== Photographers ==
'''Ansel Adams''' was an American photographer, best known for his black-and-white photographs of California's Yosemite Valley

'''Diane Arbus''' was an American photographer, noted for her portraits of people on the fringes of society

'''Eve Arnold''' joined Magnum Photos in 1951. Her images of Marilyn Monroe on the set of ''The Misfits'' (1961) were perhaps her most memorable, but she had taken many photos of Monroe

'''Eugene Atget''' was a French photographer noted for his photographs documenting the architecture and street scenes of Paris

'''Richard Avedon''' was an American fashion photographer. ''In the American West'' – photo book by Richard Avedon

'''Cecil Beaton''' is best known for his fashion photographs and society portraits. He worked as a staff photographer for ''Vanity Fair'' and ''Vogue'' in addition to photographing celebrities in Hollywood. Cecil Beaton is also known for his photos of the Queen's coronation in 1953

'''Brassai''' (pseudonym of Gyula Halasz) was a Hungarian photographer, sculptor, and filmmaker who rose to international fame in France in the 20th century

'''Mick Burke''' was an English mountaineer and climbing cameraman, who covered many British-led mountaineering expeditions during the 1960s and 1970s. He died on Chris Bonington's 1975 Everest expedition

'''Julia Margaret Cameron''' is known for her portraits of celebrities of the time, and for photographs with Arthurian and other legendary or heroic themes, taken between 1864 and 1875

'''Robert Capa''' was a Hungarian photographer who covered five different wars. Died in Indochina in 1954. ''The Falling Soldier'' by Robert Capa was taken in 1936 and long thought to depict the death of a Republican soldier during the Spanish Civil War, but there are significant doubts about its authenticity

'''Henri Cartier-Bresson''' worked only in black-and-white. Cartier-Bresson and Robert Capa were among the founders of Magnum Photos in Paris in 1947

'''Louis Daguerre''' took the first photograph of the Moon in 1839

'''Robert Doisneau''' used a Leica on the streets of Paris in the 1930s; together with Henri Cartier-Bresson he was a pioneer of photojournalism. He is renowned for his 1950 image ''Kiss by the Hotel de Ville'', a photo of a couple kissing in the busy streets of Paris

'''Terence Donovan''' was a celebrated British photographer and film director, perhaps best remembered for his fashion photography of the 1960s, or for the music video to Robert Palmer's ''Addicted to Love''

'''Richard Drew''' is best known for ''The Falling Man'', a photograph by of a man jumping from the Twin Towers on 9/11

'''Brian Duffy''' was an English photographer and film producer, best remembered for his fashion and portrait photography of the 1960s and 1970s

'''Alfred Eisenstaedt''' was a German-American photographer who is best known for his photograph capturing the celebration of V-J Day

'''Roger Fenton''' was one of the first war photographers. Photographed the Crimean War

'''Robert Frank''' is an American photographer and documentary filmmaker. His most notable work is the 1958 book titled ''The Americans''. The photographs are notable for their distanced view of both high and low strata of American society

'''Nan Goldin''' shot the heroin series ''The Ballad of Sexual Dependency'' between 1979 and 1986

'''Andreas Gursky''' is a German photographer who has created two of the four most expensive photographs in the world

''Rhein II'' was produced as the second (and largest) of a set of six depicting the River Rhine

''99 Cent II Diptychon'' shows the cluttered interior of a discount store

'''Albert Kahn''' was an Edwardian photographer. Produced some of the earliest colour photographs

'''Yousuf Karsh''' was a Canadian photographer of Armenian heritage, and one of the most famous and accomplished portrait photographers of all time. Famous portrait of Churchill on the cover of ''Life'' magazine

'''Alberto Korda''' was a Cuban photographer, remembered for his famous 1960 image ''Guerrillero Heroico'' of Argentine Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara

'''Dorothea Lange''' was an influential American documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her Depression-era work for the Farm Security Administration (FSA)

'''Annie Leibovitz''' is an American photographer of celebrities. Worked for ''Rolling Stone'' magazine from 1970 to 1983. On 8December 1980, Leibovitz had a photo shoot with John Lennon for ''Rolling Stone''

'''Patrick Lichfield''' was selected to take the official photographs of the wedding of the Prince and Princess of Wales in 1981, and subsequently became one of the UK's best-known photographers. From 1999 onwards he was a pioneer of digital photography at a professional standard. He was chosen by the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh to take official pictures of her Golden Jubilee in 2002

'''Darryn Lyons''' was the owner of Big Pictures, the biggest picture agency in Britain, until it was placed into administration in 2012. He entered politics in 2013, when he was elected Mayor of Geelong

'''Robert Mapplethorpe''' was an American photographer, known for his large-scale, highly stylized black and white portraits, photos of flowers and nude men. His most controversial work is that of the underground bondage and sadomasochistic BDSM scene of New York

'''Iain Macmillan''' was the Scottish photographer famous for taking the cover photograph for The Beatles' album ''Abbey Road'' in 1969

'''Don McCullin''' is a British photojournalist, particularly recognized for his war photography and images of urban strife. Between 1966 and 1984, he worked as an overseas correspondent for the ''Sunday Times Magazine'', recording catastrophes such as Biafra, in 1968, and victims of the African AIDS epidemic. His coverage of the Vietnam War and the Northern Ireland conflict is highly regarded

'''Steve McCurry''' is best known for his photograph ''Afghan Girl'' which originally appeared in ''National Geographic'' magazine

'''Lee Miller''' was a successful fashion model in New York City in the 1920s before going to Paris where she became an established fashion and fine art photographer. During the Second World War, she became an acclaimed war correspondent for ''Vogue'' covering events such as the London Blitz, the liberation of Paris, and the concentration camps at Buchenwald and Dachau. Assistant to Man Ray. Married Roland Penrose. Amongst her circle of friends were Pablo Picasso, Paul Eluard, and Jean Cocteau

'''Eadweard Muybridge''' was born in Kingston-upon-Thames. Many photos of Yosemite. In 1877 photos of Leland Stanford’s horse Occident proved that a horse ran with all four legs off the ground at one point. Created the zoopraxiscope, the first movie projector. Worked with Etienne Jules de Marey in Paris

'''Helmut Newton''' was a German / Australian fashion photographer whose provocative, erotically charged black-and-white photos were a mainstay of ''Vogue''

'''Herbert Ponting''' is best known as the expedition photographer and cinematographer for Robert Falcon Scott's ''Terra Nova'' Expedition to the Ross Sea and South Pole

'''Man Ray''' (born Emmanuel Radnitzky) was an American visual artist who spent most of his career in France. he was a renowned fashion and portrait photographer.

''Le violon d'Ingres'' – portrait of Kiki de Montparnasse by Man Ray

'''Jacob Riis''' was a social documentary photographer. He is known for using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City. He is considered one of the fathers of photography due to his very early adoption of flash in photography

'''Joe Rosenthal''' was an American photographer who received the Pulitzer Prize for his iconic World War II photograph ''Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima'', taken on Mount Suribashi, on 23 February 1945

'''August Sander''' was a German portrait and documentary photographer. Sander's first book ''Face of our Time'' was published in 1929. Sander has been described as ‘the most important German portrait photographer of the early twentieth century’

'''Charles Sheeler''' is recognized as one of the founders of American modernism and one of the master photographers of the 20th century. He focused particularly on architectural subjects

'''Cindy Sherman''' works in series, typically photographing herself in a range of costumes. For example, in her landmark 69-photograph series, the ''Complete Untitled Film Stills'', (1977–1980) Sherman appeared as B-movie, foreign film and film noir style actresses

'''Julius Shulman''' was an American architectural photographer best known for his photograph ''Case Study House #22, Los Angeles, 1960. Pierre Koenig, Architect''. The house is also known as the Stahl House

'''Edward Steichen''' was born in Luxembourg. Steichen was the most frequently featured photographer in Alfred Stieglitz' groundbreaking magazine ''Camera Work'' during its run from 1903 to 1917. From 1923 to 1938, Steichen was a photographer for the Conde Nast magazines ''Vogue'' and ''Vanity Fair'' while also working for many advertising agencies including J. Walter Thompson

''The Pond-Moonlight'' was taken in 1904 in Mamaroneck, New York, and features a forest across a pond, with part of the moon appearing over the horizon in a gap in the trees. ''The Pond-Moonlight'' is one of the first colour photographs ever taken

'''Alfred Stieglitz''' is known for the New York art galleries that he ran in the early part of the 20th century, where he introduced many avant-garde European artists to the U.S. He was married to painter Georgia O'Keeffe. Many photographs of New York in winter. The Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession (later known as 291) was a tiny fine art photography gallery in New York City created and run by Alfred Stieglitz and Edward Steichen from 1905 to 1917. The gallery helped bring art photography, initially that in the Pictorialist style, to the same level of appreciation in America as painting and sculpture

'''Mario Testino''' is a Peruvian fashion photographer. Celebrity subjects have most famously included Diana, Princess of Wales and her sons

'''Spencer Tunick''' is an American photographer best known for organizing large-scale nude shoots. Since 1994 he has photographed over 75 human installations around the world

'''Jerry Uelsmann''' was the forerunner of photomontage in the 20th century in America

'''Nick Ut''' won the 1973 Pulitzer Prize for ''The Terror of War'', depicting children in flight from a napalm bombing. His best-known photo features a naked girl running toward the camera from a South Vietnamese napalm attack on North Vietnamese invaders

'''Jeff Wall''' is a Canadian photographer, best known for his photographs of Vancouver

== Photographic processes ==
Heliography is the photographic process invented by '''Joseph Niepce''' around 1822, which he used to make the earliest known permanent photograph from nature, ''View from the Window at Le Gras'' (c. 1826). The process used bitumen, as a coating on glass or metal, which hardened in relation to exposure to light. When the plate was washed with oil of lavender, only the hardened image area remained

Daguerreotype was the first successful photographic process. It was developed by '''Louis Daguerre''' together with Joseph Niepce. The image in a Daguerreotype is formed by the amalgam, or combination, of mercury and silver. Invented in 1839

Calotype or talbotype is an early photographic process introduced in 1841 by '''William Henry Fox Talbot''', using paper coated with silver iodide

Cyanotype – an old monochrome photographic printing process that gives a cyan-blue print. Sir John Herschel discovered this procedure in 1842. Led to the blueprint process

Time lapse photography – taking a series of pictures of the same basic scene at regular, timed intervals from the same viewpoint

Chronophotography – an antique photographic technique from the Victorian era which captures movement in several frames of print. Pioneered by Etienne-Jules Marey and Eadweard Muybridge

Panning – the rotation in a horizontal plane of a still camera or video camera. Panning a camera results in a motion similar to that of someone shaking their head from side to side

Photogram – a photographic image made without a camera by placing objects directly onto the surface of a light-sensitive material such as photographic paper and then exposing it to light. The technique is sometimes called cameraless photography. It was used by Man Ray in his exploration of rayographs

== Cameras ==
The first '''Leica''' prototypes were built by Oskar Barnack at Ernst Leitz Optische Werke, Wetzlar, in 1913. Intended as a compact camera for landscape photography, the Leica was the first practical 35 mm camera, using standard cinema 35 mm film

'''Hasselblad''' is a Swedish company best known for the medium-format cameras it has produced since World War II. Perhaps the most famous use of the Hasselblad camera was during the Apollo program missions when humans first landed on the Moon

'''Brownie''' is the name of a long-running popular series of simple and inexpensive cameras made by Eastman Kodak. The Brownie popularized low-cost photography and introduced the concept of the snapshot. The first Brownie was introduced in 1900

'''Polaroid''' Corporation pioneered (and patented) consumer friendly '''instant cameras''' and film. The invention of commercially viable instant cameras which were easy to use is generally credited to Edwin Land, who unveiled the first commercial instant camera in 1948

Although Kodak developed a '''digital camera''' in 1975, the first of its kind, the product was dropped for fear it would threaten Kodak's photographic film business

== Most expensive photographs (August 2022) ==
1 – Man Ray, ''Le Violon d'Ingres'' (1924) $12,400,000

2 – Andreas Gursky, ''Rhein II'' (1999), $4,338,500

3 – Richard Prince, ''Spiritual America'' (1981), $3,971,000

4 – Cindy Sherman, ''Untitled #96'' (1981), $3,890,500

5 – Cindy Sherman, ''Untitled #93'' (1981), $3,861,000

6 – Justin Aversano, ''Twin Flames #49 NFT'' (2021), $3,781,159

7 – Gilbert & George, ''To Her Majesty'' (1973), $3,765,276

Art and Culture/Artists

2022-08-02T10:47:01Z

Loonapick:

'''Ai Weiwei''' (born 1957) is a Chinese artist who has been critical of the government’s stance on human rights and democracy. He collaborated with Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron as the artistic consultant on the Beijing National Stadium for the 2008 Olympics

''S.A.C.R.E.D'' installation – a six-part work composed of six iron boxes depicting scenes from Ai’s 81-day incarceration in 2011

''Sunflower Seeds'' – 100 million handmade and painted porcelain sunflower seeds displayed at Tate Modern in 2010

'''Josef Albers''' (1888 – 1976). Born in Germany

''Homage to the Square''

'''Lawrence Alma-Tadema''' (1836 – 1912), a British artist born in the Netherlands. A classical-subject painter, Alma-Tadema became famous for his depictions of the luxury and decadence of the Roman Empire, with languorous figures set in fabulous marbled interiors or against a backdrop of dazzling blue Mediterranean Sea and sky

''The Roses of Heliogabalus''

''A Favourite Custom'' – painting at Tate Britain

''A Foregone Conclusion'' – painting at Tate Britain

'''Albrecht Altdorfer''' (1480 – 1538), the leader of the Danube School

''Battle of Issus'' (or of ''Alexander'')

'''Fra Angelico''' (1395–1455) was called Il Beato (the Blessed), in reference to his skills in painting religious subjects. In 1982 Pope John Paul II conferred beatification. Fra Angelico was born Guido di Pietro

''San Marco Altarpiece''

''Fiesole Altarpiece''

'''Alexander Archipenko''' (1887 – 1964) was a Ukrainian avant-garde artist, sculptor, and graphic artist. Associated with the cubist movement

'''Giuseppe Arcimboldo''' (1527 – 1593) was an Italian painter best known for creating imaginative portrait heads made entirely of such objects as fruits, vegetables, flowers, fish, and books. In 1562, Arcimboldo became court portraitist to Ferdinand I at the Habsburg court in Vienna, and later, to Maximilian II and his son Rudolf II at the court in Prague

''The Librarian''

''Vertumnus''

''Winter'', ''Spring'', ''Summer'', ''Autumn'' – ‘Four Seasons’ paintings

''Air'', ''Fire'', ''Earth'', ''Water'' – ‘Four elements’ paintings

'''Jean Arp''' or Hans Arp (1886 – 1966) was a French/German painter and sculptor, born in Strasbourg. He was a founding member of the Dada group

'''Frank Auerbach''' (born 1931) is a German-born British painter. His work typically portrays either one of a small group of mainly female models, or scenes around London, especially the Mornington Crescent studio he has occupied since 1954

'''Francis Bacon''' (1909–1992) was born in Dublin, the son of a racehorse trainer. His lover, George Dyer, died of an overdose of barbiturates in Paris

Francis Bacon created several variations of Velazquez’s ''Pope Innocent X'', and was inspired by his ''Screaming Popes'' paintings

''Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion'' is a 1944 triptych painted by Francis Bacon. The work is based on the Eumenides, or Furies, of Aeschylus' ''The Oresteia'', and depicts three writhing anthropomorphic creatures set against a flat orange background

Triptych Inspired by T. S. Eliot’s Poem ''Sweeney Agonistes''

''Three Studies of Lucian Freud''

'''Leon Bakst''' (1866 – 1924) was a Russian painter and scene and costume designer. He was a member of the Sergei Diaghilev circle and the Ballets Russes, for which he designed exotic, richly coloured sets and costumes

'''Giacomo Balla''' (1871 – 1958) was a Futurist painter who taught Boccioni

'''Balthus''' (1908 – 2001) was a Polish/French modern artist whose work was ultimately anti-modern

'''Francis Barraud''' (1856 – 1924)

''His Master’s Voice'' – painting of Nipper (the Jack Russel terrier in the HMV image)

'''Jennifer Bartlett''' (born 1941-2022) was an American artist best known for paintings combining abstract and representational styles

'''Georg Baselitz''' (born 1938) studied in the former East Germany. Baselitz's style is interpreted by the Northern American as Neo-Expressionist, but from a European perspective, it is more seen as postmodern. His career was kick-started in the 1960s after police action against one of his paintings, because of its provocative, offending sexual nature

'''Jean-Michel Basquiat''' (1960 – 1988) began as a graffiti artist in New York in the late 1970s and in the 1980s produced Neo-expressionist painting. Basquiat died of a heroin overdose aged 27. Basquiet – known as SAMO as a graffiti artist. Collaborations with Andy Warhol

'''Frederic Bazille''' (1841 – 1870) was illed in Franco-Prussian War. Helped Monet before he became famous

''Summer Scene''

''The Pink Dress''

''Family Reunion''

'''Aubrey Beardsley''' (1872 – 1898) produced drawings, done in black ink and influenced by the style of Japanese woodcuts, which emphasized the grotesque, the decadent, and the erotic. His most famous erotic illustrations concerned themes of history and mythology; these include his illustrations for a privately printed edition of Aristophanes' ''Lysistrata'', and his drawings for Oscar Wilde's play ''Salome''. Died aged 25

'''Max Beckmann''' (1884 – 1950) was associated with the New Objectivity movement

''The Lion Tamer''

''Scene from the Earthquake in Messina''

''The Night''

'''Vanessa Bell''' (1879 – 1961) was an English painter and interior designer, a member of the Bloomsbury group, and the sister of Virginia Woolf. She is considered one of the major contributors to British portrait drawing and landscape art in the 20th century

'''Giovanni Bellini''' (c. 1430 – 1516) was an Italian Renaissance painter, probably the best known of the Bellini family of Venetian painters. His father was Jacopo Bellini. Through the use of clear, slow-drying oil paints, Giovanni created deep, rich tints and detailed shadings

'''George Bellows''' (1882 – 1925) was an American realist painter, known for his bold depictions of urban life in New York City and a series of paintings depicting boxing

'''Joachim Beuckelaer''' (1533 – 1573)

''Four Elements'' series – hung in the National Gallery

'''Joseph Beuys''' (1921 – 1986) work is grounded in concepts of humanism, social philosophy and anthroposophy; it culminates in his ‘extended definition of art’ and the idea of social sculpture. Always wore a felt hat

'''Elizabeth Blackadder''' (born 1931) is a Scottish painter and printmaker. She is the first woman to be elected to both the Royal Scottish Academy and the Royal Academy. Her work has appeared on a series of Royal Mail stamps

'''Peter Blake''' (born 1932) designed the sleeve for ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''

''The Toy Shop'' – collage

''On the Balcony'' is a significant early work which remains an iconic piece of British Pop Art

''Babe Rainbow''

''Kate'' – collage

'''William Blake''' (1757 – 1827)

''The Ancient of Days''

''Newton'' – Isaac Newton is shown sitting naked and crouched on a rocky outcropping covered with algae, apparently at the bottom of the sea. His attention is focused upon diagrams he draws with a compass upon a scroll that appears to unravel from his mouth

'''Umberto Boccioni''' (1882 – 1916) Futurist. Work centered on the portrayal of movement (dynamism), speed, and technology

'''Arnold Bocklin''' (1827 – 1901). Swiss symbolist painter

''Isle of the Dead''

''The Island of Life''

'''Alighiero Boetti''' (1940 – 1994) was a member of the Arte Povera movement. He is most famous for a series of embroidered maps of the world, ''Mappa'', created between 1971 and his death in 1994. Boetti's work was typified by his notion of 'twinning', leading him to add 'e' (and) between his names

'''David Bomberg''' (1890 – 1957) painted a series of complex geometric compositions combining the influences of cubism and futurism in the years immediately preceding World War I. Bomberg was one of the most audacious of the exceptional generation of artists who studied at the Slade School of Art under Henry Tonks. He travelled to Palestine, and Ronda in Spain. Fought at The Battle of the Somme

''In the Hold''

''The Mud Bath''

'''Pierre Bonnard''' (1867 – 1947) was a French painter and printmaker, as well as a founding member of Les Nabis. Bonnard is known for his intense use of colour. His wife Marthe was an ever-present subject over the course of several decades

''In the Washroom''

'''Rosa Bonheur''' (1822 – 1899)

''Ploughing in the Nivernais''

''The Horse Fair''

'''Hieronymus Bosch''' (1450 – 1516) real name Jheronimus (or Jeroen) van Aken

Bosch

''The Garden of Earthly Delights'' (1505) is the centre panel of a triptych and depicts the creation of earth. The leftmost panel features the Garden of Eden, and the rightmost panel illustrates Hell. Housed in the Museo del Prado

''The Ship of Fools'', ''Allegory of Gluttony and Lust'', and ''Death of the Miser'' - triptych

''The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things'' is a painting attributed to Hieronymus Bosch. The painting is oil on wood panels and is presented in a series of circular images

''The Temptation of St Anthony'' – triptych

'''Sandro Botticelli''' (1445 – 1510) – means ‘little barrel’. Full name – Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi. Worked for Medici family. Painted using egg tempera. Botticelli was apprenticed to Fra Filippo Lippi. Patronage of Lorenzo de Medici. He is buried at the feet of his model Simonetta Vespucci in Florence

''Primavera'' – features Venus, Cupid, The Three Graces, Mercury, Zepher, Chloris, and Flora. Hung in Uffizi. Also known as ''Allegory of Spring''

''The Birth of Venus'' – hung in The Uffizi. On the left of the picture, are the wind god Zephyr and his wife Chloris, known as Flora, goddess of flowers and blooms. On the right is Hora the goddess of summer welcoming Venus

''The Mystical Nativity'' – only painting signed by Botticelli

'''Francois Boucher''' (1703 – 1770) was a French painter, a proponent of Rococo taste, known for his idyllic and voluptuous paintings on classical themes. He also painted several portraits of his illustrious patroness, Madame de Pompadour. Influenced by the work of Watteau

''The Rape of Europa'' – in the Wallace Collection

''Portrait of Marie-Louise O’Murphy''

'''Eugene Boudin''' (1824 – 1898) was one of the first French landscape painters to paint outdoors (en plein air). Many paintings of Trouville

'''Marie Bracquemond''' (1840 – 1916) was a French Impressionist artist described by Gustave Geffroy in 1894 as one of the “le trois grandes dames” of Impressionism alongside Berthe Morisot and Mary Cassatt

'''Frank Brangwyn''' (1857 – 1956) was an Anglo-Welsh artist, born in Bruges

''British Empire Panels''

'''Georges Braque''' (1882 – 1963) was influenced by the Fauves and Cezanne. Braque’s work between 1908 and 1912 is closely associated with that of his colleague Pablo Picasso. Their respective Cubist works were indistinguishable for many years. Braque was the first living artist to have exhibition at The Louvre

''Violin and Candlestick''

''Fruit Dish and Glass''

'''John Bratby''' (1928 – 1992) was an English painter who founded the ‘kitchen sink realism’ style of art that was influential in the late 1950s

'''Bronzino''' (1503 – 1572), born Agnolo di Cosimo, was an Italian Mannerist painter from Florence. Terry Gilliam famously used Cupid's right foot from ''Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time'' for crushing down the titles on ''Monty Python's Flying Circus''

''Portrait of Cosimo de’ Medici''

'''Pieter Brueghel the Elder''' (1525 – 1569) low-life paintings in the Netherlands. Many works of Brueghel are in Kunsthistoriches in Vienna

''Hunters in the Snow''

''Peasant Wedding''

''Landscape with the Fall of Icarus''

''The Triumph of Death'' – ''Dulle Griet'', also known as ''Mad Meg'', is a figure of Flemish folklore who is the subject of a 1563 oil-on-panel

'''Pieter Brueghel the Younger''' (1565 – 1638), son of Pieter Brueghel the Elder

''Satire on Tulip Mania'' – monkeys in contemporary 17th century Dutch dress are shown dealing in tulips

'''Jan Brueghel the Elder''' (1568 – 1625) – son of Pieter Brueghel the Elder. Many floral still lifes and paradise landscapes

''The Five Senses'' is a set of allegorical paintings created by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Peter Paul Rubens, with Brueghel being responsible for the settings and Rubens for the figures. They are now in the Prado Museum

'''Edward Burne-Jones''' (1833 – 1898) was a friend of William Morris and was associated with the Pre-Raphaelite movement. Burne-Jones was closely involved in the rejuvenation of the tradition of stained glass art in Britain Stanley Baldwin and Rudyard Kipling were nephews of Edward Burne-Jones

''Love Among the Ruins''

''Perseus'' series

'''Edward Burra''' (1905 – 1976) was an English painter, best known for his depictions of the urban underworld, black culture and the Harlem scene of the 1930s

'''Gustave Caillebotte''' (1848 – 1894). Impressionist painter

''The Floor Scrapers''

'''Heinrich Campendonk''' (1889 – 1957). Member of the Der Blaue Reiter group

''Red Picture with Horses''

'''Canaletto''' (1697 – 1768), Giovanni Canal, best known for his paintings of Venice, worked in London from1746 to 1755. Many paintings of London bridges, including Westminster Bridge and Old Walton Bridge. Also painted Warwick Castle

'''Vittore Carpaccio''' (1465 – 1525) was a painter of the Venetian school, who studied under Gentile Bellini

''The Legend of Saint Ursula'' – cycle of nine paintings

''St. George and the Dragon''

'''Emily Carr''' (1871 – 1945) was a Canadian artist and writer heavily inspired by the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. One of the first painters in Canada to adopt a modernist and post-impressionist painting style

'''Annibale Carracci''' (1560 – 1609) was an Italian Baroque painter born in Bologna. Carracci painted frescos on the ceiling of Palazzo Farnese in Rome

'''Leonora Carrington''' (1917 – 2011) was a British-born Mexican artist, a surrealist painter and a novelist. She lived most of her life in Mexico City. Lived with Max Ernst

Michelangelo Merisi da '''Caravaggio''' (1571 – 1610). First representative of the Baroque school. Caravaggio fled Rome for Naples in 1606 when charged with the murder of Ranuccio Tomassoni, during a furious brawl over a disputed score in a game of tennis. Credited with the invention of tenebrism

''The Martyrdom of Saint Matthew''

''The Inspiration of Saint Matthew''

''The Calling of Saint Matthew''

''Saint Jerome Writing'', also called ''Saint Jerome in His Study'' or simply ''Saint Jerome'', is hung in the Galleria Borghese in Rome

''Judith Beheading Holofernes''

''Cardsharps''

''Basket of Fruit'' – first still life painting. Hung in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan

''The Beheading of Saint John the Baptist'' is the only work signed by Caravaggio

'''Mary Cassatt''' (1844 – 1926) was a friend of Degas. Cassatt often created images of the social and private lives of women, with particular emphasis on the intimate bonds between mothers and children

'''George Catlin''' (1796 – 1872) specialized in portraits of Native Americans in the Old West

'''Patrick Caulfield''' (1936 – 2005) was a painter and printmaker known for his bold canvases, which often incorporated elements of Photorealism within a pared down scene

'''Paul Cezanne''' (1839 – 1906) grew up with Emile Zola, in Aix-en-Provence. A Post-Impressionist painter, Cezanne formed a bridge between Impressionism and Cubism

Many paintings of Mont Sainte-Victoire in Provence

''The Card Players''

''The Bathers''

''Auvers-sur-Oise'' was stolen from Ashmolean Museum in Oxford in 2000

'''Marc Chagall''' (1887 – 1985) was a French painter of Russian-Jewish origin who was born in Belarus. In 1963, Chagall was commissioned to paint the new ceiling for the Paris Opera (''Palais Garnier''). Chagall designed costumes for a production of ''The Firebird'' by Stravinsky. He designed a stained glass memorial window to Dag Hammarskjold in the United Nations in New York

''I and the Village''

''Homage to Apollinaire''

''The Green Violinist''

''The Bible Series''

''Self-Portrait with Seven Fingers''

'''Jake Chapman''' (born 1966) and '''Dinos Chapman''' (born 1962) are brothers and English conceptual artists who work almost exclusively in collaboration with each other. They came to prominence as part of the Young British Artists movement promoted by Charles Saatchi. The brothers have often made pieces with plastic models or fibreglass mannequins of people. Their mother was an orthodox Greek Cypriot

''Hell'' – 10,000 tiny Nazi soldiers. Destroyed in Momart warehouse fire in East London

''Disasters of War'' by Goya was rendered into small 3D plastic models by Jake and Dinos Chapman

'''Jean-Baptiste-Simeon Chardin''' (1699 – 1779) was a master of still life and is also noted for his genre paintings which depict kitchen maids, children, and domestic activities

''The Ray''

'''Judy Chicago''' (born 1939) was a feminist artist

''The Dinner Party'' – depicts place settings for 39 mythical and historical famous women throughout history

'''Georgio de Chirico''' (1888 – 1978) was born in Volos, Greece, to a Genovese mother and a Sicilian father. He founded the ‘scuola metafisica’ art movement, which influenced the surrealists. Many paintings of mannequins

''The Song of Love''

''Melancholy and Mystery of a Street''

'''Frederic Church''' (1826 – 1900) was a central figure in the Hudson River School of American landscape painters, perhaps best known for painting large panoramic landscapes

'''Cimabue''' (c. 1240 – 1302) is generally regarded as the last great Italian painter working in the Byzantine tradition. The art of this period comprised scenes and forms that appeared relatively flat and highly stylized. He is also well known for his student Giotto, considered the first great artist of the Italian Renaissance

'''Chuck Close''' (1940-2021) was an American portrait painter known for his massive-scale portraits

'''Thomas Cole''' (1801 – 1848) was born in Bolton. In 1818 his family emigrated to the United States. Landscape painter. He is regarded as the founder of the Hudson River School

''The Course of Empire'' – series of five paintings depicting the growth and fall of an imaginary city

'''John Constable''' (1776 – 1837) was born in East Bergholt, Suffolk

''The Haywain'' – features the River Stour. Alternative name is ''Landscape Noon''

''Flatford Mill''

''Dedham Mill''

''Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows''

''The Leaping Horse''

''Sky Study with a Shaft of Sunlight''

''The Opening of Waterloo Bridge''

'''John Singleton Copley''' (1738 – 1815) is famous for his portrait paintings of important figures in colonial New England

''The Death of the Earl of Chatham''

''The Death of Major Peirson''

'''Lovis Corinth''' (1858 – 1925). German expressionist painter who joined the Berlin Secession group

''The Red Christ''

'''Joseph Cornell''' (1903 – 1972) was an American artist and sculptor, one of the pioneers and most celebrated exponents of assemblage. He was also an experimental filmmaker

'''Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot''' (1796 – 1875) was a French landscape painter and printmaker in etching

''Ville d’Avray''

''Macbeth and the Witches''

''The Bridge at Narni''

Antonio Allegri da '''Correggio''' (1489 – 1534) was the foremost painter of the Parma school of the Italian Renaissance

Correggio conceived a set of paintings depicting the ''Loves of Jupiter'' as described in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses''. The voluptuous series was commissioned by Federico II Gonzaga of Mantua

'''Juan Sanchez Cotan''' (1560 – 1627) was a Spanish Baroque painter, a pioneer of realism in Spain. His still life – also called bodegones – were painted in an austere style

'''John Cotman''' (1782 – 1842) was an English marine and landscape painter, etcher, illustrator and author, a leading member of the Norwich school of artists

'''Gustave Courbet''' (1819 – 1877) led the Realist movement in 19th century French painting

''L'Origine du Monde'' – picture of a hirsute lady

''A Burial at Ornans''

''The Artist’s Studio''

'''David Cox''' (1783 – 1859) was one of the most important members of the Birmingham School of landscape artists and an early precursor of impressionism. He is considered one of the greatest English landscape painters, and a major figure of the Golden age of English watercolour

'''Lucas Cranach the Elder''' (1472 – 1553) was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving. He was court painter to the Electors of Saxony for most of his career

''Cupid Complaining to Venus''

''Adam and Eve''

paintings of Martin Luther

'''Lucas Cranach the Younger''' (1515 – 1586) was known for his woodcuts and paintings. Son of Lucas Cranach the Elder

'''Walter Crane''' (1845 – 1915). He is considered to be the most influential, and among the most prolific, children’s book creator of his generation

''The Horses of Neptune''

'''Henri-Edmond Cross''' (1856 – 1910) was a master of Neo-impressionism, and played an important role in shaping the second phase of that movement. He was very influential to Henri Matisse and his work was an instrumental influence in the development of Fauvism

'''Aelbert Cuyp''' (1620 – 1691) was one of the leading Dutch landscape painters of the Dutch Golden Age. He is especially known for his large views of the Dutch countryside

'''Richard Dadd''' (1817 – 1886), an English painter of the Victorian era, noted for his depictions of fairies and other supernatural subjects. Painted while Dadd was confined in Bedlam psychiatric hospital. Richard Dadd formed the group of British artists known as The Clique

''The Fairy Feller's Master-Stroke''

'''Johan Christian Dahl''' (1788 – 1857) was a Norwegian artist who is considered the first great romantic painter in Norway, the founder of the "golden age" of Norwegian painting. He is often described as "the father of Norwegian landscape painting"

'''Salvador Dali''' (1904 – 1989) was inspired by the shock of Hiroshima and the dawning of the atomic age, and labeled this period ‘Nuclear Mysticism’. Dali’s wife Gali was previously married to surrealist poet Paul Eluard. Dali lived in St Petersburg, Florida. Dali returned from USA to Spain after WWII and became a catholic. Published ''Mystical Manifesto''. Between 1941 and 1970, Dali created an ensemble of 39 jewels. The most famous jewel, ''The Royal Heart'', is made of gold and is encrusted with 46 rubies, 42 diamonds, and four emeralds and is created in such a way that the centre ‘beats’ much like a real heart

''The Persistence of Memory''

''Leda Atomica''

''Christ of Saint John of the Cross'' – in 1993, the painting was moved to Glasgow's St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art but returned to Kelvingrove for its reopening in 2006. Yellow boat at Port Lligat at bottom of painting

''Soft Construction with Boiled Beans: Premonition of Civil War''

''The Great Masturbator''

Mae West Lips Sofa (1937) is a surrealist sofa

Lobster Telephone

'''Francis Danby''' (1793 – 1861) was an Irish painter of the Romantic era. His imaginative, dramatic landscapes were comparable to those of John Martin

''The Shipwreck''

''The Deluge''

'''Charles-Francois Daubigny''' (1817 – 1878) was one of the painters of the Barbizon school, and is considered an important precursor of Impressionism

'''Honore Daumier''' (1808 – 1879) was a French printmaker, caricaturist, painter, and sculptor, whose many works offer commentary on social and political life in France in the 19th century. He is known for his caricatures of political figures and satires on the behavior of his countrymen

'''Jacques-Louis David''' (1748 – 1825) became an active supporter of the French Revolution and friend of Robespierre, and was effectively a dictator of the arts under the French Republic. Imprisoned after Robespierre's fall from power, he aligned himself with Napoleon I. It was at this time that he developed his Empire style, notable for its use of warm Venetian colours

''The Death of Marat'' – 1793 painting of Jean-Paul Marat lying dead in his bath after being murdered by Charlotte Corday

''The Death of Socrates''

''Napoleon Crossing the Alps'' – idealized view of the real crossing that Napoleon and his army made across the Alps through the Great St. Bernard Pass in May 1800

''Oath of the Horatii'' – fathers giving swords to Roman sons

''The Intervention of the Sabine Women''

''The Coronation of Napoleon''

''Oath of the Tennis Court''

''The Lictors Bringing to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons''

'''Stuart Davis''' (1892 – 1964) was an early American modernist painter. He was well known for his jazz-influenced, proto pop art paintings of the 1940s and 1950s, bold, brash, and colorful, as well as his ashcan pictures in the early years of the 20th century

'''Edgar Degas''' (1834 – 1917) is regarded as one of the founders of Impressionism, although he rejected the term, preferring to be called a realist. He was a superb draftsman, and particularly masterly in depicting movement, as can be seen in his renditions of dancers, racecourse subjects and female nudes. He was born in Paris, the son of a banker. Degas is also famous for bronze sculptures of dancers

''Rehearsal''

''L’Absinthe''

'''Eugene Delacroix''' (1798 – 1863)

''Liberty Leading the People'' – hung in the Louvre. Celebrates July Revolution of 1830 against Charles X. Liberty wears a Phyrgian bonnet and is on a barricade

''Massacre at Chios''

''The Death of Sardanapalus''

'''Paul Delaroche''' (1797 – 1856)

''The Execution of Lady Jane Grey''

''Hemicycle'' – a mural 27m long. Also known as ''The Artists of All Times''

'''Robert Delaunay''' (1885 – 1941) was a French artist who, with his wife Sonia Delaunay and others, cofounded the Orphism art movement, noted for its use of strong colours and geometric shapes. The movement also aimed to express the ideals of Simultanism: the existence of an infinitude of interrelated states of being

''Eiffel Tower'' series

''City of Paris'' series

''Window'' series

''Cardiff Team'' series

''Circular Forms'' series

'''Sonia Delaunay''' (1885 – 1979) was born Sonia Terk in Russia. Her work extends to painting, textile design and stage set design. She was the first living female artist to have a retrospective exhibition at the Louvre in 1964

'''Jeremy Deller''' (born 1966) is an English conceptual, video and installation artist. Won the Turner Prize in 2004

''Battle of Orgreave''

''It Is What It Is'' – a car destroyed by a car bomb in Iraq

'''Charles Demuth''' (1883 – 1935) was an American watercolorist who turned to oils late in his career, developing a style of painting known as Precisionism

''I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold''

'''Maurice Denis''' (1870 – 1943) was a member of the Symbolist and Les Nabis movements. His theories contributed to the foundations of cubism, fauvism, and abstract art

'''Andre Derain''' (1888 – 1954) was the co-founder of Fauvism with Matisse

''Charing Cross Bridge''

'''Jim Dine''' (born 1935) is an American pop artist. He is sometimes considered to be a part of the Neo-Dada movement. Known for his ''Happenings'' series of performance art

'''Otto Dix''' (1891 – 1969) represented his traumatic experiences in World War I in many subsequent works, including a portfolio of fifty etchings called ''Der Krieg'', published in 1924

''Prager Strasse''

''Skat Players''

'''William Dobson''' (1611 – 1646) was a portraitist and one of the first notable English painters. Dobson was based at the Royalist centre of Oxford and painted many leading Cavaliers

'''Peter Doig''' (born 1959) is a Scottish painter. Since 2002 he has lived in Trinidad

''White Canoe'' – sold at Sotheby's in 2007 for $11.3 million, then an auction record for a living European artist

''The Architect's Home in the Ravine''

'''Gustave Dore''' (1832 – 1883) was a French artist, engraver, illustrator and sculptor. Dore worked primarily with wood engraving and steel engraving. Provided illustrations for the English Bible (1866). His engravings illustrated ''The Divine Comedy''

'''Jean Dubuffet''' (1901 – 1985) coined the term Art Brut (meaning ‘raw art’, sometimes referred to as ‘outsider art’) for art produced by non-professionals working outside aesthetic norms

'''Marcel Duchamp''' (1887 – 1968) The readymades of Marcel Duchamp are ordinary manufactured objects that the artist selected and modified, e.g. ''Fountain'' (1917) signed R. Mutt

''Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2''

''The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even'', most often called ''The Large Glass''

''L.H.O.O.Q.'' is a cheap postcard reproduction of Leonardo da Vinci's ''Mona Lisa'' onto which Duchamp drew a moustache and beard in pencil

'''Raoul Dufy''' (1877 – 1953) was a French Fauvist painter. He developed a colourful, decorative style that became fashionable for designs for ceramics, textiles and decorative schemes for public buildings. He is noted for scenes of open-air social events

''Homage to Mozart''

''Regatta at Cowes''

'''Albrecht Durer''' (1471 – 1528) was born and died in Nuremberg and is best known for his prints, often executed in series

''Apocalypse''

''Great Passion''

''Little Passion''

''Knight, Death, and the Devil'' – engravings

''Saint Jerome in his Study''

''Melencolia I''

''Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse'' – woodcuts

''Rhinoceros''

''Triumphal Arch''

''Triumphs of Maximilian'' – huge woodcut project by Durer, commissioned by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

''Revelation of St John''

''Praying Hands''

'''Christoffer Eckersberg''' (1783 – 1853) laid the foundation for the period of art known as the Golden Age of Danish Painting, and is referred to as the Father of Danish painting

'''Tracey Emin''' (born 1963) is one of the Young British Artists. She was appointed Professor of Drawing at the Royal Academy in 2011

''Everyone I Have Ever Slept With 1963–1995'', a tent appliquéd with names, was shown at Charles Saatchi's ''Sensation'' exhibition held at the Royal Academy. Destroyed in the 2004 Momart warehouse fire

''My Bed''

'''James Ensor''' (1860 – 1949) was a Belgian painter and printmaker, an important influence on expressionism and surrealism who lived in Ostend for almost his entire life. He was associated with the artistic group Les XX

''Christ’s Entry into Brussels in 1889''

'''Max Ernst''' (1891 – 1976) was born in Germany. Ernst was one of the primary pioneers of the Dada movement and Surrealism. Buried at the Pere Lachaise Cemetery

''The Elephant Celebes''

''Europe after the Rain''

''Man Shall Know Nothing of This''

'''Carel Fabritius''' (1622 – 1654) was a pupil of Rembrandt and a member of the Delft School

''A View of Delft''

''The Goldfinch''

''The Sentry''

'''Lyonel Feininger''' (1871 – 1956) designed the cover for the Bauhaus 1919 manifesto: an expressionist woodcut 'cathedral'. He taught at the Bauhaus for several years

''Market Church in Halle''

'''Jean Fouquet''' (1420 – 1481) was a French painter of the 15th century, a master of both panel painting and manuscript illumination, and the apparent inventor of the portrait miniature

''Melun Diptych''

'''Jean-Honore Fragonard''' (1732 – 1806) was a French rococo painter

''The Swing'' – hung in the Wallace Collection

''A Young Girl Reading''

'''Piero della Francesca''' (1415 – 1492)

''The Resurrection'' – is in the city of Sancepolcro in Tuscany. Aldous Huxley called ''The Resurrection'' ‘the best picture in the world’. True fresco technique. Christ carries a white flag with a red cross. Anthony Clarke stopped shelling in WWII to save the picture, even though he had never seen it

''The History of the True Cross'' – is in the church of San Francesco in the Tuscan town of Arezzo

''The Baptism of Christ'' – hung in the National Gallery

'''Helen Frankenthaler''' (1928 – 2011) was an American abstract expressionist painter. She was a major contributor to the history of postwar American painting

'''Lucian Freud''' (1922 – 2011) was born in Berlin. Grandson of Sigmund Freud. Married Kitty Garman, then Caroline Blackwood. Painted with Cremnitz white

''Portrait of the Queen''

''Benefits Supervisor Sleeping'' – portrait of Sue Tilley

'''Caspar David Friedrich''' (1774 – 1840) was a German Romantic landscape painter, generally considered the most important of the movement. He is best known for his mid-period allegorical landscapes which typically feature contemplative figures silhouetted against night skies, morning mists, barren trees or Gothic ruins. Friedrich’s wife Caroline Bommer was his model in a number of paintings

''Wanderer above the Sea of Fog''

''Moonrise over the Sea''

''The Abbey in the Oakwood''

''Chalk Cliffs on Rugen''

'''William Powell Frith''' (1819 – 1909) has been described as the “greatest British painter of the social scene since Hogarth”

''The Derby Day''

'''Henry Fuseli''' (1741 – 1825) was born in Zurich. He favoured portraying the supernatural

''The Nightmare'' – depicts a sleeping woman with an incubus on her stomach

''Lady Macbeth Seizing the Daggers''

'''Thomas Gainsborough''' (1727 – 1788) was born in Suffolk. Gainsborough painted portraits of his daughters, and did a number of paintings of David Garrick

''Mr and Mrs Andrews''

''Mrs Sarah Siddons''

''The Blue Boy'' – portrait of Jonathan Buttall

''Mr and Mrs William Hallett (The Morning Walk)''

'''Paul Gauguin''' (1848 – 1903) was a Parisian stockbroker, and a Post-Impressionist artist. In 1873, Gauguin married a Danish woman, Mette-Sophie Gad. Paul Gauguin spent his last years on the Marquesas Islands, in French Polynesia. Many paintings of Tahitian women. Gauguin was also an influential proponent of wood engraving and woodcuts as art forms

''Jacob Wrestling with the Angel''

''The Green Christ'' and ''The Yellow Christ'' are considered to the key-works of Symbolism in painting

''Nevermore''

'''Artemisia Gentileschi''' (1593 – 1656) was an Italian Early Baroque painter, today considered one of the most accomplished painters in the generation influenced by Caravaggio. In an era when women painters were not easily accepted by the artistic community, she was the first female painter to become a member of the Accademia di Arte del Disegno in Florence

''Judith Slaying Holofernes''

''Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting''

'''Francois Gerard''' (1770 – 1837)

''Portrait of the Empress Josephine''

'''Theodore Gericault''' (1791 – 1824)

''The Raft of the Medusa'' – ''Medusa'' was a frigate that set sail from France for Senegal in 1816. Displayed in the Louvre

'''Marcus Gheeraerts''' (1561 – 1636)

''Ditchley Portrait'' – a 1592 portrait of Elizabeth I displayed in the National Portrait Gallery

'''Gilbert & George''' – Gilbert Proesch (born 1943 in Italy) and George Passmore (born 1942 in Plymouth). The two first met in 1967 while studying sculpture at St Martin’s School of Art. For many years, Gilbert & George have been residents of Spitalfields. The pair are perhaps best known for their large-scale photo works, known as ''The Pictures''

'''Francoise Gilot''' (born 1921) is a French born painter. She is also known as the lover and artistic muse of Pablo Picasso from 1944 to 1953, and the mother of his children, Claude Picasso and Paloma Picasso. The film ''Surviving Picasso'' is seen through the eyes of Gilot

'''Giorgione''' (c. 1477 – 1510) was an Italian painter of the High Renaissance in Venice. Pupil of Giovanni Bellini. Giorgione is known for the elusive poetic quality of his work. Born Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco

''Sleeping Venus''

''The Tempest''

'''Giotto''' di Bondone (1267 – 1337) was a shepherd, born in Tuscany. was a student of Cimabue. He drew a perfect circle when the Pope wanted to see his work

''Arena Chapel'' cycle of the Cappella degli Scrovegni in Padua depicting the life of the Virgin and the passion of Christ

''Ognissanti Madonna''

'''Thomas Girtin''' (1775 – 1802) was a friend and rival of J. M. W. Turner, and played a key role in establishing watercolour as a reputable art form

'''Albert Gleizes''' (1881 – 1953) was a founder of Cubism and an influence on the School of Paris. Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger wrote the first major treatise on Cubism, ''Du Cubisme'', in 1912

'''Natalia Goncharova''' (1881 – 1962) was a Russian avant-garde artist (Cubo-Futurism). Together with her husband Mikhail Larionov she first developed Rayonism. They were the main progenitors of the pre-Revolution Russian avant-garde organising the Donkey's Tail exhibition of 1912. She was also a set and costume designed for the Ballet Russes

''The Flowers'' – sold in 2008 for $10.8 million

''Cyclist''

'''Arshile Gorky''' (1905 – 1948) was an Armenian-born American painter who had a seminal influence on Abstract Expressionism. As such, his works were often speculated to have been informed by the suffering and loss he experienced of the Armenian genocide

''The Artist and his Mother''

'''Francisco Goya''' (1746 – 1828), full name Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes. Goya was court painter to Charles IV. Many of Goya's works are on display in the Museo del Prado in Madrid. Goya became deaf

''Black Paintings'' – a group of 14 paintings that portray intense, haunting themes

''Saturn Devouring His Son'' – one of the ''Black Paintings''

''The Disasters of War'' – depicts scenes from the Peninsular War

''The Second of May 1808'' – also known as ''The Charge of the Mamelukes'' is hung in the Prado

''The Third of May 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid'' – depicts a scene from the Spanish war of liberation when many innocent citizens were shot by Napoleon's troops the morning following a popular uprising in Madrid. Hung in the Prado

''The Nude Maja'' (La maja desnuda) and ''The Clothed Maja'' (La maja vestida) – depict the same woman in the same pose, naked and clothed, respectively

''El Coloso''

''Portrait of the Duke of Wellington'' – was stolen from the National Gallery in 1961 and recovered in 1965

''Los Caprichos'' – a set of 80 aquatint prints created. The work was an enlightened, tour-de-force critique of 18th-century Spain, and humanity in general

'''Duncan Grant''' (1885 – 1978) was a member of the Bloomsbury Group. He often worked with, and was influenced by, Roger Fry. As well as painting landscapes and portraits, Fry designed textiles and ceramics

'''El Greco''' (1541 – 1614) was born in Crete, real name Domenikos Theotokopoulos. Lived in Toledo. He is best known for tortuously elongated figures and often fantastic or phantasmagorical pigmentation

''The Burial of the Count of Orgaz'' – is widely considered to be his best-known work

''The Disrobing of Christ'' – hung in Toledo Cathedral

''Opening of the Fifth Seal''

'''Juan Gris''' (1888 – 1927) was known as ‘the third cubist’. Born in Madrid

'''George Grosz''' (1893 – 1959). He was a prominent member of the Berlin Dada and New Objectivity group during the Weimar Republic before he emigrated to the United States in 1933

''The Pillars of Society''

''Dedicated to Oskar Panizza''

'''Matthias Grunewald''' (c. 1470 – 1528)

''Isenheim Altarpiece'' – on display at the Unterlinden Museum at Colmar, Alsace

'''Francesco Guardi''' (1712 – 1793) was a Venetian painter of veduta, a member of the Venetian School. He is considered to be among the last practitioners of the classic Venetian school of painting

'''Renato Guttuso''' (1912 – 1987). Italian painter and anti-Fascist

''Flight from Etna''

''Crucifixion''

''La Vucciria''

'''Frans Hals''' (1580 – 1666) was born in Antwerp. Frans Hals museum is in Haarlem. Franz Hals painted large group portraits, for local civic guards and for the regents of local hospitals

''Laughing Cavalier'' – painted in 1624, is displayed at the Wallace Collection

''Young Man with a Skull'' – Franz Hals

'''Richard Hamilton''' (1922 – 2011)

''Just What Is It that Makes Today's Homes So Different, So Appealing'' – is considered by critics and historians to be one of the early works of Pop Art

''Hommage a Chrysler Corp'' – Richard Hamilton

'''Marcus Harvey''' (born 1963).

''Myra'' – portrayal of Moors murderer Myra Hindley, created from handprints taken from a plaster cast of a child’s hand, and shown in the ''Sensation'' exhibition at the Royal Academy of Art in 1997. The painting had to be temporarily removed from display for repair after it was attacked in two separate incidents on the opening day

'''Childe Hassam''' (1859 – 1935) was a prolific American Impressionist painter, noted for his urban and coastal scenes. Hassam was instrumental in promulgating Impressionism to American collectors

'''Mona Hatoum''' (born 1952 in Beirut) is a Palestinian video artist and installation artist

''The Entire World as a Foreign Land'' – was at the inaugural launch of the Tate Britain

'''Erich Heckel''' (1883 – 1970). Heckel was a founding member of the Die Brucke group. In 1937 the Nazi Party declared his work "degenerate"

''Glass Day''

'''Patrick Heron''' (1920 – 1999) was an abstract artist born in Leeds and based in St Ives

'''Nicholas Hilliard''' (c. 1547 – 1619) was an English goldsmith best known for his portrait miniatures of members of the courts of Elizabeth I and James I. He mostly painted small oval miniatures

'''Hiroshige''' (1797 – 1858) was a Japanese ukiyo-e artist. Series of works

''The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō''

''The Sixty-nine Stations of the Kisokaidō''

''One Hundred Famous Views of Edo''

'''Damien Hirst''' (born 1945) was born in Bristol and grew up in Leeds. was one of the Young British Artists. Graduated from Goldsmiths College. Organiser of the Freeze exhibition in 1988. He won the Turner Prize in 1995. He is reportedly the United Kingdom's richest living artist

''The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living'' – a 14’ tiger shark immersed in formaldehyde in a display case became the iconic work of British art in the 1990s

''Away from the Flock'' – a dead sheep in a glass tank of formaldehyde

''Mother and Child Divided'' – a cow and a calf sliced in half in a glass tank of formaldehyde

''For the Love of God'' – a platinum cast of an 18th century skull covered in 8,601 diamonds

'''Hannah Hoch''' (1889 – 1978) was a German Dada artist. She is best known for her work of the Weimar period, when she was one of the originators of photomontage

'''David Hockney''' (born in 1937 in Bradford) was important contributor to the Pop art movement of the 1960s

''Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy'' – a picture of fashion designers Celia Birtwell and Ossie Clark. Percy is a white cat

''A Bigger Splash''

'''Howard Hodgkin''' (1932-2017) was an abstract artist. In 1984, Hodgkin represented Britain at the Venice Biennale, in 1985 he won the Turner Prize, and in 1992 he was knighted

'''William Hogarth''' (1697 – 1764) was an English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic, and editorial cartoonist. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called "modern moral subjects". Hogarth's House in Chiswick is now a museum

''A Rakes Progress'' – set of eight pictures

''Marriage a-la-Mode'' – set of six pictures

''A Harlot’s Progress'' – series of six plates

''Gin Lane''

''The Beggar’s Opera''

''The Four Stages of Cruelty'' – a series of four printed engravings. Each print depicts a different stage in the life of the fictional Tom Nero

''The Shrimp Girl''

'''Hokusai''' (c. 1760 – 1849)

''36 Views of Mount Fuji,'' - an ukiyo-e series of 36 large, color woodblock prints. Includes ''The Great Wave off Kanagawa'', which has three rowing boats under the pyramidal wave

'''Hans Holbein''' (1497 – 1543) painted many portraits at the court of Henry VIII

''The Ambassadors'' (1533) – is hung in the National Gallery. The sitters, both Frenchmen, were Jean de Dinteville, who was ambassador to England and Georges de Selve. Contains a skull, rendered in anamorphic perspective, which is meant to be nearly subliminal as the viewer must approach the painting nearly from the side of the painting to see the form morph into a completely accurate rendering of a human skull

1523 portrait of Erasmus

Holbein painted Christina of Denmark, who turned down Henry VIII’s proposal, before he painted Anne of Cleves in 1539

''Portrait of a Lady with a Squirrel and a Starling''

''Portrait of Edward VI as a Child''

'''Winslow Homer''' (1836 – 1910) was an American painter who lived in Northumberland from 1881 to 1882. Many paintings of sea views

'''Pieter de Hooch''' (1629 – 1684) was a genre painter during the Dutch Golden Age. He was a contemporary and archrival of Dutch Master Jan Vermeer, with whom his work shared themes and style

'''Edward Hopper''' (1882 – 1967) was an American realist painter and printmaker. Edward Hopper always used his wife, Jo, as his model

''Nighthawks'' – a 1942 painting that portrays four people in a downtown diner late at night. Displayed at the Art Institute of Chicago

''House by the Railroad'' – first painting purchased by MOMA

'''Peter Howson''' (born 1958) was the British official war artist in the 1993 Bosnian Civil War

''Madonna and Husband''

'''William Holman Hunt''' (1827 – 1910) was one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and travelled to the Holy Land in the 1850s

''The Light of the World'' – an allegorical painting representing the figure of Jesus preparing to knock on an overgrown and long-unopened door. Housed at Keble College Oxford

''The Awakening Conscience''. Annie Miller was the model

''The Scapegoat''

''The Hireling Shepherd''

'''Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres''' (1780 – 1867)

''Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne''

''Odalisque with a Slave''

''The Turkish Bath''

''La Source''

'''Alexei von Jawlensky''' (1864 – 1941) was a Russian expressionist painter active in Germany. He was a member of the Blue Rider group

''Portrait of Alexander Sakharoff''

'''Augustus John''' (1878 – 1961) was born in Tenby. He was married to Dorothy ‘Dorelia’ McNeill

'''Gwen John''' (1876 – 1939) was a Welsh artist who worked in France for most of her career. She was a mistress of Rodin. Brother of Augustus John

'''Jasper Johns''' (born 1930) lover of Robert Rauschenburg

''Flag'' – a 1954 painting of the US flag (with 48 stars). It is an encaustic painting, using heated beeswax to which coloured pigments are added

''Target with Four Faces''

''White Flag''

''Three Flags''

'''Ray Johnson''' (1927 – 1995) was an important figure in the history of Neo-Dada and early Pop art. Once called "New York's most famous unknown artist", Johnson also staged and participated in early performance art events

'''George W. Joy''' (1844 – 1925)

''General Gordon’s Last Stand''

'''Wassily Kandinsky''' (1866 – 1944) was a Russian artist. Member of the Blaue Reiter group. From 1909 onward, Kandinsky began to divide his more important works into three categories: ''Impressions'', ''Improvisations'', and ''Compositions''. Kandinsky taught at the Bauhaus from 1922 to 1933

'''Angelica Kauffman''' (1741 – 1807) was a Swiss-Austrian Neoclassical painter

''Portrait of Sir Joshua Reynolds''

'''Frida Kahlo''' (1907 – 1954) was a Mexican painter married to artist Diego Rivera. Many self-portraits, some with a monkey

Still Life Painting of Watermelon with the words ‘Viva La Vida’

'''Ellsworth Kelly''' (1923-2015) was associated with hard-edge painting, Color Field painting and the Minimalist school

''Blue Green Red''

'''Ernst Kirchner''' (1880 – 1938). Kirchner was a founding member of the Die Brucke group

''Artiste (Marcella)''

''Potsdamer Platz''

''Berlin Street Scene''

''Self-Portrait as a Soldier''

'''R.B. Kitaj''' (1932 – 2007) was an American artist with Jewish roots who spent much of his life in England. Kitaj had a significant influence on British Pop art

'''Paul Klee''' (1879 – 1940) was born in Switzerland. Affiliated to the Blaue Reiter. Taught at the Bauhaus with Kandinsky

''Twittering Machine''

''Fish Magic''

''Red Balloon''

'''Yves Klein''' (1928 – 1962) was the leading member of the French artistic movement of Nouveau realisme founded in 1960. Klein was a pioneer in the development of Performance art. International Klein Blue (IKB) is a deep blue hue first mixed by Yves Klein. IKB's visual impact comes from its heavy reliance on Ultramarine

'''Gustav Klimt''' (1862 – 1918) was an Austrian Symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Art Nouveau (Vienna Secession) movement. Klimt used gold leaf in a number of paintings in his ‘Golden Phase’

''The Kiss'' – hung in Belvedere Gallery, Vienna. Painted in 1908. Originally called ''The Lovers''

''Beethoven Frieze'' – based on Beethoven’s ninth symphony. Contains an image of Mahler. Now on permanent display in the Vienna Secession Building

''Judith and the Head of Holofernes''

''Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I''

''Danae''

'''Hilma af Klint''' (1862 – 1944) was a Swedish artist and mystic whose paintings were amongst the first abstract art

'''Christen Kobke''' (1810 – 1848) is one of the best-known artists belonging to the Golden Age of Danish Painting

'''Oskar Kokoschka''' (1886 – 1980) was an Austrian artist and poet of Czech origin, best known for his intense expressionistic portraits and landscapes

''The Bride of the Wind'' or ''The Tempest'' – a picture of Kokoschka and his lover Alma Mahler

'''Kathe Kollwitz''' (1867 – 1945) was a German painter, printmaker, and sculptor whose work offered an eloquent and often searing account of the human condition in the first half of the 20th century. Her work embraced the victims of poverty, hunger, and war

'''Willem de Kooning''' (1904 – 1997) was born in Rotterdam. Married abstract expressionist painter Elaine Marie Fried, later known as Elaine de Kooning, in 1943

''Woman'' series

'''Lee Krasner''' (1908 – 1984) was an influential American abstract expressionist painter in the second half of the 20th century. In 1945, she married artist Jackson Pollock

'''Utagawa Kuniyoshi''' (1797 – 1861) was one of the great masters of the ‘floating world’, or ukiyo-e, school of Japanese art, that depicted the entertainment district (or floating world) of Edo, now Tokyo

'''Frantisek Kupka''' (1871 – 1957) was a Czech painter and a co-founder of the early phases of Orphic cubism (Orphism)

Discs of ''Newton''

'''Yayoi Kusama''' (born 1929) is a Japanese artist and writer. Throughout her career she has worked in a wide variety of mediums, including painting, collage, sculpture, performance art and environmental installations, most of which exhibit her thematic interest in psychedelic colours, repetition and pattern. Known as the “Princess of polka dots”. A major retrospective of her work was held at Tate Modern in 2012

'''Edwin Henry Landseer''' (1802 – 1873)

''Dignity and Impudence'' – dogs

''The Monarch of the Glen''

''Laying Down the Law'' satirizes the legal profession. It depicts dogs in the roles of members of the court with a French poodle centre stage as the judge

''Man Proposes, God Disposes'' – features two polar bears eating dead men from the Franklin expedition

'''Michael Landy''' (born 1963) is best known for the performance piece installation ''Break Down'' (2001), in which he destroyed all his possessions, and for the ''Art Bin'' project at the South London Gallery

'''Thomas Lawrence''' (1769 – 1830) was a leading English portrait painter and president of the Royal Academy. He is particularly remembered as the Romantic portraitist of the Regency

'''Mark Leckey''' (born 1964) won the 2008 Turner Prize for his exhibition Industrial Lights and Magic, which included Felix the Cat

'''Fernand Leger''' (1881 – 1955) was a French painter, sculptor, and filmmaker. In his early works he created a personal form of Cubism which he gradually modified into a more figurative, populist style. Forerunner of pop art. Style of work known as Tubism

''The Three Women''

'''Frederic Leighton''' (1830 – 1896). Leighton was the first painter to be given a peerage, in the New Year Honours List of 1896, becoming Baron Leighton, of Stretton in Shropshire. Leighton died the next day

''Flaming June''

'''Peter Lely''' (1618 – 1680) was born Pieter van der Faes to Dutch parents in Westphalia. Portrait artist to Charles I. His talent ensured that his career was not interrupted by Charles's execution, and he served Oliver Cromwell, whom he painted "warts and all", and Richard Cromwell

'''Tamara de Lempicka''' (1898 – 1980) was born Maria Gorska in a wealthy family in Warsaw, and died in Mexico. Influenced by Cubism, Lempicka became the leading representative of the Art Deco style across two continents, and a favourite artist of many Hollywood stars

''Auto-Portrait (Tamara in the Green Bugatti)'' – painted for the cover of the German fashion magazine ''Die Dame''

''The Musician''

'''Leonardo da Vinci''' (1452 – 1519) was born in Vinci, Tuscany. Leonardo da Vinci was court painter to Francis I of France in the last few years of his life

''Mona Lisa'' – short for ‘Madonna Lisa’, portrait of Lisa Gerardini, the wife of a Florence cloth merchant. Painted c. 1503. First owned by Francis I. Stolen in 1911 by Vincenzo Peruga. Painted in oil on a panel made from poplar

Georgio Vasari gave the name ''Mona Lisa'' to the painting known as ''La Giaconda''

''Vitruvian Man'' – the drawing, which is in pen and ink on paper, depicts a male figure in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart and simultaneously inscribed in a circle and square. The drawing is based on the correlations of ideal human proportions with geometry described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in Book III of his treatise ''De Architectura''

''The Last Supper'' – painted onto the walls of the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie near Milan. Ccommissioned by Ludovico Sforza, also known as Ludovico the Moor

''Il Cenacolo'' – The Last Supper

Jesus and the 12 apostles are in da Vinci’s ''The Last Supper''

''Virgin of the Rocks'' (sometimes the ''Madonna of the Rocks'') is the usual title used for both of two different paintings with almost identical compositions, which are at least largely by Leonardo da Vinci. They are in the Louvre and the National Gallery, London. The Louvre version features in ''The Da Vinci Code''

''Adoration of the Magi'' – was unfinished

''The Lady with an Ermine''

''Salvator Mundi'' – most expensive painting sold at auction

''Madonna Litta'' – hung in the Hermitage

'''Emanuel Leutze''' (1816 – 1868) was a German American artist

''Washington Crossing the Delaware'' – is in commemoration of Washington's crossing of the Delaware on 25 December 1776 before the Battle of Trenton

'''Wyndham Lewis''' (1882 – 1957). He was a co-founder of the Vorticist movement, and edited the literary magazine of the Vorticists, ''BLAST''

''The Crowd''

'''Roy Lichtenstein''' (1923 – 1997) was an American pop artist known for pictures using Ben-Day dots

''Whaam!'' – displayed at Tate Modern

''Look Mickey'' – is regarded as the bridge between Roy Lichtenstein’s abstract expressionism and pop art works

''Drowning Girl''

''Little Big Painting'' – paintings based on DC Comics’ ''Secret Hearts'' magazine and ''All-American Men of War''

'''Max Liebermann''' (1847 – 1935) was a German-Jewish painter and printmaker, and one of the leading proponents of Impressionism in Germany

'''Filippo''' '''Lippi''' (1406 – 1469) was an Early Renaissance Italian artist

'''Filippino Lippi''' (1459 – 1504) was the illegitimate son of Filippo Lippi

''Apparition of the Virgin to St. Bernard''

'''El Lissitsky''' (1890 – 1941) was an important figure of the Russian avant garde, helping develop suprematism with his mentor, Kazimir Malevich, and designing numerous exhibition displays and propaganda works for the former Soviet Union. His work greatly influenced the Bauhaus and constructivist movements, and he experimented with production techniques and stylistic devices that would dominate 20th century graphic design

'''Liu Bolin''' (born 1973) is a Chinese artist. He makes photographs of himself camouflage-painted to blend in with the background. One series is called ''Hiding In The City''

'''Richard Long''' (born 1945) is an English sculptor, photographer and painter, one of the best-known British land artists. Richard Long is the only artist to be shortlisted for the Turner Prize four times, and he is reputed to have refused the prize in 1984. He was nominated in 1984, 1987, 1988 and he then won the award in 1989 for ''White Water Line''

''A Line Made by Walking'' – first work

'''Pietro Longhi''' (1701 – 1785) was a Venetian painter of contemporary scenes of life

''Clara the rhinoceros'' – the rhinoceros was exhibited in Venice in 1751

'''Claude Lorrain''' (1600 – 1682), French landscape painter who inspired Turner. Born Claude Gellee, known as Claude. Many paintings in pairs – seascapes are paired with landscapes, and sunsets with sunrises

''Seaport with the Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba''

''View of Carthage with Dido and Aeneas''

''Coast View''

''Landscape with Apollo and Mercury''

'''LS Lowry''' (1887 – 1976) was a rent collector. Lowry is famous for painting scenes of life in the industrial districts of North West England. Many of his drawings and paintings depict Pendlebury, where he lived and worked for more than 40 years and also Salford and its surrounding areas. Lowry turned down a knighthood, an OBE and a CBE. Painted many portraits of ‘Ann’

'''Sarah Lucas''' (born 1962). Her works frequently employ visual puns and bawdy humour

''Pauline Bunny''

'''Margaret MacDonald''' (1864 – 1933), wife of Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Her design work became one of the defining features of the “Glasgow Style” during the 1890s

''The White Rose and the Red Rose''

'''August Macke''' (1887 – 1914) was a member of Der Blaue Reiter. He visited Tunisia with Paul Klee. Macke's career was cut short by his early death at the front in Champagne in September 1914

'''Daniel Maclise''' (1806 – 1870) was an Irish history, literary and portrait painter, and illustrator, who worked for most of his life in London

''The Meeting of Wellington and Blücher'' – on the walls of Westminster Palace

''The Death of Nelson''

'''Ford Madox Brown''' (1821 – 1893) was a teacher to Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Grandfather of Ford Madox Ford

''Work''

''The Last of England''

''The Hayfield''

'''Rene''' '''Magritte''' (1898 – 1967) was a surrealist artist born in Belgium

''Le Viol'' (The Rape) – female face with body parts

''The Treachery of Images'' – subtitled ‘This is not a pipe’

''Golconda'' – painting of men with bowler hats in the sky

''The Reckless Sleeper''

''The Son of Man'' – a man’s face is obscured by a green apple

''Time Transfixed'' – depicts a locomotive jutting out of a fireplace, at full steam, in an empty room

'''Kazimir Malevich''' (1879 – 1935) was a Russian painter. He was a pioneer of geometric abstract art and the originator of the avant-garde, Suprematist movement. He signed late paintings with a black square. Involved with cubo-futurism. Organised 0.10 exhibition

''Black Square'' – first Suprematist painting

Self-portrait wearing red hat

'''Edouard Manet''' (1832 – 1883) married Suzanne Leenhoff. Manet fought a sword duel with Durante

''A Bar at the Folies-Bergere''

''The Execution of the Emperor Maximilian'' – banned by censors. Parts of one painting were probably cut off by Manet

''Olympia'' – pose based on Titian’s ''Venus of Urbino''. The model, Victorine Meurent, went on to become an accomplished painter in her own right

''Berthe Morisot with a Bouquet of Violets'' – hung in Musee d’Orsay

''Le déjeuner sur l'herbe'' – originally titled ''Le Bain'' (''The Bath''). Shown at Salon des Refuses in 1863. Model – Victorine Meurent. Hung in Musee d’Orsay

''The Surprised Nymph''

''Olympia'' appears in background of Manet’s painting ''Portrait of Emile Zola''

''The Fifer'' or ''Young Flautist''

''Music in the Tuileries''

''Masked Ball at the Opera''

'''Andrea Mantegna''' (c. 1431 – 1506) was an Italian painter, a student of Roman archeology, and son in law of Jacopo Bellini. Like other artists of the time, Mantegna experimented with perspective. Mantegna painted many frescoes in the Palazzo Ducale in Mantua

''Agony in the Garden'' – housed in National Gallery

''Presentation at the Temple''

''Calvary''

'''Piero Manzoni''' (1933 – 1963)

''Artist’s Shit''

'''Franz Marc''' (1880 – 1916) was a founder of Der Blaue Reiter. Many abstract paintings of brightly coloured animals. Killed at the Battle of Verdun in 1916

'''John Martin''' (1789 – 1854) was known for apocalyptic paintings

''The Great Day of His Wrath''

''The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah''

'''Simone Martini''' (c. 1284 – 1344) was an Italian painter born in Siena. He was a major figure in the development of early Italian painting and greatly influenced the development of the International Gothic style

'''Masaccio''' (1401 – 1428) was the first great painter of the Quattrocento (15th century) period of the Italian Renaissance. He was one of the first to use Linear perspective in his painting, employing techniques such as vanishing point in art for the first time

'''Henri Matisse''' (1869 – 1954) lived and died in Nice. Matisse decorated the Chapel of the Rosary at Vence. A number of works by Matisse were purchased by Sergei Schukin, and are now displayed in The Hermitage. Matisse spent seven months in Morocco from 1912 to 1913

''Music''

''The Dance''

''The Snail''

''Icarus''

''Woman with a Hat''

''The Dessert: Harmony in Red''

''Odalisque with Arms Raised''

''Jazz'' (1947) – an artist's book of about one hundred prints based on paper cutouts

''Luxe, Calme et Volupte'' – was painted in 1904, after a summer spent working in St. Tropez on the French Riviera alongside the neo-Impressionist painters Paul Signac and Henri Edmond Cross. The painting is Matisse's most important work in which he used the Divisionist technique advocated by Signac

'''Quentin Matsys''' (1466 – 1530) was a founder of the Antwerp School. Born in Leuven

''A Grotesque Old Woman'' (or ''The Ugly Duchess'') – served as a basis for John Tenniel's depiction of the Duchess in ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland''. It is likely a depiction of a real person with Paget's disease

'''Steve McQueen''' (born 1969) went to Iraq as an official war artist in 2006. The following year he presented ''Queen and Country'', a piece which commemorated the deaths of British soldiers who died in the Iraq War by presenting their portraits as a sheet of stamps. Won the Turner Prize in 1999

'''William McTaggart''' (1835 – 1910) was a landscape painter known as the “Scottish impressionist”

'''Hans Memling''' (1430 – 1494) was a German-born painter who moved to Flanders and worked in the tradition of Early Netherlandish painting, becoming one of the leading artists from the 1460s

'''Adolph Menzel''' (1815 – 1905) was noted for his drawings, etchings, and paintings. Along with Caspar David Friedrich, he is considered one of the two most prominent German artists of the 19th century

'''Jean Metzinger''' (1883 – 1956) was a major 20th century French painter, theorist, writer, critic and poet, who, along with Albert Gleizes developed the theoretical foundations of Cubism

'''Michelangelo''' Buonarroti (1475 – 1564) studied at the Medici Academy in Florence. While both were apprenticed to Bertoldo di Giovanni, Pietro Torrigiano struck the 17-year-old on the nose, and thus caused that disfigurement which is so conspicuous in all the portraits of Michelangelo

He painted scenes from Genesis on the Sistine Chapel from 1509 to 1512, which interrupted his building the tomb of Pope Julius II. The fresco of ''The Last Judgment'' on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel was commissioned by Pope Clement VII, who died shortly after assigning the commission

''The Madonna and Child with St John and Angels'' – also known as ''The Manchester Madonna'', is an unfinished painting in the National Gallery

'''John Everett Millais''' (1829 – 1896) was granted a baronetcy by Gladstone in 1885, the first artist to be honoured with a hereditary title. After the death of Frederic Leighton in 1896, Millais was elected President of the Royal Academy

''Bubbles'' – bought by Pears to advertise their soap. William Milbourne James was the child model for ''Bubbles''

''Isabella'' – first pre-Raphaelite work, 1849. Signed PRB (standing for Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood)

''The Boyhood of Raleigh'' – depicts the young Sir Walter Raleigh by the seawall at Budleigh Salterton

''Christ in the House of His Parents''

''Mariana'' – depicts the character from Shakespeare’s play ''Measure for Measure''

''Ophelia'' – depicted as she falls into the stream and drowns, is one of the best-known illustrations from Shakespeare's play ''Hamlet''

'''Jean-Francois Millet''' (1814 – 1875) was one of the founders of the Barbizon school in rural France. He is noted for his scenes of peasant farmers

''The Gleaners'' – depicts women stooping in the fields to glean the leftovers from the harvest

'''Joan Mitchell''' (1925 – 1992) was a member of the American abstract expressionist movement, even though much of her career took place in France

'''Amedeo''' '''Modigliani''' (1884 – 1920) was born in Livorno and moved to Paris in 1906. Modigliani’s lover, Jeanne Hebuterne, committed suicide two days after his death in 1920 at the age of 35. He previously had an affair with Beatrice Hastings, and both were models. A 1917 exhibition of nudes by in Paris by Modigliani was closed down for obscenity. He destroyed practically all of his own early work

''Nu couché'' (also known as as ''Red Nude'' or ''Reclining Nude'' – was sold for $120 million in 2015

'''Joan Miro''' (1893 – 1983) was a Surrealist artist born in Barcelona

''The Tilled Field''

''The Harlequin’s Carnival''

'''Piet''' '''Mondrian''' (1872 – 1944) was an important contributor to the De Stijl art movement and group, which was founded by Theo van Doesburg. He evolved a non-representational form which he termed Neo-Plasticism. This consisted of white ground, upon which was painted a grid of vertical and horizontal black lines and the three primary colors

''Compositions''

''Broadway Boogie Woogie''

''Victory Boogie Woogie''

'''Claude Monet''' (1840 – 1926) served in Algeria with French Army, returning home with typhoid. From 1871 to 1878 Monet lived at Argenteuil, a village on the right bank of the Seine river near Paris, where he painted some of his best-known works. Monet fled to London at start of Franco-Prussian war, and studied the works of Constable and Turner. Monet has cataracts in later life. Died at Giverny. Monet’s house and garden, along with the ''Museum of Impressionism Giverny'', are major attractions in Giverny

Monet did many paintings of rock arches at Etretat and Gare Saint Lazare in Paris

''Impression, Sunrise'' – picture of Le Havre harbour. Led to Louis Leroy coining the term ‘Impressionism’

''Water Lilies'' – series of 250 oil paintings. Monet presented the paintings to the state in 1918. Hung in the Musée de l'Orangerie

''Rouen Cathedral'' – series of 26 views

''Haystacks''

''Poplars''

''Le déjeuner sur l'herbe'' – unfinished version of Manet’s painting

'''Gustave Moreau''' (1826 – 1898). French symbolist artist

''Hesiod and the Muse''

''Salome''

'''Berthe Morisot''' (1841 – 1895) was Manet’s sister-in-law, and also an impressionist painter

'''Malcolm Morley''' (1931-2018) was best known as a photorealist. He won the inaugural Turner Prize in 1984

'''Grandma Moses''' (1860 – 1961), was a renowned American folk artist. Real name Anna Mary Moses

'''Koloman Moser''' (1868 – 1918) was an Austrian artist who exerted considerable influence on twentieth-century graphic art and one of the foremost artists of the Vienna Secession movement and a co-founder of Wiener Werkstatte

'''Robert Motherwell''' (1915 – 1991) was one of the youngest of the New York School. Many black and white abstract expressionist paintings. Married to Helen Frankenthaler

'''Alphonse Mucha''' (1860 – 1939) was a Czech Art Nouveau painter. Mucha produced many advertisements, including an advertising poster for a play featuring Sarah Bernhardt

''The Slav Epic'' – a series of twenty huge paintings depicting the history of the Czech and the Slavic people in general

'''Edvard Munch''' (1863 – 1944) was a Norwegian Symbolist painter, printmaker and an important forerunner of expressionistic art

''The Scream'' – is part of a series ''The Frieze of Life'', in which Munch explored the themes of life, love, fear, death, and melancholia. Landscape in the background is the Oslofjord, viewed from the hill of Ekeberg, in Oslo (then Kristiania). Originally known as ''Despair''

''Between the Clock and the Bed''

''The Sick Child''

'''Alfred Munnings''' (1878 – 1959) was known as one of England's finest painters of horses, and as an outspoken enemy of Modernism. War artist to the Canadian Cavalry Brigade in World War I

'''Gabrielle Munter''' (1877 – 1962) was a companion of Kandinsky. Bought a house in Murnau, where she died

'''Bartolome Murillo''' (1617 – 1692) was a Spanish Baroque painter. Although he is best known for his religious works, Murillo also produced a considerable number of paintings of poor women and children

'''John Nash''' (1893 – 1977) was the younger brother of Paul Nash. Fought in World War I in the Artists Rifles

'''Paul Nash''' (1889 – 1946) co-founded the Unit One art group with Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth. Unit One was active from 1933 to 1935. Official war artist in World War I and World War II. Surrealist paintings of Avebury. Many paintings displayed at Imperial War Museum in London. Paul Nash illustrated the ''Shell Guide to Dorset''

Wittenham Clumps in Oxfordshire were repeatedly painted by Paul Nash

''The Menin Road''

''We Are Making a New World''

'''Christopher R. W. Nevinson''' (1889 – 1946) was an official war artist in World War I and a futurist artist

''Paths of Glory''

''La Mitrailleuse''

''The Arrival''

'''Barnett Newman''' (1905 – 1970) was one of the major figures in abstract expressionism and one of the foremost of the color field painters. Newman was born in New York City, the son of Jewish immigrants from Poland. Early works characterized by areas of colour separated by thin vertical lines, or "zips" as Newman called them

'''Ben Nicholson''' (1894 – 1982) was a British painter of abstract compositions (sometimes in low relief), landscape and still-life. Influenced by Picasso and Mondrian. Married to Barbara Hepworth

'''Sidney Nolan''' (1917 – 1992) was born in Australia. His most famous work is a series of stylized descriptions of the bushranger Ned Kelly in the Australian Outback

'''Emil''' '''Nolde''' (1867 – 1956) adopted his birthplace as a pseudonym. Emil Nolde was was one of the first Expressionists, and was a member of Die Brucke

'''Georgia O’Keeffe''' (1887 – 1986) is best known for her paintings of enlarged flowers, New York skyscrapers, and New Mexico landscapes. Georgia O’Keeffe Museum is in Santa Fe. Georgia O’Keeffe was married to photographer Alfred Stieglitz

''Cow’s Skull: Red, White and Blue''

''Jimson Weed/White Flower No. 1'' – was sold at auction to Walmart heiress Alice Walton in 2014 for $44 million

'''John Opie''' (1761 – 1807) was known as the “Cornish wonder”. He painted many great men and women of his day

'''Jean-Baptiste Oudry''' (1686 – 1755) was a French Rococo painter. He is particularly well known for his naturalistic pictures of animals and his hunt pieces depicting game

''Clara the Rhinoceros''

'''Samuel Palmer''' (1805 – 1881) was an English landscape painter, etcher and printmaker. He was also a prolific writer. Palmer was a key figure in English Romanticism and produced visionary pastoral paintings

'''Parmigianino''' (1503 – 1540) “the little one from Parma”. was an Italian Mannerist painter

''Vision of Saint Jerome''

''Madonna with the Long Neck''

'''Cornelia Parker''' (born 1956) is best known for large-scale installations

''Cold Dark Matter: An Exploded View'' – she had a garden shed blown up by the British Army and suspended the fragments as if suspending the explosion process in time

'''Victor Pasmore''' (1908 – 1998) was an artist and architect who pioneered the development of abstract art in Britain in the 1940s and 1950s

'''Max Pechstein''' (1881 – 1955). Member of the Die Brucke group

''Palau Triptych''

'''Grayson Perry''' (born 1960). Won the Turner Prize in 2003. Claire – female alter-ego. Alan Measles – childhood teddy bear

''Walthamstow Tapestry''

''Map of Nowhere'' – inspired by the Hereford Mappa Mundi

''The Vanity of Small Differences'' – work based on ''A Rake’s Progress''

''Westfield Vase''

''The Tomb of the Unknown Craftsman''

'''Pietro Perugino''' (c. 1460 – 1523) was the leading painter of the Umbrian school, who developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance. Raphael was his most famous pupil

''Delivery of the Keys'', or ''Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter'' – a fresco located in the Sistine Chapel, Rome

'''Francis Picabia''' (1879 – 1953) was a French painter and poet, associated with both the Dada and Surrealist art movements

'''Pablo Picasso''' (1881 – 1973) took his mother’s surname. His father’s surname was Ruiz. In 1918, Picasso married Olga Khokhlova, a ballerina with Sergei Diaghilev’s troupe. Jacqueline Roque was the second wife of Pablo Picasso and his frequent model. Blue Period (1901 – 1904) was influenced by the suicide of his friend Carlos Casagemas. Rose Period (1904 – 1906) was influenced by his relationship with Fernande Olivier. Picasso had a long affair with Marie-Therese Walter. Sylvette David was Picasso’s ‘Girl with the Ponytail’. Picasso painted a dachshund called Lump 40 times. In 1944 Picasso joined the French Communist Party, and in 1950 received the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet government. A dove drawn by Picasso is used as a peace symbol. Gertrude Stein became Picasso's principal patron, acquiring his drawings and paintings and exhibiting them in her informal ''Salon'' at her home in Paris. At one of her gatherings in 1905, he met Henri Matisse, who was to become a lifelong friend and rival. Picasso designed the set and costumes for ''Parade'', a ballet with music by Erik Satie and a one-act scenario by Jean Cocteau. Cezanne and Gauguin were taught by Picasso. Dora Maar is most widely known as Pablo Picasso's muse of nearly a decade (beginning late 1930s), including for ''Guernica'' and ''The Weeping Woman''. Picasso came to Britain in 1919 with Sergei Diaghilev to design sets and costumes for ''The Three-Cornered Hat''

''Les Demoiselles d'Avignon'' – painted in 1907. The work portrays five nude female prostitutes from a brothel on Carrer d'Avinyo (Avignon Street) in Barcelona. Picasso referred to the painting as his Brothel painting calling it ''Le Bordel d'Avignon'' but André Salmon retitled it ''Les Demoiselles d'Avignon'' so as to lessen its scandalous impact on the public. Hung in MoMA, New York

''Guernica'' (1937) is exhibited at the Museo Reina Sofia in Madrid

''The Absinthe Drinker'' – portrait of Angel Fernandez De Soto

''Women of Algiers'' – inspired by Eugene Delacroix's 1834 painting ''The Women of Algiers in their Apartment''

''The Three Dancers''

''Three Musicians''

Picasso made many drawings of ''Le déjeuner sur l'herbe''

''Bull's Head'' – a found object artwork, created in 1942 from seat and handlebars of a bicycle

''Vollard Suite'' – a set of 100 etchings in the neoclassical style produced from 1930–1937

'''John Piper''' (1903 – 1992) designed the stained glass windows for Coventry Cathedral. Official war artist in World War II. Many pictures at Renishaw Hall. John Piper was primarily a painter, but collaborated with many others including the poet and author John Betjeman (on the ''Shell Guides'' series of guidebooks on the British Isles), the potter Geoffrey Eastop and the artist Ben Nicholson

'''Giovanni Battista''' '''Piranesi''' (1720 – 1778) was an Italian artist famous for his etchings of Rome and of fictitious and atmospheric ‘prisons’

'''Camille Pissarro''' (1830 – 1903) was born in the Virgin Islands, then a Danish colony, where his father was of Portuguese Jewish descent and his mother was native Creole. Pissarro is the only artist to have shown his work at all eight Paris Impressionist exhibitions, from 1874 to 1886. After the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 – 1871, having only Danish nationality and being unable to join the army, he moved his family to Norwood, near London

''The Avenue, Sydenham''

'''Jackson Pollock''' (1912 – 1956) was taught by Thomas Hart-Benton. Born in Wyoming. Married Lee Krasner. Died in a car crash. Jack the dripper

''Mural'' – first Abstract Expressionist painting by Pollock

''No. 5, 1948'' – was sold in 2006 for $140 million, a new mark for the highest ever price for a painting

''Full Fathom Five'' – takes its name from ''The Tempest''

''Autumn Rhythm''

''Moon Woman''

'''Lyubov Popova''' (1889 – 1924) was a female Russian avant-garde artist (Cubist, Suprematist and Constructivist), painter and designer. Contributed to two ''Knave of Diamonds'' exhibitions

''Painterly Architectonic''

'''Paulus Potter''' (1625 – 1664)

''The Bull''

'''Nicolas Poussin''' (1594 – 1665) was a French painter in the classical style. His work predominantly features clarity, logic, and order, and favours line over color. Until the 20th century he remained the dominant inspiration for such classically oriented artists as Jacques-Louis David and Paul Cezanne

''A Dance to the Music of Time''

'''Andrea Pozzo''' (1642 – 1709) was an Italian Jesuit Brother, Baroque painter and architect. Pozzo was best known for his grandiose frescoes using illusionistic technique called quadratura

'''Henry Raeburn''' (1756 – 1823) served as Portrait Painter to King George IV in Scotland

''Rev. Robert Walker Skating on Duddingston Loch''

'''Raphael''', Raffaello Sanzio (1483 – 1520) was born in Urbino, Italy. After Bramante's death in 1514, Raphael was named architect of the new St Peter's. The four Stanze di Raffaello (‘Raphael's rooms’) in the Palace of the Vatican form a suite of reception rooms, the public part of the papal apartments. They are famous for their frescoes, painted by Raphael and his workshop. Julius II and Leo X were the papal patrons of Raphael. Pietro Peregino was Raphael’s mentor. Buried in the Pantheon

''The School of Athens''

''The Dispute''

''Plato and Aristotle''

20 ''Madonna and Child'' paintings.

''The Madonna of the Pinks'' – acquired by the National Gallery in 2004

''Madonna of the Meadow''

''Transfiguration'' – unfinished at his death

''Madonna of the Goldfinch''

'''Robert Rauschenberg''' (1925 – 2008) came to prominence in the 1950s transition from Abstract Expressionism to Pop Art. Rauschenberg is well-known for his ‘Combines’ of the 1950s, in which non-traditional materials and objects were employed in innovative combinations. Robert Rauschenberg designed sets and costumes for Merce Cunningham

''Bed'' – created by dripping red paint across a quilt. Considered the first of the Combines

''Charlene'' – Combine

''Monogram'' is a late 1950s Combine. It consists of a stuffed goat with its midsection passing through an automobile tyre

'''Odilon Redon''' (1840 – 1916) was a symbolist painter born in Bordeaux

''Flower Cloud''

''The Cyclops''

'''Paula Rego''' (1935-2022) was a painter born in Portugal although she is a naturalised British citizen. Rego is a prolific painter and printmaker. Her most well known depictions of folk tales and images of young girls, made largely since 1990, bring together the methods of painting and printmaking

''The Maids'' – based on Jean Genet’s play of the same name

'''Rembrandt''' van Rijn (1606 – 1669) was born in Leiden. Rembrandt's greatest creative triumphs are exemplified especially in his portraits of his contemporaries, self-portraits and illustrations of scenes from the Bible. Rembrandt’s wife Saskia sat as a model for many of his paintings. Son called Titus

''The Night Watch'' – full title ''The Company of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem van Ruytenburch'' is displayed in the Rijksmuseum. Amsterdam civil militia. Attacked twice

''The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Tulp''

''Christ in the Storm on the Sea of Galilee'' – was in the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum of Boston, prior to being stolen in 1990. The painting depicts the miracle of Jesus calming the waves on the Sea of Galilee, as depicted in the Gospel of Mark. It is Rembrandt's only seascape

''The Conspiracy of Julius Civilus'' was commissioned for Amsterdam town hall

''Stoning of St Stephen''

''Portrait of a Lady with an Ostrich-Feather Fan''

''The Flayed Ox''

''Bathsheba at Her Bath''

''The Return of the Prodigal Son'' – painting in the Hermitage

''The Abduction of Europa''

''The Sampling Officials'', also called ''Syndics of the Drapers' Guild''

'''Pierre-Auguste Renoir''' (1841 – 1919) worked in a porcelain factory where his drawing talents led to him being chosen to paint designs on fine china. Renoir “never thought he had finished a nude until he could pinch it”. During the later years of his life, when he developed rheumatoid arthritis, Renoir created sculptures by cooperating with a young artist, Richard Guino, who worked the clay

''Les Parapluie''

''Luncheon of the Boating Party''

''La Loge''

''Dance at Le moulin de la Galette'' – is housed at the Musée d'Orsay. For many years it was owned by John Hay Whitney. In 1990, his widow sold the painting for US$78 million

'''Ilya Repin''' (1844 – 1930) was the most renowned Russian artist of the 19th century. He was a member of the Peredvizhniki

''Burlaks on the Volga'' (or ''Barge Haulers on the Volga'')

'''Joshua Reynolds''' (1723 – 1792) was born in Devon. Specialized in portraits. He was a founder and first president of the Royal Academy, and was knighted by George III in 1769

''Mrs Sarah Siddons as the Tragic Muse'' – the tragic muse is Melpomene

'''Gerhard Richter''' (born 1932) designed a stained glass window in Cologne Cathedral

''Abstraktes Bild'' – held the record price for a painting by a living artist when it was sold for £30 million

'''Bridget Riley''' (born 1931) is one of the foremost exponents of op art

''Movement in Squares''

''Nataraja''

'''Diego Rivera''' (1886 – 1957) was a Mexican painter who was married to Frida Kahlo. Rivera’s large wall works in fresco helped establish the Mexican Mural Renaissance

''Man at the Crossroads'' – begun in 1933 for the Rockefeller Center in New York City, was removed after a furore erupted in the press over a portrait of Vladimir Lenin it contained

''Man, Controller of the Universe''

'''Alexander Rodchenko''' (1891 – 1956) was one of the most versatile Constructivist and Productivist artists to emerge after the Russian Revolution. He worked as a painter and graphic designer before turning to photomontage and photography. Rodchenko produced a poster with Lilya Brik shouting “books”

'''George Romney''' (1734 – 1802) painted many leading society figures, including his artistic muse, Emma Hamilton, mistress of Lord Nelson

''Lady Hamilton as Circe''

''Emma Hamilton as a bacchante''

'''James Rosenquist''' (1933-2017) is one of the protagonists in the pop-art movement and was a billboard painter

''F-111'' – room-scale painting

'''Dante Gabriel Rossetti''' (1828 – 1882) was a Pre-Raphaelite artist. Rossetti's wife Elizabeth Siddal died of an overdose of laudanum in 1862. Fanny Cornforth – model and mistress of Rossetti. Jane Morris – model of Rossetti

''The Annunciation''

''Beata Beatrix''

''Proserpine''

''The Girlhood of Mary Virgin''

'''Mark Rothko''' (1903 – 1970) is associated with abstract expressionism and colour field painting. Born in Latvia. Committed suicide

Rothko Chapel in Houston has 14 Rothko paintings on its walls

''Seagram murals'' – created for Four Seasons restaurant in Seagram building, New York

''Subway series''

''White Center (Yellow, Pink and Lavender on Rose)'' – was sold in 2007 for $72.8 million, setting the record of the current most expensive post-war work of art sold at auction

''Black on Maroon'' – is displayed at Tate Modern. Damaged in 2012 by an act of “yellowism”

'''Georges Rouault''' (1871 – 1958) was a French Fauvist and Expressionist painter, and printmaker in lithography and etching

'''Henri Rousseau''' (1844 – 1910) was known as ‘Le Douanier’ (the customs officer). Rousseau was a French Post-Impressionist painter in the Naive or Primitive manner

''Tiger in a Tropical Storm (Surprised!)''

''The Hungry Lion Throws Itself on the Antelope''

''The Snake Charmer''

''The Dream''

''The Football Players''

''The Sleeping Gypsy''

'''Peter Paul Rubens''' (1577 – 1640) was born in Germany. Baroque painter. Van Dyck was a student of his. Painted the ceiling of the London Banqueting House (designed by Inigo Jones). Rubens painted commissions for Marie de’ Medici. Rubens was sent on a diplomatic mission to Philip of Spain by the Duke of Mantua. Isabella Brant was Ruben’s first wife. Rubens collaborated with Jan Brueghel the Elder. The term ‘Rubenesque’ derives from Rubens’ fondness for painting full-figured women

''The Three Graces''

''Massacre of the Innocents'' – was sold at auction at Sotheby's, London in 2002 for £49.5 million

''Adoration of the Magi''

''Saint George and the Dragon''

''The Descent from the Cross'' – the central panel of a triptych. The painting is the second of Rubens's great altarpieces for the Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp, along with ''The Elevation of the Cross''

''Helene Fourment in a Fur Wrap'' – Helene Fourment was Rubens’ second wife

''Coronation of Marie de' Medici in St. Denis''

''Landscape with a Rainbow''

''The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt''

'''Andrei Rublev''' (1360s – c. 1428) is considered to be the greatest medieval Russian painter of Orthodox icons and frescos. The only work authenticated as entirely his is the icon of the ''Trinity''

'''Ed Ruscha''' (born 1937) is an American artist associated with the Pop art movement. Ruscha lives and works in Culver City, California. Ed Ruscha produced a number of ‘word paintings’

'''Rachel Ruysch''' (1664 – 1750) was a still life painter from the Netherlands who specialized in flowers. She became the best documented woman painter of the Dutch Golden Age

'''Paul Sandby''' (1731 – 1809) was an English map-maker turned landscape painter in watercolours, who, along with his older brother Thomas, became one of the founding members of the Royal Academy in 1768

'''John Singer Sargent''' (1856 – 1925) was the most successful portrait painter of his era. American artist, born in Florence

''Madame X'' or ''Portrait of Madame X'' – the informal title of a portrait painting of a young socialite named Virginie Amelie Avegno Gautreau

''Gassed'' – a very large oil painting that depicts the aftermath of a mustard gas attack during the First World War. Hung in the Imperial War Museum

''Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth''

'''Jenny Saville''' (born 1970) is best known as one of the Young British Artists. She is known for her large-scale painted depictions of naked women. Jenny Saville paintings are used on the covers of Manic Street Preachers’ albums ''The Holy Bible'' and ''Journal For Plague Lovers''

'''Egon Schiele''' (1890 – 1918) was an Austrian painter, a protégé of Gustav Klimt, and a major figurative painter of the early 20th century. Due to the highly-charged nature of his drawings and paintings and his premature death, Schiele has come to epitomise the popular image of the tortured artist. Many self-portraits

'''Oskar Schlemmer''' (1888 – 1943) was a German painter associated with the Bauhaus school. His most famous work is ''Triadisches Ballett'' in which the actors are transfigured from the normal to geometrical shapes

'''Karl Schmidt'''-'''Rottluff''' (1884 – 1976) was born Karl Schmidt in Rottluff, Saxony. He was the youngest of the Brucke artists and maintained the most autonomy during his membership of the group

'''Kurt Schwitters''' (1887 – 1948) worked in several genres and media, including Dada, Constructivism, Surrealism, poetry, sound, painting, sculpture, graphic design, typography and installation art. Schwitters moved to the Lake District in 1934 and died in Ambleside in 1948

''Merz Pictures'' – series of collages

'''Giovanni Segantini''' (1858 – 1899), an Italian painter known for his large pastoral landscapes of the Alps

''Life'', ''Nature'', and ''Death'' – Alpine triptych

'''Georges Seurat''' (1859 – 1891) studied at Ecole de Beaux Arts. He is noted for his innovative use of drawing media and for devising the painting techniques known as chromoluminarism and pointillism

''A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte1884'' – inspired by ''The Sacred Grove'', by Pierre Puvis de Chavannes. Woman has a monkey on a lead. Purchased by Frederick Bartlett for the Art Institute of Chicago in 1924

''Bathers at Asnieres'' – hung in National Gallery

'''Gino Severini''' (1883 – 1966) was an Italian painter and a leading member of the Futurist movement. For much of his life he divided his time between Paris and Rome. He was associated with neo-classicism and the “return to order” in the decade after the First World War

'''Ivan Shishkin''' (1832 – 1898) was a Russian landscape painter closely associated with the Peredvizhniki movement

'''Walter Richard''' '''Sickert''' (1860 – 1942) was born in Munich and was a member of the Camden Town Group. Sickert took a keen interest in the crimes of Jack the Ripper. Walter Sickert was a student of Whistler. Spent time in Dieppe and Venice

''The Camden Town Murder'', originally titled, ''What Shall We Do for the Rent?''

''Brighton Pierrots''

'''Paul Signac''' (1863 – 1935) was a French neo-impressionist painter who, working with Georges Seurat, helped develop the pointillist style

''In the Time of Harmony''

''Portrait of Felix Feneon''

'''Alfred Sisley''' (1839 – 1899) was born in Paris to British parents. Dedicated to painting landscape ''en plein air''. Alfred Sisley was known as “The English Impressionist”. He spent a few months spent a few months in England in 1874 and produced a series of twenty paintings of the Upper Thames near Molesey and Hampton Court

''Street in Moret''

''Sand Heaps'' – owned by Art Institute of Chicago

''The Bridge at Moret-sur-Loing'' – hung at Musée d'Orsay

'''Robert Smithson''' (1938 – 1973) was an American artist famous for his use of photography in relation to sculpture and land art

''Spiral Jetty'' – an earthwork sculpture constructed in 1970

'''Chaim Soutine''' (1893 – 1943) was a French painter of Russian Jewish origin. Soutine made a major contribution to the expressionist movement while living in Paris

'''Stanley Spencer''' (1891 – 1959) was born and lived in the Thames-side village of Cookham in Berkshire. The Methodist Chapel in Cookham, which he attended, is now the Stanley Spencer Gallery. Fought in WWI in Macedonia. Sandham Memorial Chapel in Hampshire contains 17 paintings by Stanley Spencer

''The Resurrection, Cookham''

'''Jan Steen''' (1626 – 1679) was a genre painter of the Dutch Golden Age. Daily life was Jan Steen's main pictorial theme. Many of the genre scenes he portrayed, as in ''The Feast of Saint Nicholas'', are lively to the point of chaos and lustfulness, even so much that 'a Jan Steen household', meaning a messy scene, became a Dutch proverb

'''Frank Stella''' (born 1936) is a significant figure in minimalism, post-painterly abstraction, patterns and offset lithography

''Marrakech''

'''Clyfford Still''' (1904 – 1980) was one of the leading figures of Abstract Expressionism. Still was also considered one of the foremost color field painters

'''George Stubbs''' (1724 – 1806) painted horses. Stubbs also painted more exotic animals including lions, tigers, giraffes, monkeys, and rhinoceroses, which he was able to observe in private menageries

The record price for a Stubbs painting was set by the sale at auction of ''Gimcrack on Newmarket Heath, with a Trainer, a Stable-Lad, and a Jockey'' (1765) at Christie's in London in 2011 for £22 million

''Whistlejacket'' – a painting of a prancing horse commissioned by the 3rd Marquess of Rockingham

''Horse Frightened by a Lion''

'''Graham Sutherland''' (1903 – 1980)

''Portrait of Winston Churchill''

''Christ in Glory'' (1962) – tapestry for Basil Spence's new Coventry Cathedral

''The Crucifixion'' (1946) – for St Matthew's Church, Northampton

'''Dorothea Tanning''' (1910 – 2012) was an American artist influenced by surrealism. She was married to Max Ernst for 30 years

''Birthday'' – self-portrait

'''Edmund C Tarbell''' (1862 – 1938) was an American Impressionist painter. He was a member of the Ten American Painters

'''Yves Tanguy''' (1900 – 1955) was a French surrealist painter. His paintings show vast, abstract landscapes

'''Elizabeth Thompson''' (1844 – 1933), often referred to as '''Lady Butler''' was one of the few female painters to achieve fame for history paintings, especially military battle scenes

''The Roll Call''

''The remnants of an army, Jellalabad, January 13, 1842'', better known as ''Remnants of an Army'' – depicts a soldier from the 1842 retreat from Kabul in the First Anglo-Afghan War

'''James Thornhill''' (1673 – 1734) painted eight scenes executed from the Life of St. Paul in the cupola of St Paul's Cathedral in 1716. He was responsible for some large-scale schemes of murals, including the “Painted Hall” at the Royal Hospital, Greenwich

'''Giovanni Tiepolo''' (1696 – 1770) was a Venetian painter and printmaker, considered among the last ‘Grand Manner’ fresco painters from the Venetian republic. Frescoes at the Wurzburg Residenz

''Madonna of the Immaculate Conception''

'''Tintoretto''' (1518 – 1594) – born Jacopo Comin. In his youth he was also called Jacopo Robusti. Born in Venice. Tintoretto trained briefly under Titian. Tintoretto painted the walls and ceilings of the Scuola Grande di San Rocco in Venice

Tintoretto painted for the church of the Madonna dell'Orto three of his leading works – the ''Worship of the Golden Calf'', the ''Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple'', and the ''Last Judgment''

''The Last Supper''

''Paradise'' – measures 22.6 x 9.1 metres and is reputed to be the largest painting ever done upon canvas

''The Wedding Feast at Cana''

''The Crucifixion of Jesus'' – displayed in San Rocco, Venice

'''James Tissot''' (1836 – 1902), was a French painter and illustrator. He was a successful painter of Paris society before moving to London in 1871. He became famous as a genre painter of fashionably dressed women shown in various scenes of everyday life

'''Titian''' (1490 – 1576). Full name Tiziano Vecellio. Paintings for Duke of Ferrero. Worked in Venice. Commissions for Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. During his lifetime he was often called da Cadore, taken from the place of his birth. Titian died of the plague in Venice

''The Flaying of Marsyas''

''The Flight into Egypt''

''Venus of Urbino''

''Knight of the Golden Spur''

''Assumption of the Virgin''

''Bacchus and Ariadne''

''Diana and Actaeon'' and ''Death of Actaeon'' are shown together at the National Gallery

''Danae with Nursemaid'' – one of several mythological paintings, or ‘poesie’ (‘poems’) as Titian called them, done for Philip II of Spain

''The Allegory of Age Governed by Prudence''

'''Henry Tonks''' (1862 – 1937) was a British surgeon and later draughtsman and painter of figure subjects, chiefly interiors, and a caricaturist. Henry Tonks became an official war artist in 1918, and he accompanied John Singer Sargent on tours of the Western Front. Henry Tonks described students at the Slade School of Art as ‘a crisis of brilliance’. Students included Paul Nash, Ben Nicholson, Stanley Spencer, Dora Carrington, Christopher R. W. Nevinson and Edward Wadsworth

'''Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec''' (1864 – 1901) developed an adult-sized torso, while retaining his child-sized legs. Toulouse-Lautrec did many paintings of the Moulin Rouge. He invented a cocktail known as “Earthquake” which contained absinthe and cognac. Toulouse-Lautrec paintings featured Jane Avril, a can-can dancer

'''Georges de la Tour''' (1593 – 1652) painted mostly religious scenes lit by candlelight, and after centuries of posthumous obscurity, during the 20th century, he became one of the most highly regarded of French 17th-century Baroque artists. He painted mostly religious chiaroscuro scenes lit by candlelight

'''Vladimir Tretchikoff''' (1913 – 2006)

''Chinese Girl'' (also known as ''The Green Girl'') – one of the best-selling art prints ever. Model was Monika Pon-su-san from Cape Town

'''John Trumbull''' (1756 – 1843) was an American artist during the period of the American Revolutionary War

''Declaration of Independence'' – used on the reverse of the two-dollar bill

'''Joseph Mallord William''' '''Turner''' (1775 – 1851) was an English Romantic landscape painter, watercolourist and printmaker, whose style is said to have laid the foundation for Impressionism. Turner had two children with Sarah Danby. Turner died in the house of his mistress Sophia Caroline Booth. He is said to have uttered the last words ‘The sun is God’ before expiring. At his request he was buried in St Paul's Cathedral, where he lies next to Sir Joshua Reynolds

''The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons'' – 1834 painting

''The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last Berth to be broken up'' – depicts one of the last ships of the line which played a distinguished role in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, the HMS ''Temeraire'', being towed by a paddle-wheel steam tug from Sheerness towards its final berth in Rotherhithe to be broken up for scrap

''Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway'' – the location of the painting is widely accepted as Maidenhead Railway Bridge

''Blue Rigi'', ''Red Rigi'', ''Dark Rigi'' – paintings of Mount Rigi overlooking Lake Lucerne

''The Slave Ship'' – based on Captain Collingworth murdering slaves and throwing them overboard from the ''Zong'' to collect insurance money

''Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps''

''Snow Storm: Steam-Boat off a Harbour's Mouth''

'''Gavin Turk''' (born 1967) is one of the Young British Artists. He often uses his own image in life-size sculptures of famous people

'''Paulo Uccello''' (1397 – 1475) was notable for his pioneering work on visual perspective in art. Uccello was born Paolo di Dono. At the age of ten, Uccello was apprenticed to the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti, designer of the doors of the Florence Baptistery

''The Battle of San Romano'' – depicts events that took place at the Battle of San Romano between Florentine and Sienese forces in 1432. The paintings are in egg tempera on wooden panels, each over three metres long. They are now divided between three collections, the National Gallery, the Uffizi and the Louvre

''Saint George and the Dragon''

'''Maurice Utrillo''' (1883 – 1955) was a French painter who specialized in cityscapes. Many paintings of Montmartre

'''Suzanne Valadon''' (1865 – 1938) modeled for Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (who gave her painting lessons), and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. In the early 1890s she befriended Edgar Degas. Valadon became the first woman painter admitted to the Societe Nationale des Beaux-Arts. She is also the mother of painter Maurice Utrillo

'''Anne Vallayer-Coster''' (1744 – 1818) was an 18th century French painter. Marie Antoinette took a particular interest in her paintings

'''Anthony van Dyck''' (1599 – 1641) was born in Antwerp and became an independent painter in 1615. In his younger years, he was the chief assistant of Peter Paul Rubens. He is most famous for his portraits of Charles I of England and his family and court

'''Jan van Eyck''' (c. 1395 – 1441)

''The Arnolfini Portrait (''or ''The Arnolfini Wedding)'' – (1434) is housed in the National Gallery

''The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb'' – is in Saint Bavo Cathedral in Ghent. Also known as the ''Ghent Altarpiece''. ''The Just Judges'' or ''The Righteous Judges'' is the lower left panel of the Ghent Altarpiece, that was stolen in 1934

''Portrait of a Man in a Turban''

''The Annunciation''

'''Vincent Van Gogh''' (1853 – 1890) was born in Zundert (Holland), and died in Auvers-sur-Oise (France). His younger brother, Theo, was as art dealer. Van Gogh bought a number of Japanese ukiyo-e woodblock prints. He lived in England from 1873 to 1876. Van Gogh was a patient at Saint-Paul asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. Paul Gauguin visited Van Gogh in Arles. Van Gogh cut off his left ear with a razor

11 versions of ''Sunflowers''. Features 15 sunflowers. Painted in chrome yellow in 1888. Hung in National Gallery since 1924

''Almond Branches in Bloom, Saint-Remy'' – best selling fine art poster

''Le Moulin de la Galette'' is the subject and title of several paintings made by Vincent van Gogh in 1886 of a windmill. The Moulin de la Galette was near Van Gogh's apartment with his brother, Theo in Montmartre

''The Red Vineyard'' – in Pushkin Museum, Moscow. It supposedly is the only piece sold by the artist while he was alive

''Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear'' – in the collection of the Courtauld Gallery

''Portrait of Dr''. Gachet

''The White House at Night''

'''Victor Vasarely''' (1906 – 1997) was a Hungarian-French artist whose work is generally seen aligned with Op Art

''Zebra'' – created in the 1930s, is one of the earliest examples of Op Art

'''Diego Velazquez''' (1599 – 1660) was born in Seville, court painter to Philip IV

''Rokeby Venus'' (1651) – is housed in the National Gallery. Attacked by suffragette Mary Richardson in 1914. Rokeby is a mansion in Yorkshire where the picture was hung

''Las Meninas'' (The Maids of Honour) – is a 1656 painting housed in the Museo del Prado. The painting shows a large room in the Royal Alcazar of Madrid during the reign of King Philip IV of Spain

''Portrait of Pope Innocent X'' (1650)

''Infanta Margarita in a Blue Dress''

''The Surrender of Breda''

''The Immaculate Conception''

''The Waterseller of Seville'', ''Old Woman Frying Eggs'', and ''The Lunch'' are often described as ‘bodegones’ due to the artist's depiction of jars and foodstuff

'''Jan Vermeer''' (1632– 1675) Maps appeared in many Vermeer paintings

''Girl with a Pearl Earring''

''View of Delft'' – only landscape painting

''A Young Woman Standing and Seated at a Virginal''

''The Music Lesson'' or ''Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman''

''The Geographer'' – depicts van Leeuwenhoek

''The Astronomer'' – depicts van Leeuwenhoek

''The Artist in his Studio''

''The Art of Painting'' – the subject is the Muse of History, Clio. On display at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna

''Woman Holding a Balance''

''The Concert'' – belongs to the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, but was stolen in 1990 and remains missing to this day. Estimated value of $200 million

''The Lacemaker''

''The Milkmaid''

'''Paolo Veronese''' (1528 – 1588) was an Italian Mannerist painter. Originally named Paolo Caliari, he was called Veronese from his native city of Verona. Veronese moved to Venice in 1553

''The Wedding at Cana'' by Veronese is the largest painting in the Louvre. Hung on the wall opposite the ''Mona Lisa''

''The Feast in the House of Levi'' – originally called ''Last Supper'' which drew the disapproval of Venice’s Inquisition, so it was re-titled

''The Family of Darius before Alexander'' – depicts Alexander the Great with the family of Darius III, the Persian king he had defeated in battle

''The Queen of Sheba''

''The Martyrdom of St George''

''Allegory of Wisdom and Strength''

''The Battle of Lepanto''

'''Maurice de Vlaminck''' (1876 – 1958) Fauvist artist who lived in or near Chatou

''Houses at Chatou''

'''Mikhail Vrubel''' (1856 – 1910), the greatest Russian painter of the Symbolist movement

''The Demon Seated''

''The Demon Downcast''

'''Edouard Vuillard''' (1868 – 1940) was a French painter and printmaker associated with the Nabis. In his paintings and decorative pieces Vuillard depicted mostly interiors, streets and gardens

'''Louis Wain''' (1860 – 1939) was best known for his drawings, which consistently featured anthropomorphised large-eyed cats and kittens

'''Henry Wallis''' (1830 – 1916) was an English Pre-Raphaelite painter

''The Death of Chatterton'' – an oil painting on canvas housed in Tate Britain

'''Andy Warhol''' (1928 – 1987) was born Andrew Walhola in Pittsburgh, to Slovakian immigrants. The Factory was Andy Warhol's original New York City studio from 1962 to 1968. The original Factory was often referred to by those who frequented it as the Silver Factory. Covered with tin foil and silver paint, the Factory was decorated by Warhol's friend, the photographer Billy Name

The highest price ever paid for a Warhol painting is $100 million for a 1963 canvas titled ''Eight Elvises''

''Marilyn Diptych'' – silkscreen painting. Features a picture of Marilyn Monroe from ''Niagara'' (1953)

''The Last Supper'' cycle

''Campbell's Soup Cans'', which is sometimes referred to as ''32 Campbell's Soup Cans'', is a work of art produced in 1962

''Death and Destruction'' series

'''John William Waterhouse''' (1849 – 1917) was an English Pre-Raphaelite painter most famous for his paintings of female characters from mythology and literature

''The Lady of Shalott'' – is an 1888 painting. The work is a representation of a scene from Lord Alfred Tennyson's 1832 poem of the same name, in which the poet describes the plight of a young woman, loosely based on Elaine of Astolat, who yearned with an unrequited love for the knight (Sir Lancelot) isolated under an undisclosed curse in a tower near King Arthur's Camelot. Displayed in Tate Britain

''Hylas and the Nymphs''

''Diogenes''

'''Antoine Watteau''' (1684 – 1721) is credited with inventing the genre of fetes galantes: scenes of bucolic and idyllic charm, suffused with an air of theatricality. Some of his best known subjects were drawn from the world of Italian comedy and ballet. He revitalized the waning Baroque idiom, which eventually became known as Rococo

''Pilgrimage to Cythera'' – Watteau

'''George Frederic Watts''' (1817 – 1904) was an English Victorian painter and sculptor associated with the Symbolist movement. Watts became famous in his lifetime for his allegorical works. Watts married the actress Ellen Terry

''Hope''

''Love and Life''

'''Marianne von Werefkin''' (1860 – 1938) was a Russian-Swiss Expressionist painter. Partner of Alexei von Jawlensky

'''Benjamin West''' (1738 – 1820). Anglo-American painter of historical scenes around and after the time of the American War of Independence. He was the second president of the Royal Academy in London

''The Death of General Wolfe''

''Treaty of Penn with the Indians''

'''Rogier van der Weyden''' (1400 – 1464) was an Early Netherlandish painter. His expressive painting and popular religious conceptions had considerable influence on European painting, not only in France and Germany but also in Italy and in Spain. Hans Memling was his greatest follower

'''James Abbot McNeill Whistler''' (1834 – 1903) was influenced by Courbet’s realism and Japanese prints. His famous signature for his paintings was in the shape of a stylized butterfly possessing a long stinger for a tail

''Nocturne in Grey and Black: Whistler’s Mother'' – his mother was Anna. Hung in Musee d’Orsay. Painted in London. Also known as ''Arrangement in Grey and Black, No.1''

After Thomas Carlyle viewed the painting, he agreed to sit for a similar composition, this one being titled ''Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 2''

''Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket'' – is a painting of the fireworks from the Cremorne Gardens in London. Affronted by ''The Falling Rocket'', John Ruskin accused Whistler of “flinging a pot of paint in the public's face”. Whistler sued Ruskin for libel in defence, and won damages of a farthing

''Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl'' – portrait of Joanna Hiffernan

''Symphony in White, No. 2'', also known as ''The Little White Girl''

''Symphony in White, No. 3''

'''John White''' (c. 1540 – c. 1593) was an English artist, and an early pioneer of English efforts to settle the New World. During his time at Roanoke Island he made a number of watercolor sketches of the surrounding landscape and the native Algonkin peoples

'''John "Kyffin" Williams''' (1918 – 2006) was a Welsh landscape painter who lived at Llanfairpwll on the Island of Anglesey. Williams is widely regarded as the defining artist of Wales during the 20th century

'''Franz Winterhalter''' (1805 – 1873) was a German painter known for his portraits of royalty in the mid-nineteenth century. His name has become associated with fashionable court portraiture

''Empress Eugenie Surrounded by her Ladies in Waiting''

'''Grant Wood''' (1891 – 1942) was a leading figure in the mid-western Regionalism movement

''American Gothic'' – shows a farmer holding a pitchfork standing beside his spinster daughter. The figures were modeled by Wood's sister, Nan Wood Graham, and Wood and Graham's dentist, Dr. Byron McKeeby. Displayed in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago

''Daughters of the Revolution''

'''Joseph Wright''' (1734 – 1797) of Derby

''An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump'' – depicts a natural philosopher recreating one of Robert Boyle's air pump experiments, in which a white cockatoo is deprived of oxygen. Housed in the National Gallery

''A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery''

''Three Persons Viewing the Gladiator by Candlelight''

'''Andrew Wyeth''' (1917 – 2009). US realist artist

''Christina’s World'' – the woman in the painting is Christina Olson. She is known to have suffered from polio. The house depicted in the painting is known as the Olson House, and is located in Cushing, Maine

'''WF Yeames''' (1835 – 1918)

''And When did you Last See Your Father'' – depicts the son of a Royalist being questioned by Parliamentarians during the English Civil War

''Amy Robsart''

'''Jonathan Yeo''' (born 1970) has painted portraits of Tony Blair and David Cameron. His unauthorised 2007 portrait of George W. Bush, created from cuttings of pornographic magazines brought him worldwide notoriety. Son of Conservative MP Tim Yeo

'''Yue Minjun''' (born 1962) is a Chinese painter of pink-faced laughing men

'''Johann Zoffany''' (1733 – 1810), a German neoclassical painter, active mainly in England

''The Tribuna of the Uffizi''

'''Francisco de Zurbaran''' (1598 – 1664) is known primarily for his religious paintings depicting monks, nuns, and martyrs, and for his still-lifes. Zurbaran gained the nickname “Spanish Caravaggio”

Unknown artist

''The Wilton Diptych'' (c. 1395) was painted for King Richard II. The painting consists of two oak panels. On the left hand side panel of the diptych, Richard is shown kneeling. Beside him are the saints John the Baptist, Edward the Confessor and Edmund. The Virgin Mary is depicted on the right hand side of the diptych, along with a company of eleven angels. Wilton Diptych – from Wilton House, in Wilts. The painting is currently housed in the National Gallery

Art and Culture/Art and Sculpture

2022-08-02T10:06:13Z

Loonapick: /* Turner Prize */

== Art Schools and Movements ==
'''Abstract''' art, nonfigurative art, nonobjective art, and nonrepresentational art are loosely related terms. Abstraction indicates a departure from reality in depiction of imagery in art

'''Aestheticism''' (or the Aesthetic Movement) was a European art movement that was part of the anti-19th century reaction and had post-Romantic origins, and as such anticipates modernism. It was a feature of th e late 19th century from about 1868 to about 1900. Artists associated with the Aesthetic style include James McNeill Whistler, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and Aubrey Beardsley

'''Arte Povera''' was introduced in Italy during the period of upheaval at the end of the 1960s, when artists were taking a radical stance. The term was introduced by the Italian art critic and curator, Germano Celant, in 1967. '''Lucio Fontana had ties to Arte Povera'''

'''Art Nouveau''' was most popular from 1890 to1910. The style was influenced strongly by Czech artist Alphonse Mucha, when Mucha produced a lithographed poster, which appeared in 1895 in the streets of Paris as an advertisement for the play ''Gismonda'' by Victorien Sardou, featuring Sarah Bernhardt

'''Ashcan School''' was a realist artistic movement that came into prominence in the United States during the early twentieth century, best known for works portraying scenes of daily life in New York's poorer neighborhoods. Members included John Sloan

'''Ashington Group''' was a small society of artists from Ashington, Northumberland, which met regularly between 1934 and 1984. Despite being composed largely of miners with no formal artistic training, the Group and its work became celebrated in the British art world of the 1930s and 1940s

'''Barbizon school''' (c. 1830–1870) of painters is named after the village of Barbizon near Fontainebleau Forest. The leaders of the Barbizon school were Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot, Théodore Rousseau, Jean-François Millet and Charles-François Daubigny

'''Der Blaue Reiter''' ('''The Blue Rider''') was founded by a number of Russian emigrants, including Wassily Kandinsky, and native German artists, such as Franz Marc. The movement lasted from 1911 to 1914, and was fundamental to Expressionism

'''Bolognese School''' flourished in Bologna, the capital of Emilia Romagna, between the 16th and 17th centuries. Its most important representatives include the Carracci family, including Ludovico, and his two cousins, the brothers Agostino and Annibale

'''Borough Group''' was founded by Cliff Holden in 1946 with the purpose of developing the ideas of fellow artist David Bomberg, who taught at the then Borough Polytechnic during the 1940s and 1950s

'''Die Brucke''' ('''The Bridge''') was a German Expressionist art movement founded by four students of architecture in 1905 in Dresden. The name comes from a passage in Nietzsche’s ''Thus Spake Zarathrustra''. The founders were Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Erich Heckel, Karl Schmitt-Rottluff and Fritz Bleyl. Later members were Emil Nolde, Max Pechstein and Otto Mueller. In 1911 the artists moved to Berlin

'''Byzantine''' art is the term commonly used to describe the artistic products of the Eastern Roman Empire from about the 5th century until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Many religious pictures with gold

'''Cabal of Naples''' was a notorious triumvirate of painters in the city of Naples that operated during the early Baroque period from the late 1610s to the early 1640s. It was led by the Spaniard Jusepe de Ribera, who had established himself in Naples after fleeing creditors in Rome in 1616, and also consisted of the Neapolitan Battistello Caracciolo and Greek Belisario Corenzio

'''Camden Town Group''' was a group of Post-Impressionist artists active 1911-1913. They gathered frequently at the studio of painter Walter Sickert in the Camden Town area. Spencer Gore was president of Camden Town Group

'''Cloisonnism''' was a style of post-Impressionist painting with bold and flat forms separated by dark contours. The term was coined by critic Edouard Dujardin in 1888. In ''Yellow Christ'' (1889), often cited as a quintessential cloisonnist work, Gauguin reduced the image to areas of single colours separated by heavy black outlines. In such works he paid little attention to classical perspective and boldly eliminated subtle gradations of colour – two of the most characteristic principles of post-Renaissance painting

'''COBRA''' (or CoBrA) was a European avant-garde movement active from 1949 to 1951. The name was coined in 1948 by Christian Dotremont from the initials of the members' home cities: Copenhagen (Co), Brussels (Br), Amsterdam (A)

'''Color Field painting''' is a style of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the 1940s and 1950s. It was inspired by European modernism and closely related to Abstract Expressionism, while many of its notable early proponents were among the pioneering Abstract Expressionists. Color Field painting is characterized primarily by large fields of flat, solid color spread across or stained into the canvas; creating areas of unbroken surface and a flat picture plane

'''Constructivism''' was an artistic and architectural movement that originated in Russia from 1919 onward which rejected the idea of ‘art for art's sake’ in favour of art as a practice directed towards social purposes. Best known artist is Vladimir Tatlin, who is most famous for his attempts to create the giant tower, ''The Monument to the Third International''

'''Cubism''' or ‘bizarre cubiques’ was a term first used by French art critic Louis Vauxcelles in 1908 after seeing a picture by Braque. He described it as ‘full of little cubes’. Cubism used a multiplicity of viewpoints

Analytic cubism was mainly practiced by Braque, and is very simple, with dark, almost monochromatic colours. Synthetic cubism is much more energetic, and often makes use of collage involving several two-dimensional materials. This type of cubism was developed by Picasso – the first work of this new style was Picasso's ''Still Life with Chair-caning'' (1911), which included oil cloth pasted on the canvas

'''Dada''' or Dadaism is a cultural movement that began in Zurich during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922. The movement concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works. Its purpose was to ridicule what its participants considered to be the meaninglessness of the modern world. Dada was also anti-bourgeois and anarchistic in nature. The Dada movement in Berlin was instrumental in making montage into a modern art-form. They first coined the term ‘photomontage’, around 1918 or 1919

'''Danube School''' is the name of a circle of painters of the 16th century in Bavaria and Austria. They were among the first painters to regularly use pure landscape painting

'''Degenerate art''' is the English translation of the German ‘entartete Kunst’, a term adopted by the Nazi regime in Germany to describe virtually all modern art. Such art was banned on the grounds that it was un-German or Jewish Bolshevist in nature. ‘Degenerate Art’ was also the title of an exhibition, mounted by the Nazis in Munich in 1937, consisting of modernist artworks chaotically hung and accompanied by text labels deriding the art

'''Divisionism''' was the characteristic style in Neo-Impressionist painting defined by the separation of colours into individual dots or patches which interacted optically. Georges Seurat founded the style around 1884 as chromoluminarism. Divisionism developed along with another style, Pointillism

'''Donkey's Tail''' was a Russian artistic group created from the most radical members of the '''Jack of Diamonds''' group. The group included such painters as: Mikhail Larionov (inventor of the name), Natalia Gontcharova, Kazimir Malevich, Marc Chagall, and Alexander Shevchenko

'''Les Fauves''' (French for The Wild Beasts) were a short-lived and loose grouping of early 20th century Modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong colour over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism. While Fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910, the movement as such lasted only three years, 1905 – 1907, and had three exhibitions. The leaders of the movement were Henri Matisse and Andre Derain. Other artists included Maurice de Vlaminck, Raoul Dufy, the Dutch painter Kees van Dongen, and Georges Braque. The term ‘fauvism’ was coined by Louis Vauxcelles

'''Found art''' or more commonly ‘found object’ (French: objet trouve) or readymade—describes art created from the undisguised, but often modified, use of objects that are not normally considered art, often because they already have a non-art function. Marcel Duchamp was the originator of this in the early 20th century

'''Futurism''' was founded by the Italian writer Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and he was its most influential personality. He launched the movement in his Futurist Manifesto, which he published for the first time in 1909 in ''La gazzetta dell'Emilia''

'''Genre paintings''' feature domestic scenes from everyday life

'''Gutai group''' (means ‘tangible; material; concrete’) was an artistic movement and association of artists founded by Jiro Yoshihara in Japan in 1954

'''Hard-edge painting''' is painting in which abrupt transitions are found between colour areas. Colour areas are often of one unvarying color. The Hard-edge painting style is related to Geometric abstraction, Op Art, Post-painterly Abstraction, and Color Field painting

'''Heidelberg School''' was an Australian art movement of the late 19th century. The movement has latterly been described as Australian Impressionism. The term was coined in July by art critic Sidney Dickenson, reviewing the works of Melbourne-based artists Arthur Streeton and Walter Withers

'''Hudson River School''' flourished in the mid-19th century. Founded by Thomas Cole. Frederic Church was a central figure

'''Impressionism''' was coined by Louis Leroy after seeing ''Impression Sunrise'' by Monet. First impressionist exhibition was in 1874. Eighth and last impressionist exhibition was in Paris in 1886

'''Independent Group''' (IG) met at the Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) London from 1952 to 1955. The IG consisted of painters, sculptors, architects, writers and critics who wanted to challenge prevailing modernist approaches to culture. The Independent Group is regarded as the precursor to the Pop Art movement in Britain and the US

'''International Gothic''' is a subset of Gothic art developed in Burgundy, Bohemia and northern Italy in the late 14th century and early 15th century. The term was coined by the French art historian Louis Courajod. Practitioners include Gentile da Fabriano and Jacopo Bellini

'''Intimisme''' was a development of impressionism, concerned with small, domestic, interior scenes. Includes paintings by Vuillard and Bonnard

'''Kinetic Art''' is art that contains moving parts or depends on motion for its effect. The moving parts are generally powered by wind, a motor or the observer

'''Land art''', '''Earthworks''' (coined by Robert Smithson), or '''Earth art''' is an art movement which emerged in the United States in the late 1960s, in which landscape and the work of art are inextricably linked

'''London Group''' is an artists' exhibiting society founded in 1913, when the Camden Town Group came together with the English Vorticists and other independent artists to challenge the domination of the Royal Academy, which had become unadventurous and conservative. Founding artists included Walter Sickert, Jacob Epstein, Wyndham Lewis and Henri Gaudier-Brzeska

'''Luminism''' was a late-impressionist or neo-impressionist style in painting which devotes great attention to light effects. The term has been used for the style of the Belgian painters such as Emile Claus and Théo van Rysselberghe and their followers

'''Mannerism''' was a period of European painting, sculpture, architecture and decorative arts lasting from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520 until the arrival of the Baroque around 1600

'''Minimalism''' was a reaction to Pop Art. Minimal art appeared in New York in the 1960s as new and older artists moved toward geometric abstraction; exploring via painting in the cases of Frank Stella, Ellsworth Kelly and others; and sculpture in the works of various artists including Anthony Caro, Sol LeWitt, Carl Andre, Dan Flavin, Donald Judd and others

'''Mosan art''' is a regional style of art from the valley of the Meuse in present-day Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany. Although in a broader sense the term applies to art from this region from all periods, it generally refers to Romanesque art

'''Les Nabis''' were a group of Post-Impressionist avant-garde artists in France in the 1890s. Members included Maurice Denis, Pierre Bonnard, and Edouard Vuillard. Influenced by the work of Gauguin

'''Nazarene''' were a group of early 19th century German Romantic painters who aimed to revive honesty and spirituality in Christian art. The name Nazarene came from a term of derision used against them for their affectation of a biblical manner of clothing and hair style

'''Neoclassicism''' began after 1765, as a reaction against both the surviving Baroque and Rococo styles, and as a desire to return to the perceived ‘purity’ of the arts of Rome, the more vague perception (‘ideal’) of Ancient Greek arts, and, to a lesser extent, 16th century Renaissance Classicism. Contrasting with the Baroque and the Rococo, Neo-classical paintings are devoid of pastel colors and haziness; instead, they have sharp colors with chiaroscuro. In the case of Neo-classicism in France, a prime example is Jacques-Louis David

'''Neo-expressionism''' is a style of modern painting and sculpture that emerged in the late 1970s and dominated the art market until the mid-1980s. Related to American Lyrical Abstraction, New Image Painting and precedents in Pop painting, it developed as a reaction against the conceptual and minimalistic art of the 1970s

'''Neo-impressionism''' was coined by French art critic Felix Feneon in 1886 to describe an art movement founded by Georges Seurat

'''Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity)''' was an art movement that arose in Germany in the early 1920s as an outgrowth of, and in opposition to, Expressionism. The movement essentially ended in 1933 with the fall of the Weimar Republic. Artists included Otto Dix and George Grosz. Term coined by Gustav Hartlaub in 1923

'''New Sculpture''' refers to a movement in late 19th century British sculpture. ''Eros'' by Alfred Gilbert is one of the best-known examples of New Sculpture

'''The New York School''' was founded by Jackson Pollock (‘action painting’). Artists included Willem de Kooning and Philip Guston

'''Norwich School''' of painters founded by John Crome. James Stark and John Cotman were members of the Norwich School. Mousehole Heath, near Norwich, featured in paintings by Norwich School artists

'''Op Art''' was coined by ''Time Magazine'' in 1964 in response to Julian Stanczak's show Optical Paintings at the Martha Jackson gallery, to mean a form of abstract art (specifically non-objective art) that uses optical illusions. Bridget Riley is one of the foremost exponents of op art

'''Orphism''' or '''Orphic Cubism''', a term coined by the French poet Guillaume Apollinaire in 1912, was an offshoot of Cubism that focused on pure abstraction and bright colours. Perceived as key in the transition from Cubism to Abstract art, was pioneered by Robert Delaunay and Sonia Delaunay

'''Outsider Art''' was coined by art critic Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for '''Art Brut''' (‘raw art’ or ‘rough art’), a label created by French artist Jean Dubuffet to describe art created outside the boundaries of official culture

'''Paranoiac-critical method''' is a surrealist technique developed by Salvador Dalí in the early 1930s. He employed it in the production of paintings and other artworks, especially those that involved optical illusions and other multiple images

'''Peredvizhniki''', often called The Wanderers in English, were a group of Russian realist artists who in protest at academic restrictions formed an artists' cooperative which evolved into the Society for Traveling Art Exhibitions in 1870

'''Pointillism''' is the use of dots of paint and does not necessarily focus on the separation of colours

'''Pont-Aven School''' produced works of art iconographically due to Pont-Aven and its surroundings. Originally the term was focusing works of the artists' colony emerging there since the 1850s, and some decades later the work of the group of painters gathering around the artist Paul Gauguin in the early 1890s. Their work is characterized by the bold use of pure colour and Symbolist choice of subject matter

'''Pop Art''' was a reaction to Abstract Expressionism. The term is often credited to Lawrence Alloway

'''Post-Impressionism''' coined by Roger Fry when he organized the 1910 exhibition ''Manet and the Post-Impressionists''

'''Post-painterly Abstraction''' is a term created by art critic Clement Greenberg as the title for an exhibit he curated for the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1964

'''Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood''' (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets and critics, founded in 1848 by John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Holman Hunt. The group's intention was to reform art by rejecting what they considered to be the mechanistic approach adopted by the Mannerist artists who followed Raphael and Michelangelo. They believed that the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on academic teaching of art. Hence the name Pre-Raphaelite. In particular they objected to the influence of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the founder of the English Royal Academy of Arts. In contrast they wanted to return to the abundant detail, intense colours, and complex compositions of Italian and Flemish art. Other members of the brotherhood were James Collinson (painter), William Michael Rossetti (critic), Frederic George Stephens (critic), and Thomas Woolner (sculptor, poet). Elizabeth Siddal was the model for Millais’s ''Ophelia''. She was the most important model to sit for the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and was married to Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Annie Miller was a model for the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, notable for ''The Awakening Conscience'' by William Holman Hunt

'''Productivism''' was an art movement founded by a group of Constructivist artists in post-Revolutionary Russia who believed that art should have a practical, socially useful role as a facet of industrial production

'''Rayonism''' is a style of abstract art that developed in Russia in 1911. Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova developed rayonism after hearing a series of lectures about Futurism by Marinetti in Moscow

'''Rococo''' is an 18th century artistic movement and style. The Rococo developed in the early part of the 18th century in Paris as a reaction against the grandeur, symmetry and strict regulations of the Baroque, especially that of the Palace of Versailles

'''Romanesque art''' refers to the art of Europe from approximately 1000 AD to the rise of the Gothic style in the 13th century, or later, depending on region

'''School of Fontainebleau''' refers to two periods of artistic production in France during the late Renaissance centered around the royal Chateau de Fontainebleau, that were crucial in forming the French version of Northern Mannerism

'''Scottish Colourists''' were a group of painters whose work was not very highly regarded when it was first exhibited in the 1920s and 1930s, but which in the late 20th Century came to have a formative influence on contemporary Scottish art. The leading figure of the movement was John Duncan Fergusson

'''Section d'Or''', also called ‘Groupe de Puteaux’, was a near-Paris-based collective of Cubist painters that was active from 1912 to around 1914. Originating as an offshoot of Cubism, the movement began with an exhibition at the Galerie La Boetie in Paris in 1912, which was also accompanied by publication of the treaty ‘Du Cubisme’ by Metzinger and Gleizes

'''Sienese School''' of painting flourished between the 13th and 15th centuries and for a time rivaled Florence, though it was more conservative, being inclined towards the decorative beauty and elegant grace of late Gothic art. Its most important representatives include Duccio, and his pupil Simone Martini

'''Socialist Realism''' was the officially approved type of art in the Soviet Union for nearly sixty years. Communist doctrine decreed that all material goods and means of production belonged to the community as a whole. This included means of producing art, which were also seen as powerful propaganda tools

'''St John’s Wood Clique''' was a group of seven Victorian artists including WF Yeames

'''Suprematism''' was an art movement focused on fundamental geometric forms (in particular the square and circle) which formed in Russia in 1915–1916

'''Stuckism''' is an international art movement that was founded in 1999 by Billy Childish and Charles Thomson to promote figurative painting in opposition to conceptual art

'''Surrealism''' began in the early 1920s. Leader Andre Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I and the most important centre of the movement was Paris. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe

'''Symbolism''' is the use of symbols to concentrate or intensify meaning, making the work more subjective than objective

'''Tachisme''' is a French style of abstract painting popular in the 1940s and 1950s. It is often considered to be the European equivalent to abstract expressionism. It was part of a larger postwar movement known as Art Informel

'''Tubism''' is a term coined by the art critic Louis Vauxcelles in 1911 to describe the style of French artist Fernand Leger. Meant as derision, the term was inspired by Leger's idiosyncratic version of Cubism, in which he emphasized cylindrical shapes

'''Vanitas''' was a type of symbolic still life painting commonly executed by Northern European painters in Flanders and the Netherlands in the 16th and 17th centuries. Common vanitas symbols include skulls and rotten fruit

'''Viennese Secession''' was founded by Gustav Klimt in 1890s. Ver Sacrum (‘sacred spring’) was the official magazine of the Vienna Secession, and was published from 1898 to 1903

'''Vorticism''' group began with the Rebel Art Centre which Wyndham Lewis and others established after disagreeing with Omega Workshops founder Roger Fry, and has roots in the Bloomsbury Group, Cubism, and Futurism. The name Vorticism was given to the movement by Ezra Pound in 1913. BLAST was the short-lived literary magazine of the Vorticist movement in Britain. It had two editions, the first published in July 1914 and the second a year later

'''Les XX''' was a group of twenty Belgian painters, designers and sculptors, formed in 1883 by the Brussels lawyer, publisher, and entrepreneur Octave Maus. James Ensor was a founding member

== Art terms ==
Armature – clay or plaster figure support

Ben-Day Dots printing process – named after illustrator and printer Benjamin Day, is similar to Pointillism. Depending on the effect, color and optical illusion needed, small colored dots are closely spaced, widely spaced or overlapping. Ben-Day dots were considered the hallmark of Roy Lichtenstein, who enlarged and exaggerated them in many of his paintings and sculptures

Black cube – art museum that is architecturally designed or renovated with special consideration for the particular needs of modern digital art, installation art, and video art

Capriccio – an architectural fantasy, placing together buildings, archaeological remains and other architectural elements in fictional and often fantastical combinations

Catalogue raisonne – a monograph giving a comprehensive catalogue of artworks by an artist

Chiaroscuro – technique employed in the visual arts to represent light and shadow

as they define three-dimensional objects

Decoupage – the art of decorating an object by gluing colored paper cutouts onto it in combination with special paint effects, or gold leaf

Fresco-secco – a fresco painting technique in which pigments ground in water are tempered using egg yolk or whole egg mixed with water which are applied to plaster that has been moistened to simulate fresh plaster

Glue-size – refers to a technique in painting where pigment is bound to cloth (usually linen) with glue extracted from animal tissue

Gouache – an opaque, water-soluble paint. Also known as ‘body colour’. Associated with the rococo style

Griaille – a painting executed entirely in monochrome or near-monochrome

Illusionistic ceiling painting – which includes the technique of quadratura, is the tradition in Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo art in which trompe l'oeil, perspective tools such as foreshortening, and other spatial effects are used to create the illusion of three-dimensional space on an otherwise two-dimensional or mostly flat ceiling surface

Lead white – known as flake white, is also known as Cremnitz white

Morbidezza – delicacy or softness in the representation of flesh

Photorealism – a genre of art in which an artist studies a photograph and then attempts to reproduce the image as realistically as possible in another medium

Sfumato – without lines or borders, in the manner of smoke. Refers to the blending of colours so there is no perceptible transition between them. Used in the ''Mona Lisa''

Tempera – also known as egg tempera, is a permanent fast-drying painting medium consisting of coloured pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium

Tenebrism – also called dramatic illumination, is a style of painting using violent contrasts of light and dark. A heightened form of chiaroscuro, it creates the look of figures emerging from the dark. Caravaggio was a tenebrist artist

Trompe l’oeil – means ‘fool the eye’. The artistic ability to depict an object so exactly as to make it appear real

Veduta – a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting or, actually more often print, of a cityscape or some other vista

== Art galleries ==

=== United Kingdom ===
'''National Gallery''' in Trafalgar Square was founded in 1824

'''National Portrait Gallery''' was the first portrait gallery in the world when it opened in 1856. The gallery moved in 1896 to its current site at St Martin's Place, off Trafalgar Square. It has three regional outposts at Beningbrough Hall, Bodelwyddan Castle and Montacute House

'''Tate Britain''' (known from 1897 to 1932 as the National Gallery of British Art and from 1932 to 2000 as the Tate Gallery) is an art gallery situated on Millbank. Founded by sugar merchant Henry Tate. Tate Britain includes the Clore Gallery of 1987, designed by James Stirling, which houses work by J.M.W. Turner

'''Tate Modern''' is based in the former Bankside Power Station. Designed by Herzog & de Meuron. Opened in 2000

'''Tate Liverpool''' was founded in 1988

'''Tate St Ives''' was founded in 1993

'''Royal Academy of Arts''' is based in Burlington House on Piccadilly. Founded through a personal act of King George III in 1768

The Strand block of Somerset House, designed by William Chambers from 1775 to 1780, has housed the '''Courtauld Institute''' since 1989.The art collection at the Institute was begun by its founder, Samuel Courtauld, who presented an extensive collection of mainly French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings in 1932

'''Hayward Gallery''' is within the Southbank Centre. Opened in 1968

London's '''Llewellyn Alexander Gallery''' showcases best art that was rejected for the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, in show called Not The Royal Academy

The '''Saatchi Gallery''' is a London gallery for contemporary art opened by Charles Saatchi in 1985 in order to show his sizeable (and changing) collection to the public. It has occupied different premises, first in North London, then the South Bank by the River Thames, and Chelsea (opened to the public in 2007)

'''White Cube''' is a contemporary art gallery owned by Jay Jopling with two branches in London: Mason's Yard in central London and Bermondsey in South East London, one in Hong Kong and one in Sao Paulo. The Hoxton Square space in the East End of London was closed at the end of 2012

'''Dulwich Picture Gallery''' was designed by Regency architect Sir John Soane using an innovative and influential method of illumination, and was opened to the public in 1817. The building is the oldest public art gallery in England

'''Walker Art Gallery''' is in Liverpool

'''Howarth Art Gallery''' is in Accrington

'''Whitworth Art Gallery''' was founded in 1889 in memory of Joseph Whitworth. Now part of the University of Manchester

'''Icon''' is art gallery in Birmingham

'''Herbert Art Gallery and Museum''' is in Coventry

The '''Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art''', or mima, is a contemporary art gallery based in the centre of Middlesbrough

'''Fruitmarket Art Gallery''' is in Edinburgh

The '''Scottish National Portrait Gallery''' was established in 1882, before its new building was completed. The London National Portrait Gallery was the first such separate museum in the world, however it did not move into its current purpose-built building until 1896, making the Edinburgh gallery the first in the world to be specially built as a portrait gallery

'''Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum''' in Glasgow is most visited museum in the United Kingdom outside London. The gallery is located on Argyle Street, in the West End of the city, on the banks of the River Kelvin

=== Europe ===
Austria

'''Vienna Kunstlerhaus''' is an art exhibition building in Vienna. It is located on Karlsplatz near the Ringstrasse, next to the Musikverein. It was built between 1865 and 1868 by the Austrian Artists' Society, the oldest surviving artists' society in Austria

France

'''Louvre''' opened in 1793. It is located on the Right Bank of the Seine in Paris. The Louvre is the world's most visited museum

'''Musee d’Orsay''' is a museum in Paris, on the left bank of the Seine. It is housed in the former Gare d'Orsay, a Beaux-Arts railway station built between 1898 and 1900. The museum holds mainly French art dating from 1848 to 1915

'''Musée National d'Art Moderne''' is the national museum for modern art of France. It is located in Paris and is housed in the Centre Pompidou

'''Musee du Luxembourg''' is a museum in Paris. From 1750 to 1780 it was the first public painting gallery in Paris

'''Musee Marmottan Monet''' in Paris features a collection of over three hundred Impressionist and Post-Impressionist works by Claude Monet (with the largest collection of his works in the world), Berthe Morisot, Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet, Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro, Paul Gauguin, Paul Signac and Pierre-Auguste Renoir

'''Toulouse-Lautrec Museum''' is in Albi, 85 km northeast of Toulouse

Germany

'''Brandhorst''' is a new modern art museum in Munich

'''Haus der Kunst''' in Munich was constructed from 1934 to 1937 following plans of architect Paul Ludwig Troost as the Third Reich's first monumental structure of Nazi architecture and as Nazi propaganda

'''Alte Pinakothek''' is an art museum situated in the Kunstareal in Munich. It is one of the oldest galleries in the world and houses one of the most famous collections of Old Master paintings. The Neue Pinakothek covers 19th century art and the recently opened '''Pinakothek der Moderne''' exhibits modern art, all galleries are part of Munich's Kunstareal (the ‘art area’)

Museum Island in Berlin contains five museums, including the '''Bode Museum''' and the '''Pergamon Museum'''

Italy

'''Peggy Guggenheim Collection''' is a modern art museum on the Grand Canal in Venice

'''Bargello''', also known as the Bargello Palace or Palazzo del Popolo (Palace of the People) is a former barracks and prison, now an art museum, in Florence. Its collection includes Donatello's ''David''

'''Uffizi''' gallery is located in Florence. The building of Uffizi was begun by Giorgio Vasari in 1560 for Cosimo I de' Medici so as to accommodate the offices of the Florentine magistrates, hence the name uffizi, "offices".

'''Borghese''' art gallery is in Rome. Home to works by Caravaggio, Titian and Raphael

Netherlands

'''Mauritshaus''' is an art museum in The Hague. The museum houses the Royal Cabinet of Paintings which consists of 841 objects, mostly Dutch Golden Age paintings

'''Rijksmuseum''' is a Netherlands national museum dedicated to arts and history in Amsterdam. Established in 1800

'''Stedelijk''' is a museum for modern art. It is located at the Museum Square in the borough Amsterdam South, where it is close to the '''Van Gogh Museum''', the Rijksmuseum, and the Concertgebouw

Russia

The '''Hermitage''' in St Petersburg was founded in 1764 by Catherine the Great and has been open to the public since 1852. Its collections, of which only a small part is on permanent display, comprise over three million items, including the largest collection of paintings in the world

'''Tretyakov Gallery''' is an art gallery in Moscow, the foremost depository of Russian fine art in the world

Spain

Golden Triangle of Art is made up of three important art museums that are close to each other in the centre of Madrid. The three art museums are: '''Prado Museum''', National Museum featuring pre-20th century art; Museo Nacional '''Centro de Arte Reina Sofía''', National Museum featuring 20th century modern art; '''Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum''', private museum, historical through contemporary art

Upon the deposition of Isabella II in 1868, The Royal Museum was nationalized and acquired the new name of Museo del Prado

'''MACBA''' – Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art

'''Guggenheim Museum Bilbao''' was designed by Frank Gehry and opened in 1997

'''Dali Theatre and Museum''' is a museum of the artist Salvador Dali in his home town of Figueres, in Catalonia. The museum facade is topped by a series of giant eggs

=== USA ===
'''Metropolitan Museum of Art''' (colloquially '''The Met'''), located in New York City, is the largest art museum in the United States. Its permanent collection contains more than two million works. Established in 1870

'''Frick Collection''' is an art museum located in New York. It houses the collection of industrialist Henry Clay Frick

'''Whitney Museum of American Art''' is on Madison Avenue in New York. The Whitney places a particular emphasis on exhibiting the work of living artists for its collection

The idea for '''The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)''' in New York was developed in 1928 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller (wife of John D. Rockefeller Jr.) and two of her friends. It opened to the public on 7 November 1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash

In 1939, the Guggenheim Foundation's first museum, The Museum of Non-Objective Painting, opened in New York City. It adopted its current name '''Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum''' after the death of its founder in 1952

'''Norman Rockwell Museum''' is home to the world's largest collection of original Rockwell art. Founded in 1969, the museum is located in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, where Rockwell lived the last 25 years of his life

'''Smithsonian American Art Museum''' (formerly the National Museum of American Art) is a museum in Washington, D.C

'''National Gallery of Art''', and its attached Sculpture Garden, is a national art museum in Washington, D.C., located on the National Mall

== Exhibitions ==
In 1673, the royally sanctioned French institution of art patronage, the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (a division of the Académie des beaux-arts), held its first semi-public art exhibit at the Salon Carré. The Salon's original focus was the display of the work of recent graduates of the École des Beaux-Arts, which was created by Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister of France, in 1648. In 1725 the Salon was held in the Palace of the Louvre, when it became known as Salon or Salon de Paris. In 1737, the exhibitions became public

In 1863 the Paris Salon jury turned away an unusually high number of the submitted paintings. Uproar resulted, particularly from regular exhibitors who had been rejected. In order to prove that the Salons were democratic, Napoleon III instituted the Salon des Refuses, containing all the works that the Salon had rejected that year

Roger Fry organised ''Manet and the Post-Impressionists'' in 1910 and ''Second Post-Impressionist'' exhibition in 1912

''The Armoury Show'' in 1913 was the first modern art exhibition in New York

''Freeze'' was a 1988 show by Young British Artists. Its main organiser was Damien Hirst

''Sensation'' was an exhibition of the collection of contemporary art owned by Charles Saatchi, including many works by Young British Artists, which first took place in 1997 at the Royal Academy of Art

== Miscellaneous ==
The K Foundation was an art foundation set up by Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty in 1993 following their retirement from the music industry

The £25,000 Charles Wollaston Award, is awarded each year at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition

Artes Mundi is the UK’s largest prize for contemporary visual artists

Leo Castelli was an American art dealer. He was best known to the public as an art dealer whose gallery showcased cutting edge Contemporary art for five decades

Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) was founded by Roland Penrose and others in 1946. The ICA's founders intended to establish a space where artists, writers and scientists could debate ideas outside the traditional confines of the Royal Academy

Wildenstein Index Number refers to an item in a numerical system published in catalogues by Daniel Wildenstein, a distinguished scholar of Impressionism, who published catalogues raisonnes of artists such as Claude Monet, Edouard Manet and Paul Gauguin through his family business, Wildenstein & Company. In these catalogues, each painting by an artist was assigned a unique number. These index numbers are now used throughout the art world, in art texts, and on art websites to uniquely identify specific works of art by specific artists

''Cahiers d'Art'' was a French artistic and literary magazine founded in 1926 by Christian Zervos. Works published include a catalog of works by Pablo Picasso

Ultramarine was the most prestigious blue of the Renaissance. Good ultramarine was more expensive than gold. Blue was reserved for Mary’s cloak

''Your Paintings'' is a website which aims to show the entire UK national collection of oil paintings. Your Paintings is a joint initiative between the BBC, the Public Catalogue Foundation and participating collections and museums from across the UK

== Most expensive paintings (August 2022) ==
''Salvator Mundi'' – Leonardo da Vinci, $450 million

''Interchange'' – Willem de Kooning, $300 million

''The'' ''Card Players'' – Paul Cezanne, $250 million

''Nafea Faa Ipoipo (When Will You Marry''?) – Paul Gauguin, $210 million

''Number 17A'' – Jackson Pollock, $200 million

''The Standard Bearer'', Rembrandt, $198 million

''Shot Sage Blue Marilyn'', Andy Warhol, $195 million

''No 6 (Violet, Green and Red)'' – Rothko, $186 million

''(Wasserschlangen II) Water Serpents II'' – Gustav Klimt, $183 million

''Pendant portraits of Marten Soolmans and Oopjen Coppit'' – Rembrandt, $180 million

== Sculptors ==
'''Carl Andre''' (born 1935) is an American minimalist artist recognized for his ordered linear format and grid format sculptures. His sculptures range from large public artworks to more intimate tile patterns arranged on the floor

''Equivalent VIII'' – made up of 120 bricks

'''Edward Hodges Baily''' (1788 – 1867)

statue of Nelson at the top of the column

'''Gian Lorenzo Bernini''' (1598 – 1680) was a pre-eminent Baroque sculptor and architect of 17th century Rome

''Ecstasy of St Theresa'' – the two focal sculptural figures (St Theresa and an angel with a gold spear) derive from an episode described by Teresa of Avila in her autobiography ''The Life of St. Teresa of Jesus'' (1515–1582), a mystical cloistered Discalced Carmelite reformer and nun

''Fountain of the Four Rivers'' – fountain in Rome. The four gods on the corners of the fountain represent the four major rivers of the world known at the time: the Nile, Danube, Ganges, and Plate. The Nile is personified with a shroud over its head, as its source had not yet been discovered

''Abduction of Proserpine''

''Apollo and Daphne''

''Charity with Four Children''

''David''

''Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius''

'''Gutzon Borglum''' (1867 – 1941), the son of Mormon Danish immigrants

''Mount Rushmore''

'''Louise Bourgeois''' (1911 – 2010) was a French-American artist and sculptor, best known for her spider structures, titled ''Maman'', which resulted in her being nicknamed the “Spiderwoman”

''Maman'' – first made an appearance as part of Bourgeois’ commission for The Unilever Series for Tate Modern’s Turbine Hall in 2000

''Cells''

'''Constantin Brancusi''' (1876 – 1957) is called the patriarch of modern sculpture. Born in Romania

''Bird in Space'' – sold in 2005 for $27.5 million, at the time a record price for a sculpture sold in an auction

''The Column of the Infinite''

'''Thomas Brock''' (1847 – 1922) made seven statues of Queen Victoria

Imperial Memorial to Queen Victoria in front of Buckingham Palace

'''Alexander Calder''' (1898 – 1976) was an American sculptor known as the originator of the mobile, a type of kinetic sculpture. His early works in wire defined figures with delicate lines in space. Many of his works hung from the ceiling rather than standing on a plinth

'''Bruno Catalano''' (born 1958)

''Citizens of the World'' – sculptures that look like they are missing vital organs, on the Marseille waterfront

'''Anthony Caro''' (1924 – 2013) was an abstract sculptor whose work was characterized by assemblies of metal using 'found' industrial objects, particularly steel

''Early One Morning''

'''Antonio Canova''' (1757 – 1822) was an Italian sculptor from the Republic of Venice who became famous for his marble sculptures that delicately rendered nude flesh

''The Three Graces'' is a Neo-Classical sculpture in marble of the three charities, daughters of Zeus – identified on some engravings of the statue as Euphrosyne, Aglaea and Thalia, who were said to represent beauty, charm and joy

''Perseus with the Head of Medusa''

noted statues of Napoleon and George Washington

'''Maurizio Cattelan''' (born 1960) is known for his satirical sculptures

''La Nona Ora'' (''The Ninth Hour''), depicting the Pope John Paul II struck down by a meteorite

''Gold toilet''

''Banana stuck to wall''

'''Benvenuto Cellini''' (1500 – 1571) was an Italian goldsmith, painter, sculptor, soldier and musician of the Renaissance, who also wrote a famous autobiography. He had to flee Florence in 1563, having killed his brother’s murderer and was later charged four times for sodomy. Works include salt cellars and candlesticks

Cellini Salt Cellar (in Vienna called the Saliera) is a part-enamelled gold table sculpture. It was completed in 1543 for Francis I of France. The Saliera is the only work of gold which can be attributed to Cellini with certainty and is sometimes referred to as the ‘Mona Lisa of Sculpture’. In 2003, the Saliera was stolen from the Kunsthistorisches Museum. It was recovered in 2006

''Perseus Holding the Head of Medusa''

'''Dale Chihuly''' (born 1941) is an American glass sculptor, with works at V&A. Chihuly's largest permanent exhibit can be found at the Oklahoma City Museum of Art

'''Christo''' (1935-2020) Christo Javacheff was born in Bulgaria. Worked with his wife Jeanne-Claude (1935 – 2009)

Christo erected 7500 saffron-coloured vinyl panels in Central Park in 2005

Valley Curtain project – a 400-metre long cloth was to be stretched across Rifle Gap, a valley in the Rocky Mountains near Rifle, Colorado by Christo in 1972

Reichstag

Eiffel Tower

Serpentine

'''Tony Cragg''' (born 1949) was the director of the Kunstakademie Dusseldorf. Won the Turner Prize in 1988

'''Paul Day''' (born 1967)

''The Meeting Place'' – 9m bronze statue at new St Pancras

''Battle of Britain Monument'' in London is a sculpture on the Victoria Embankment. Opened in 2005

'''Donatello''' (c. 1386 – 1466) was an early Renaissance sculptor from Florence. He is known for his work in bas-relief. Donatello was born Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi

First large scale bronze equestrian statue was by Donatello

Statue of ''David'' – 1440s. David is bearing the sword of Goliath. Cast in bronze. Displayed in Bargello Palace, Florence

'''Jacob Epstein (1880 – 1959)'''

''St Michael and the Devil'' – sculpture at Coventry Cathedral, 1958

''Jacob and the Angel''

''Rock Drill''

Statue of Lazarus at New College Oxford

'''Dan Flavin''' (1933 – 1996) was an American minimalist sculptor who created sculptural objects and installations from commercially available fluorescent light fixtures. These works, which he called ‘icons’, have been credited with helping to start the minimalist movement in 1963

'''George Frampton''' (1860 – 1928)

lions at the British Museum

Peter Pan’s sculpture in Kensington Gardens

Edith Cavell Memorial that stands outside the National Portrait Gallery

'''Elizabeth Frink''' (1930 – 1993)

Eagle on pulpit in Coventry Cathedral

'''Naum Gabo''' (1890 – 1977) was a prominent Russian sculptor in the Constructivism movement and a pioneer of Kinetic art. Lived in St Ives during World War II

'''Jim Gary''' (1939 – 2006) was an American sculptor popularly known for his large, colourful creations of dinosaurs made from discarded automobile parts

'''Lorenzo Ghiberti''' (1378 – 1445)

sculpted the bronze doors known as the ''Gates of Paradise in the Baptistery'' in Florence after winning a competition against Brunelleschi

'''Alberto''' '''Giacometti''' (1901 – 1966) was born in Switzerland. Sculptures were mainly bronze ‘stick figures’. The two most expensive sculptures ever sold are both by Giacometti

''Three Men Walking'' – Giacometti

'''Alfred Gilbert''' (1854 – 1934) was a central participant in the New Sculpture movement

''Eros'' – first statue to be cast in aluminium. 1893, memorial to Lord Shaftesbury in Piccadilly Circus. The statue depicts Anteros as ‘the Angel of Christian Charity’

''Icarus'' – bronze sculpture

''Memorial to the Duke of Clarence''

'''Eric Gill''' (1882 – 1940) was an English sculptor, typeface designer, stonecutter and printmaker, who was associated with the Arts and Crafts movement. He is a controversial figure, with his well-known religious views and unusual sexual behaviour. An artistic community in Ditchling founded by Eric Gill during the early 20th century, and known as The Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic, survived until 1989

''Prospero and Ariel'', for the BBC's Broadcasting House in London

''The Creation of Adam'', three bas-reliefs in stone for the League of Nations building in Geneva

''Ecstasy''

'''Andy Goldsworthy''' (born 1956) is an outdoor sculptor and land artist. Exhibits at Yorkshire Sculpture Park

'''Anthony Gormley''' (born 1950) won the Turner Prize in 1994 with ''Field for the British Isles'' and was knighted in 2014

''Event Horizon'' – the project consists of 31 male bodies, all cast from the body of the artist himself, which were placed on top of prominent buildings along the London's South Bank

''Horizon Field'' is a 2010 sculpture installation. The installation features 100 life-sized cast iron statues of the human body left 2,000m above sea-level in the Austrian Alps

''Angel of the North'' was completed in 1998

''Quantum Cloud'' is located next to the Millennium Dome. At 30 metres high, it is Gormley's tallest sculpture to date

''Another Place'' consists of 100 cast iron sculptures of Anthony Gormley's own body, facing towards the sea. After being displayed at several locations in Europe, it has become permanently erected at Crosby Beach

'''Maggi Hambling''' (born 1945)

sculpture to commemorate Benjamin Britten. The result was ''Scallop'', a pair of oversized, 12 ft high, steel scallop shells installed on Aldeburgh beach

Memorial sculpture to Oscar Wilde, in Trafalgar Square

'''Barbara Hepworth''' (1903 – 1975) was born in Wakefield and was married to abstract painter Ben Nicholson. Barbara Hepworth museum is in St Ives

''Pierced Form''

''Three Forms''

''Winged Figure'' – sculpture on John Lewis, Oxford Street

''Crucifixion Homage to Mondrian'' – in the grounds of Winchester Catrhedral

'''Eva Hesse''' (1936 – 1970) was a German-born American sculptor, known for her pioneering work in materials such as latex, fibreglass, and plastics

'''Nancy Holt''' (1938 – 2014) was an American artist famous for her public sculpture, installation art and land art

''Sun Tunnels''

''Dark Star Park''

''Sky Mound''

'''Jean-Antoine Houdon''' (1741 – 1828) was a French neoclassical sculptor. Houdon is famous for his portrait busts and statues of philosophers, inventors and political figures of the Enlightenment

'''Philip Jackson''' (born 1944) is Royal Sculptor to the Queen

Jackson has designed many statues of footballers, including Bobby Moore outside Wembley Stadium

'''Charles Jagger''' (1885 – 1934) is best known for his war memorials

Royal Artillery Memorial at Hyde Park Corner

Great Western Railway War Memorial in Paddington Railway Station

'''Donald Judd''' (1928 – 1994) was a minimalist artist who used materials such as metals, industrial plywood, concrete and colour-impregnated Plexiglas

'''Anish Kapoor''' (born 1954) won the Turner Prize in 1991 and was knighted in 2013

''Cloud Gate'', a public sculpture is the centrepiece of the AT&T Plaza in Millennium Park within the Loop community area of Chicago

ArcelorMittal ''Orbit'' is a 114m tall sculpture and observation tower in the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. It is Britain's largest piece of public art

'''Jeff Koons''' (born 1955) is an American artist known for his reproductions of banal objects – such as balloon animals produced in stainless steel with mirror finish surfaces. Jeff Koons was influenced by Ed Paschke and Chicago Imagists. In 1991, Koons married Hungarian-born naturalized-Italian pornography star Cicciolina (Ilona Staller)

''Puppy'' – a 12 m tall topiary sculpture of a West Highland White Terrier puppy, executed in a variety of flowers on a steel substructure. The piece was purchased in 1997 by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and installed outside the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao

''Balloon Dog (Orange)'' sold at Christie's in New York City in 2013 for US$58.4 million

''The New''

''Made in Heaven''

''Celebrations''

'''Paul Landowski''' (1875 – 1961) was a French monument sculptor of Polish ancestry. He won a gold medal at the Art competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics for Sculpture

Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro, a 1931 collaboration with civil engineer Heitor da Silva Costa

'''Lee Lawrie''' (1887 – 1963) was one of the United States' foremost architectural sculptors

''Atlas'' (installed 1937) is a free-standing bronze at New York City's Rockefeller Center

'''Sol LeWitt''' (1928 – 2007) – work ranges from drawings to photographs and hundreds of works on paper and extends to structures in the form of towers, pyramids, geometric forms, and progressions. These works range in size from maquettes to monumental outdoor pieces

''Wall Drawings'', over 1100 of which have been executed

'''Daniel Libeskind''' (born 1946)

''Life Electric'' is a contemporary sculpture, dedicated to the physicist Alessandro Volta. It is located in Como, Italy

'''Walter De Maria''' (1935 – 2013)

''The Lightning Field'' (1977) is a land art work in New Mexico. It consists of 400 stainless steel poles with solid, pointed tips, arranged in a rectangular 1 mile × 1 kilometre grid array

'''Franz Messerschmidt''' (1736 – 1783) was a German-Austrian sculptor most famous for his ‘character heads’, a collection of busts with faces contorted in extreme facial expressions

'''Michelangelo''' (1475 – 1564)

''David'' – 1501. Sculpted in marble. Displayed in the Accademia Gallery in Florence. 17’ high. Commissioned by the Overseers of the Office of Works of the Duomo (Operai). Started by di Duccio, then Rossellino. Slingshot in left hand. It soon came to symbolize the defense of civil liberties embodied in the Florentine Republic, an independent city-state threatened on all sides by more powerful rival states and by the hegemony of the Medici family. The eyes of David, with a warning glare, were turned towards Rome

''Pieta'' – 1498. Marble sculpture in St Peter’s Basilica in Rome, depicts the body of Jesus in the arms of his mother Mary after the Crucifixion. In 1972, Laszlo Toth, a Hungarian-born Australian, leaped over a guard rail in St Peter's crying, "I'm Jesus Christ!" and attacked the statue with a hammer. The only sculpture ever signed by Michelangelo

''Bacchus'' – marble statue in the Bargello, Florence

The only sculpture by Michelangelo in England is the ''Taddei Tondo'' marble relief in the Royal Academy

'''Amedeo''' '''Modigliani''' (1884 – 1920) abandoned sculpting in 1914 and focused solely on his painting

''Tete'' – a limestone carving of a woman's head, became the second most expensive sculpture ever sold, in 2010

'''Henry Moore''' (1898 – 1986) was best known for his semi-abstract monumental bronze sculptures which are located around the world as public works of art. His forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically depicting mother-and-child or reclining figures. Born in Castleford

''Three Standing Figures'' – first sculpture

Shelter Drawings – drawings made in London Underground shelters during WWII

''Madonna and Child'' – sculpture in St Paul’s Cathedral

'''Ron Mueck''' (born 1958) is an Australian hyperrealist sculptor working in the United Kingdom. Mueck's sculptures faithfully reproduce the minute detail of the human body, but play with scale to produce disconcertingly jarring visual images

''Boy'' – a 5m tall sculpture of a boy, crouching. First shown in the Millennium Dome exhibition

'''Vera Mukhina''' (1889 – 1953) was known as the “Queen of Soviet Sculpture”

''Worker and Kolkhoz Woman''

'''Claes Oldenburg''' (born 1929) is a Swedish sculptor, best known for his public art installations typically featuring very large replicas of everyday objects. Another theme in his work is soft sculpture versions of everyday objects

'''Eduardo Paolozzi''' (1924 – 2005) was born in Edinburgh. Knighted in 1988. Paolozzi is well known for his Pop Art collages

''The Statue of Newton (after William Blake)'' is outside the British Library

Paolozzi designed the mosaic patterned walls of the Tottenham Court Road tube station

'''Phidias''' (c. 480 – c. 430 BC) was a Greek sculptor, painter and architect, who is commonly regarded as one of the greatest of all sculptors of Classical Greece: Phidias' Statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

Phidias also designed the statues of the goddess Athena on the Athenian Acropolis, namely the ''Athena Parthenos'' inside the Parthenon and the ''Athena Promachos'', a colossal bronze statue of Athena

'''Praxiteles''' of Athens was the most renowned of the Attic sculptors of the 4th century BC. He was the first to sculpt the nude female form in a life-size statue

'''Marc Quinn''' (born 1964) is a member of the Young British Artists

''Self'' – sculpture of Quinn’s head, using his own frozen blood

''Sphinx'' – a sculpture of the British supermodel Kate Moss in a complicated yoga position

''Alison Lapper Pregnant'' – fourth plinth at Trafalgar Square. Alison Lapper has a congenital disorder, phocomelia, which caused her to be born without arms and with truncated legs

'''Auguste''' '''Rodin''' (1840 – 1917)

''The Burghers of Calais'' serves as a monument to an occurrence in 1347 during the Hundred Years' War, when Calais was under siege by the English for over a year

''The Gates of Hell'' depicts a scene from ''The Inferno'', the first section of ''The Divine Comedy''. The original sculptures, including ''The Thinker'' and ''The Kiss'', became works of art on their own. The plaster original was restored in 1917 and is displayed at the Musee d'Orsay in Paris

Some critics believe ''The Thinker'' was originally intended to depict Dante at the Gates of Hell

''Le Baiser'' (''The Kiss)'' was originally titled ''Francesca da Rimini'', as it depicts the 13th century Italian noblewoman immortalised in Dante's ''Inferno'' (Circle 2, Canto 5) who falls in love with her husband Giovanni Malatesta's younger brother Paolo. Sculpted in 1889

''Monument to Balzac''

'''Doris Salcedo''' (born 1958) is a Colombian-born sculptor

''Shibboleth'' – crack in the floor of the Turbine Hall at Tate Modern

'''Richard Serra''' (born 1939) is an American minimalist sculptor and video artist known for working with large scale assemblies of sheet metal. Serra was involved in the Process Art Movement

'''David Smith''' (1906 – 1965) was an American sculptor. Many sculptures of industrial parts welded together

''Cubi'' series – a group of stainless steel sculptures built from cubes, rectangular solids and cylinders with spheroidal or flat endcaps. These pieces are among the last works completed by Smith

'''Andy Scott''' (born 1964) is a Scottish sculptor

''The Heavy Horse'' – sculpture of a Clydesdale horse by near the M8 in Glasgow

''The Kelpies'' – two 30-metre-high horse-head sculptures, standing next to a new extension to the Forth and Clyde Canal, in Falkirk

'''Jason deCaires Taylor''' (born 1974) is an English sculptor specializing in the creation of contemporary underwater sculptures which over time develop into artificial coral reefs'''.''' His most ambitious project to date is the creation of the world's largest underwater sculpture museum, MUSA, situated off the coast of Cancun

'''Pietro Torrigiano''' (1472 – 1528) was an Italian sculptor of the Florentine school. Torrigiano was invited to England to execute the effigial monument for Henry VII and his queen, which still exists in the lady chapel of Westminster Abbey

'''James Turrell''' (born 1943)

''Roden Crater'' – a natural cinder cone crater located outside Flagstaff, Arizona that is being turned into a massive naked-eye observatory

'''Mark Wallinger''' (born 1959).

''Ecce Homo'' – the first work to occupy the empty fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square

''State Britain'' – an installation artwork displayed in Tate Britain. It is a recreation from scratch of a protest display about the treatment of Iraq, set up by Brian Haw outside Parliament. Wallinger won the Turner Prize in 2007 for this piece

A set of 270 enamel plaques, one for every London tube station, to mark the 150th anniversary of the London Underground

'''Rachel Whiteread''' (born 1963)

''House'' – was a concrete cast of the inside of an entire Victorian terraced house completed in 1993, exhibited at the location of the original house, 193 Grove Road, in East London. It drew mixed responses, winning her both the Turner Prize in 1993 and the K Foundation art award for worst British artist. Tower Hamlets London Borough Council demolished ''House'' in 1994

''Untitled Monument'' – (also variously known as ''Plinth'' or ''Inverted Plinth'') was a sculpture for the fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square. Her sculpture was an 11-ton resin cast of the plinth itself

''Holocaust Memorial'' – in Vienna

''Shy Sculptures'' – huts or sheds cast in concrete and situated in remote locations

'''Korczak Ziolkowski''' (1908 – 1982) was the American designer and sculptor of

Crazy Horse Memorial – in Custer County, South Dakota. It depicts Crazy Horse, an Oglala Lakota warrior, riding a horse and pointing into the distance. The memorial was commissioned by Henry Standing Bear, a Lakota elder

''Venus de Milo (Aphrodite of Melos)'' is a 2nd century BC Greek sculpture, in the Louvre

''The Winged Victory of Samothrace'', also called ''Nike of Samothrace'', is a marble sculpture of the Greek goddess of Victory, Nike, discovered in 1863 on the island of Samothrace by the French archaeologist Charles Champoiseau. The statue is now displayed in the Louvre in Paris

''Venus de' Medici'' is a lifesize Hellenistic marble sculpture depicting the Greek goddess of love Aphrodite. It is housed in the Uffizi

''Capitoline Wolf'' is a bronze sculpture of a she-wolf suckling twin infants, inspired by the legend of the founding of Rome. The statue was long thought to be an Etruscan work of the 5th century BC, with the twins added in the late 15th century AD, probably by the sculptor Antonio Pollaiolo

''Discobolus'' of Myron ("discus thrower") s a Greek sculpture that was completed c. 450 BC. The Townley ''Discobolus'', a Roman copy, is at the British Museum

Elgin Marbles are a collection of classical Greek marble sculptures (mostly by Phidias and his pupils), inscriptions and architectural members that originally were part of the Parthenon and other buildings on the Acropolis of Athens. Thomas Bruce, the 7th Earl of Elgin obtained a controversial permit from the Ottoman authorities to remove pieces from the Parthenon while serving as the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1799 to 1803

== Most expensive sculptures (May 2021) ==
''Pointing Man'' – Alberto Giacometti, $141 million

''The Walking Man I'' – Alberto Giacometti, $104 million

''Chariot'' – Alberto Giacometti, $101 million

''Rabbit'' – Jeff Koons, $91 million

''Portrait of Nancy Cunard'', Constantin Brancusi, $71 million

== Turner Prize ==
Turner Prize started in 1984, with a prize on £10,000

Drexel Burnham Lambert sponsorship ended in 1990 when the prize was not awarded

Prize increased to £20,000 in 1991 with sponsorship from Channel 4

In 2004 the first prize was increased to £25,000

In 2007 the prize was held outside London for the first time, in Tate Liverpool

In 2019 the prize was shared by all nominees (Lawrence Abu Hamdan, Helen Cammock, Tai Shani, and Oscar Murillo) after they wrote a letter asking the judges not to choose a single winner

2020 prize cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic

'''Notable winners'''
{| class="wikitable"
|1984
|Malcolm Morley
|Inaugural prize
|-
|1985
|Howard Hodgkin
|
|-
|1986
|Gilbert and George
|
|-
|1989
|Richard Long
|
|-
|1991
|Anish Kapoor
|
|-
|1993
|Rachel Whiteread
|First female winner, for ''House''
|-
|1994
|Antony Gormley
|
|-
|1995
|Damien Hirst
|''Mother and Child Divided''
|-
|1996
|Douglas Gordon
|First winner with a video
|-
|1997
|Gillian Wearing
|Video ''60 minutes of Silence''; first all-female shortlist
|-
|1998
|Chris Ofili
|Paintings using elephant dung
|-
|1999
|Steve McQueen
|Tracey Emin exhibited ''My Be''d
|-
|2000
|Wolfgang Tillmans
|First photographer and first non-British winner
|-
|2001
|Martin Creed
|''Work No. 227: The lights going on and off''
|-
|2002
|Keith Tyson
|
|-
|2003
|Grayson Perry
|
|-
|2004
|Jeremy Deller
|Film ''Memory Bucket''
|-
|2005
|Simon Starling
|''Shedboatshed''
|-
|2006
|Tomma Abts
|
|-
|2007
|Mark Wallinger
|''State Britain''
|-
|2010
|Susan Philipsz
|First sound artist to win
|-
|2015
|Assemble
|Architecture and design collective
|-
|2016
|Helen Marten
|
|-
|2017
|Lubina Himid
|
|-
|2018
|Charlotte Prodger
|
|-
|2019
|Multiple winners
|see above
|-
|2020
|''not awarded''
|COVID
|-
|2021
|Array Collective
|
|}

Art and Culture/Art and Sculpture

2022-08-02T09:57:21Z

Loonapick: /* Sculptors */

== Art Schools and Movements ==
'''Abstract''' art, nonfigurative art, nonobjective art, and nonrepresentational art are loosely related terms. Abstraction indicates a departure from reality in depiction of imagery in art

'''Aestheticism''' (or the Aesthetic Movement) was a European art movement that was part of the anti-19th century reaction and had post-Romantic origins, and as such anticipates modernism. It was a feature of th e late 19th century from about 1868 to about 1900. Artists associated with the Aesthetic style include James McNeill Whistler, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and Aubrey Beardsley

'''Arte Povera''' was introduced in Italy during the period of upheaval at the end of the 1960s, when artists were taking a radical stance. The term was introduced by the Italian art critic and curator, Germano Celant, in 1967. '''Lucio Fontana had ties to Arte Povera'''

'''Art Nouveau''' was most popular from 1890 to1910. The style was influenced strongly by Czech artist Alphonse Mucha, when Mucha produced a lithographed poster, which appeared in 1895 in the streets of Paris as an advertisement for the play ''Gismonda'' by Victorien Sardou, featuring Sarah Bernhardt

'''Ashcan School''' was a realist artistic movement that came into prominence in the United States during the early twentieth century, best known for works portraying scenes of daily life in New York's poorer neighborhoods. Members included John Sloan

'''Ashington Group''' was a small society of artists from Ashington, Northumberland, which met regularly between 1934 and 1984. Despite being composed largely of miners with no formal artistic training, the Group and its work became celebrated in the British art world of the 1930s and 1940s

'''Barbizon school''' (c. 1830–1870) of painters is named after the village of Barbizon near Fontainebleau Forest. The leaders of the Barbizon school were Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot, Théodore Rousseau, Jean-François Millet and Charles-François Daubigny

'''Der Blaue Reiter''' ('''The Blue Rider''') was founded by a number of Russian emigrants, including Wassily Kandinsky, and native German artists, such as Franz Marc. The movement lasted from 1911 to 1914, and was fundamental to Expressionism

'''Bolognese School''' flourished in Bologna, the capital of Emilia Romagna, between the 16th and 17th centuries. Its most important representatives include the Carracci family, including Ludovico, and his two cousins, the brothers Agostino and Annibale

'''Borough Group''' was founded by Cliff Holden in 1946 with the purpose of developing the ideas of fellow artist David Bomberg, who taught at the then Borough Polytechnic during the 1940s and 1950s

'''Die Brucke''' ('''The Bridge''') was a German Expressionist art movement founded by four students of architecture in 1905 in Dresden. The name comes from a passage in Nietzsche’s ''Thus Spake Zarathrustra''. The founders were Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Erich Heckel, Karl Schmitt-Rottluff and Fritz Bleyl. Later members were Emil Nolde, Max Pechstein and Otto Mueller. In 1911 the artists moved to Berlin

'''Byzantine''' art is the term commonly used to describe the artistic products of the Eastern Roman Empire from about the 5th century until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Many religious pictures with gold

'''Cabal of Naples''' was a notorious triumvirate of painters in the city of Naples that operated during the early Baroque period from the late 1610s to the early 1640s. It was led by the Spaniard Jusepe de Ribera, who had established himself in Naples after fleeing creditors in Rome in 1616, and also consisted of the Neapolitan Battistello Caracciolo and Greek Belisario Corenzio

'''Camden Town Group''' was a group of Post-Impressionist artists active 1911-1913. They gathered frequently at the studio of painter Walter Sickert in the Camden Town area. Spencer Gore was president of Camden Town Group

'''Cloisonnism''' was a style of post-Impressionist painting with bold and flat forms separated by dark contours. The term was coined by critic Edouard Dujardin in 1888. In ''Yellow Christ'' (1889), often cited as a quintessential cloisonnist work, Gauguin reduced the image to areas of single colours separated by heavy black outlines. In such works he paid little attention to classical perspective and boldly eliminated subtle gradations of colour – two of the most characteristic principles of post-Renaissance painting

'''COBRA''' (or CoBrA) was a European avant-garde movement active from 1949 to 1951. The name was coined in 1948 by Christian Dotremont from the initials of the members' home cities: Copenhagen (Co), Brussels (Br), Amsterdam (A)

'''Color Field painting''' is a style of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the 1940s and 1950s. It was inspired by European modernism and closely related to Abstract Expressionism, while many of its notable early proponents were among the pioneering Abstract Expressionists. Color Field painting is characterized primarily by large fields of flat, solid color spread across or stained into the canvas; creating areas of unbroken surface and a flat picture plane

'''Constructivism''' was an artistic and architectural movement that originated in Russia from 1919 onward which rejected the idea of ‘art for art's sake’ in favour of art as a practice directed towards social purposes. Best known artist is Vladimir Tatlin, who is most famous for his attempts to create the giant tower, ''The Monument to the Third International''

'''Cubism''' or ‘bizarre cubiques’ was a term first used by French art critic Louis Vauxcelles in 1908 after seeing a picture by Braque. He described it as ‘full of little cubes’. Cubism used a multiplicity of viewpoints

Analytic cubism was mainly practiced by Braque, and is very simple, with dark, almost monochromatic colours. Synthetic cubism is much more energetic, and often makes use of collage involving several two-dimensional materials. This type of cubism was developed by Picasso – the first work of this new style was Picasso's ''Still Life with Chair-caning'' (1911), which included oil cloth pasted on the canvas

'''Dada''' or Dadaism is a cultural movement that began in Zurich during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922. The movement concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works. Its purpose was to ridicule what its participants considered to be the meaninglessness of the modern world. Dada was also anti-bourgeois and anarchistic in nature. The Dada movement in Berlin was instrumental in making montage into a modern art-form. They first coined the term ‘photomontage’, around 1918 or 1919

'''Danube School''' is the name of a circle of painters of the 16th century in Bavaria and Austria. They were among the first painters to regularly use pure landscape painting

'''Degenerate art''' is the English translation of the German ‘entartete Kunst’, a term adopted by the Nazi regime in Germany to describe virtually all modern art. Such art was banned on the grounds that it was un-German or Jewish Bolshevist in nature. ‘Degenerate Art’ was also the title of an exhibition, mounted by the Nazis in Munich in 1937, consisting of modernist artworks chaotically hung and accompanied by text labels deriding the art

'''Divisionism''' was the characteristic style in Neo-Impressionist painting defined by the separation of colours into individual dots or patches which interacted optically. Georges Seurat founded the style around 1884 as chromoluminarism. Divisionism developed along with another style, Pointillism

'''Donkey's Tail''' was a Russian artistic group created from the most radical members of the '''Jack of Diamonds''' group. The group included such painters as: Mikhail Larionov (inventor of the name), Natalia Gontcharova, Kazimir Malevich, Marc Chagall, and Alexander Shevchenko

'''Les Fauves''' (French for The Wild Beasts) were a short-lived and loose grouping of early 20th century Modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong colour over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism. While Fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910, the movement as such lasted only three years, 1905 – 1907, and had three exhibitions. The leaders of the movement were Henri Matisse and Andre Derain. Other artists included Maurice de Vlaminck, Raoul Dufy, the Dutch painter Kees van Dongen, and Georges Braque. The term ‘fauvism’ was coined by Louis Vauxcelles

'''Found art''' or more commonly ‘found object’ (French: objet trouve) or readymade—describes art created from the undisguised, but often modified, use of objects that are not normally considered art, often because they already have a non-art function. Marcel Duchamp was the originator of this in the early 20th century

'''Futurism''' was founded by the Italian writer Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and he was its most influential personality. He launched the movement in his Futurist Manifesto, which he published for the first time in 1909 in ''La gazzetta dell'Emilia''

'''Genre paintings''' feature domestic scenes from everyday life

'''Gutai group''' (means ‘tangible; material; concrete’) was an artistic movement and association of artists founded by Jiro Yoshihara in Japan in 1954

'''Hard-edge painting''' is painting in which abrupt transitions are found between colour areas. Colour areas are often of one unvarying color. The Hard-edge painting style is related to Geometric abstraction, Op Art, Post-painterly Abstraction, and Color Field painting

'''Heidelberg School''' was an Australian art movement of the late 19th century. The movement has latterly been described as Australian Impressionism. The term was coined in July by art critic Sidney Dickenson, reviewing the works of Melbourne-based artists Arthur Streeton and Walter Withers

'''Hudson River School''' flourished in the mid-19th century. Founded by Thomas Cole. Frederic Church was a central figure

'''Impressionism''' was coined by Louis Leroy after seeing ''Impression Sunrise'' by Monet. First impressionist exhibition was in 1874. Eighth and last impressionist exhibition was in Paris in 1886

'''Independent Group''' (IG) met at the Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) London from 1952 to 1955. The IG consisted of painters, sculptors, architects, writers and critics who wanted to challenge prevailing modernist approaches to culture. The Independent Group is regarded as the precursor to the Pop Art movement in Britain and the US

'''International Gothic''' is a subset of Gothic art developed in Burgundy, Bohemia and northern Italy in the late 14th century and early 15th century. The term was coined by the French art historian Louis Courajod. Practitioners include Gentile da Fabriano and Jacopo Bellini

'''Intimisme''' was a development of impressionism, concerned with small, domestic, interior scenes. Includes paintings by Vuillard and Bonnard

'''Kinetic Art''' is art that contains moving parts or depends on motion for its effect. The moving parts are generally powered by wind, a motor or the observer

'''Land art''', '''Earthworks''' (coined by Robert Smithson), or '''Earth art''' is an art movement which emerged in the United States in the late 1960s, in which landscape and the work of art are inextricably linked

'''London Group''' is an artists' exhibiting society founded in 1913, when the Camden Town Group came together with the English Vorticists and other independent artists to challenge the domination of the Royal Academy, which had become unadventurous and conservative. Founding artists included Walter Sickert, Jacob Epstein, Wyndham Lewis and Henri Gaudier-Brzeska

'''Luminism''' was a late-impressionist or neo-impressionist style in painting which devotes great attention to light effects. The term has been used for the style of the Belgian painters such as Emile Claus and Théo van Rysselberghe and their followers

'''Mannerism''' was a period of European painting, sculpture, architecture and decorative arts lasting from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520 until the arrival of the Baroque around 1600

'''Minimalism''' was a reaction to Pop Art. Minimal art appeared in New York in the 1960s as new and older artists moved toward geometric abstraction; exploring via painting in the cases of Frank Stella, Ellsworth Kelly and others; and sculpture in the works of various artists including Anthony Caro, Sol LeWitt, Carl Andre, Dan Flavin, Donald Judd and others

'''Mosan art''' is a regional style of art from the valley of the Meuse in present-day Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany. Although in a broader sense the term applies to art from this region from all periods, it generally refers to Romanesque art

'''Les Nabis''' were a group of Post-Impressionist avant-garde artists in France in the 1890s. Members included Maurice Denis, Pierre Bonnard, and Edouard Vuillard. Influenced by the work of Gauguin

'''Nazarene''' were a group of early 19th century German Romantic painters who aimed to revive honesty and spirituality in Christian art. The name Nazarene came from a term of derision used against them for their affectation of a biblical manner of clothing and hair style

'''Neoclassicism''' began after 1765, as a reaction against both the surviving Baroque and Rococo styles, and as a desire to return to the perceived ‘purity’ of the arts of Rome, the more vague perception (‘ideal’) of Ancient Greek arts, and, to a lesser extent, 16th century Renaissance Classicism. Contrasting with the Baroque and the Rococo, Neo-classical paintings are devoid of pastel colors and haziness; instead, they have sharp colors with chiaroscuro. In the case of Neo-classicism in France, a prime example is Jacques-Louis David

'''Neo-expressionism''' is a style of modern painting and sculpture that emerged in the late 1970s and dominated the art market until the mid-1980s. Related to American Lyrical Abstraction, New Image Painting and precedents in Pop painting, it developed as a reaction against the conceptual and minimalistic art of the 1970s

'''Neo-impressionism''' was coined by French art critic Felix Feneon in 1886 to describe an art movement founded by Georges Seurat

'''Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity)''' was an art movement that arose in Germany in the early 1920s as an outgrowth of, and in opposition to, Expressionism. The movement essentially ended in 1933 with the fall of the Weimar Republic. Artists included Otto Dix and George Grosz. Term coined by Gustav Hartlaub in 1923

'''New Sculpture''' refers to a movement in late 19th century British sculpture. ''Eros'' by Alfred Gilbert is one of the best-known examples of New Sculpture

'''The New York School''' was founded by Jackson Pollock (‘action painting’). Artists included Willem de Kooning and Philip Guston

'''Norwich School''' of painters founded by John Crome. James Stark and John Cotman were members of the Norwich School. Mousehole Heath, near Norwich, featured in paintings by Norwich School artists

'''Op Art''' was coined by ''Time Magazine'' in 1964 in response to Julian Stanczak's show Optical Paintings at the Martha Jackson gallery, to mean a form of abstract art (specifically non-objective art) that uses optical illusions. Bridget Riley is one of the foremost exponents of op art

'''Orphism''' or '''Orphic Cubism''', a term coined by the French poet Guillaume Apollinaire in 1912, was an offshoot of Cubism that focused on pure abstraction and bright colours. Perceived as key in the transition from Cubism to Abstract art, was pioneered by Robert Delaunay and Sonia Delaunay

'''Outsider Art''' was coined by art critic Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for '''Art Brut''' (‘raw art’ or ‘rough art’), a label created by French artist Jean Dubuffet to describe art created outside the boundaries of official culture

'''Paranoiac-critical method''' is a surrealist technique developed by Salvador Dalí in the early 1930s. He employed it in the production of paintings and other artworks, especially those that involved optical illusions and other multiple images

'''Peredvizhniki''', often called The Wanderers in English, were a group of Russian realist artists who in protest at academic restrictions formed an artists' cooperative which evolved into the Society for Traveling Art Exhibitions in 1870

'''Pointillism''' is the use of dots of paint and does not necessarily focus on the separation of colours

'''Pont-Aven School''' produced works of art iconographically due to Pont-Aven and its surroundings. Originally the term was focusing works of the artists' colony emerging there since the 1850s, and some decades later the work of the group of painters gathering around the artist Paul Gauguin in the early 1890s. Their work is characterized by the bold use of pure colour and Symbolist choice of subject matter

'''Pop Art''' was a reaction to Abstract Expressionism. The term is often credited to Lawrence Alloway

'''Post-Impressionism''' coined by Roger Fry when he organized the 1910 exhibition ''Manet and the Post-Impressionists''

'''Post-painterly Abstraction''' is a term created by art critic Clement Greenberg as the title for an exhibit he curated for the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1964

'''Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood''' (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets and critics, founded in 1848 by John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Holman Hunt. The group's intention was to reform art by rejecting what they considered to be the mechanistic approach adopted by the Mannerist artists who followed Raphael and Michelangelo. They believed that the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on academic teaching of art. Hence the name Pre-Raphaelite. In particular they objected to the influence of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the founder of the English Royal Academy of Arts. In contrast they wanted to return to the abundant detail, intense colours, and complex compositions of Italian and Flemish art. Other members of the brotherhood were James Collinson (painter), William Michael Rossetti (critic), Frederic George Stephens (critic), and Thomas Woolner (sculptor, poet). Elizabeth Siddal was the model for Millais’s ''Ophelia''. She was the most important model to sit for the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and was married to Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Annie Miller was a model for the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, notable for ''The Awakening Conscience'' by William Holman Hunt

'''Productivism''' was an art movement founded by a group of Constructivist artists in post-Revolutionary Russia who believed that art should have a practical, socially useful role as a facet of industrial production

'''Rayonism''' is a style of abstract art that developed in Russia in 1911. Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova developed rayonism after hearing a series of lectures about Futurism by Marinetti in Moscow

'''Rococo''' is an 18th century artistic movement and style. The Rococo developed in the early part of the 18th century in Paris as a reaction against the grandeur, symmetry and strict regulations of the Baroque, especially that of the Palace of Versailles

'''Romanesque art''' refers to the art of Europe from approximately 1000 AD to the rise of the Gothic style in the 13th century, or later, depending on region

'''School of Fontainebleau''' refers to two periods of artistic production in France during the late Renaissance centered around the royal Chateau de Fontainebleau, that were crucial in forming the French version of Northern Mannerism

'''Scottish Colourists''' were a group of painters whose work was not very highly regarded when it was first exhibited in the 1920s and 1930s, but which in the late 20th Century came to have a formative influence on contemporary Scottish art. The leading figure of the movement was John Duncan Fergusson

'''Section d'Or''', also called ‘Groupe de Puteaux’, was a near-Paris-based collective of Cubist painters that was active from 1912 to around 1914. Originating as an offshoot of Cubism, the movement began with an exhibition at the Galerie La Boetie in Paris in 1912, which was also accompanied by publication of the treaty ‘Du Cubisme’ by Metzinger and Gleizes

'''Sienese School''' of painting flourished between the 13th and 15th centuries and for a time rivaled Florence, though it was more conservative, being inclined towards the decorative beauty and elegant grace of late Gothic art. Its most important representatives include Duccio, and his pupil Simone Martini

'''Socialist Realism''' was the officially approved type of art in the Soviet Union for nearly sixty years. Communist doctrine decreed that all material goods and means of production belonged to the community as a whole. This included means of producing art, which were also seen as powerful propaganda tools

'''St John’s Wood Clique''' was a group of seven Victorian artists including WF Yeames

'''Suprematism''' was an art movement focused on fundamental geometric forms (in particular the square and circle) which formed in Russia in 1915–1916

'''Stuckism''' is an international art movement that was founded in 1999 by Billy Childish and Charles Thomson to promote figurative painting in opposition to conceptual art

'''Surrealism''' began in the early 1920s. Leader Andre Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I and the most important centre of the movement was Paris. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe

'''Symbolism''' is the use of symbols to concentrate or intensify meaning, making the work more subjective than objective

'''Tachisme''' is a French style of abstract painting popular in the 1940s and 1950s. It is often considered to be the European equivalent to abstract expressionism. It was part of a larger postwar movement known as Art Informel

'''Tubism''' is a term coined by the art critic Louis Vauxcelles in 1911 to describe the style of French artist Fernand Leger. Meant as derision, the term was inspired by Leger's idiosyncratic version of Cubism, in which he emphasized cylindrical shapes

'''Vanitas''' was a type of symbolic still life painting commonly executed by Northern European painters in Flanders and the Netherlands in the 16th and 17th centuries. Common vanitas symbols include skulls and rotten fruit

'''Viennese Secession''' was founded by Gustav Klimt in 1890s. Ver Sacrum (‘sacred spring’) was the official magazine of the Vienna Secession, and was published from 1898 to 1903

'''Vorticism''' group began with the Rebel Art Centre which Wyndham Lewis and others established after disagreeing with Omega Workshops founder Roger Fry, and has roots in the Bloomsbury Group, Cubism, and Futurism. The name Vorticism was given to the movement by Ezra Pound in 1913. BLAST was the short-lived literary magazine of the Vorticist movement in Britain. It had two editions, the first published in July 1914 and the second a year later

'''Les XX''' was a group of twenty Belgian painters, designers and sculptors, formed in 1883 by the Brussels lawyer, publisher, and entrepreneur Octave Maus. James Ensor was a founding member

== Art terms ==
Armature – clay or plaster figure support

Ben-Day Dots printing process – named after illustrator and printer Benjamin Day, is similar to Pointillism. Depending on the effect, color and optical illusion needed, small colored dots are closely spaced, widely spaced or overlapping. Ben-Day dots were considered the hallmark of Roy Lichtenstein, who enlarged and exaggerated them in many of his paintings and sculptures

Black cube – art museum that is architecturally designed or renovated with special consideration for the particular needs of modern digital art, installation art, and video art

Capriccio – an architectural fantasy, placing together buildings, archaeological remains and other architectural elements in fictional and often fantastical combinations

Catalogue raisonne – a monograph giving a comprehensive catalogue of artworks by an artist

Chiaroscuro – technique employed in the visual arts to represent light and shadow

as they define three-dimensional objects

Decoupage – the art of decorating an object by gluing colored paper cutouts onto it in combination with special paint effects, or gold leaf

Fresco-secco – a fresco painting technique in which pigments ground in water are tempered using egg yolk or whole egg mixed with water which are applied to plaster that has been moistened to simulate fresh plaster

Glue-size – refers to a technique in painting where pigment is bound to cloth (usually linen) with glue extracted from animal tissue

Gouache – an opaque, water-soluble paint. Also known as ‘body colour’. Associated with the rococo style

Griaille – a painting executed entirely in monochrome or near-monochrome

Illusionistic ceiling painting – which includes the technique of quadratura, is the tradition in Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo art in which trompe l'oeil, perspective tools such as foreshortening, and other spatial effects are used to create the illusion of three-dimensional space on an otherwise two-dimensional or mostly flat ceiling surface

Lead white – known as flake white, is also known as Cremnitz white

Morbidezza – delicacy or softness in the representation of flesh

Photorealism – a genre of art in which an artist studies a photograph and then attempts to reproduce the image as realistically as possible in another medium

Sfumato – without lines or borders, in the manner of smoke. Refers to the blending of colours so there is no perceptible transition between them. Used in the ''Mona Lisa''

Tempera – also known as egg tempera, is a permanent fast-drying painting medium consisting of coloured pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium

Tenebrism – also called dramatic illumination, is a style of painting using violent contrasts of light and dark. A heightened form of chiaroscuro, it creates the look of figures emerging from the dark. Caravaggio was a tenebrist artist

Trompe l’oeil – means ‘fool the eye’. The artistic ability to depict an object so exactly as to make it appear real

Veduta – a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting or, actually more often print, of a cityscape or some other vista

== Art galleries ==

=== United Kingdom ===
'''National Gallery''' in Trafalgar Square was founded in 1824

'''National Portrait Gallery''' was the first portrait gallery in the world when it opened in 1856. The gallery moved in 1896 to its current site at St Martin's Place, off Trafalgar Square. It has three regional outposts at Beningbrough Hall, Bodelwyddan Castle and Montacute House

'''Tate Britain''' (known from 1897 to 1932 as the National Gallery of British Art and from 1932 to 2000 as the Tate Gallery) is an art gallery situated on Millbank. Founded by sugar merchant Henry Tate. Tate Britain includes the Clore Gallery of 1987, designed by James Stirling, which houses work by J.M.W. Turner

'''Tate Modern''' is based in the former Bankside Power Station. Designed by Herzog & de Meuron. Opened in 2000

'''Tate Liverpool''' was founded in 1988

'''Tate St Ives''' was founded in 1993

'''Royal Academy of Arts''' is based in Burlington House on Piccadilly. Founded through a personal act of King George III in 1768

The Strand block of Somerset House, designed by William Chambers from 1775 to 1780, has housed the '''Courtauld Institute''' since 1989.The art collection at the Institute was begun by its founder, Samuel Courtauld, who presented an extensive collection of mainly French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings in 1932

'''Hayward Gallery''' is within the Southbank Centre. Opened in 1968

London's '''Llewellyn Alexander Gallery''' showcases best art that was rejected for the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, in show called Not The Royal Academy

The '''Saatchi Gallery''' is a London gallery for contemporary art opened by Charles Saatchi in 1985 in order to show his sizeable (and changing) collection to the public. It has occupied different premises, first in North London, then the South Bank by the River Thames, and Chelsea (opened to the public in 2007)

'''White Cube''' is a contemporary art gallery owned by Jay Jopling with two branches in London: Mason's Yard in central London and Bermondsey in South East London, one in Hong Kong and one in Sao Paulo. The Hoxton Square space in the East End of London was closed at the end of 2012

'''Dulwich Picture Gallery''' was designed by Regency architect Sir John Soane using an innovative and influential method of illumination, and was opened to the public in 1817. The building is the oldest public art gallery in England

'''Walker Art Gallery''' is in Liverpool

'''Howarth Art Gallery''' is in Accrington

'''Whitworth Art Gallery''' was founded in 1889 in memory of Joseph Whitworth. Now part of the University of Manchester

'''Icon''' is art gallery in Birmingham

'''Herbert Art Gallery and Museum''' is in Coventry

The '''Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art''', or mima, is a contemporary art gallery based in the centre of Middlesbrough

'''Fruitmarket Art Gallery''' is in Edinburgh

The '''Scottish National Portrait Gallery''' was established in 1882, before its new building was completed. The London National Portrait Gallery was the first such separate museum in the world, however it did not move into its current purpose-built building until 1896, making the Edinburgh gallery the first in the world to be specially built as a portrait gallery

'''Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum''' in Glasgow is most visited museum in the United Kingdom outside London. The gallery is located on Argyle Street, in the West End of the city, on the banks of the River Kelvin

=== Europe ===
Austria

'''Vienna Kunstlerhaus''' is an art exhibition building in Vienna. It is located on Karlsplatz near the Ringstrasse, next to the Musikverein. It was built between 1865 and 1868 by the Austrian Artists' Society, the oldest surviving artists' society in Austria

France

'''Louvre''' opened in 1793. It is located on the Right Bank of the Seine in Paris. The Louvre is the world's most visited museum

'''Musee d’Orsay''' is a museum in Paris, on the left bank of the Seine. It is housed in the former Gare d'Orsay, a Beaux-Arts railway station built between 1898 and 1900. The museum holds mainly French art dating from 1848 to 1915

'''Musée National d'Art Moderne''' is the national museum for modern art of France. It is located in Paris and is housed in the Centre Pompidou

'''Musee du Luxembourg''' is a museum in Paris. From 1750 to 1780 it was the first public painting gallery in Paris

'''Musee Marmottan Monet''' in Paris features a collection of over three hundred Impressionist and Post-Impressionist works by Claude Monet (with the largest collection of his works in the world), Berthe Morisot, Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet, Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro, Paul Gauguin, Paul Signac and Pierre-Auguste Renoir

'''Toulouse-Lautrec Museum''' is in Albi, 85 km northeast of Toulouse

Germany

'''Brandhorst''' is a new modern art museum in Munich

'''Haus der Kunst''' in Munich was constructed from 1934 to 1937 following plans of architect Paul Ludwig Troost as the Third Reich's first monumental structure of Nazi architecture and as Nazi propaganda

'''Alte Pinakothek''' is an art museum situated in the Kunstareal in Munich. It is one of the oldest galleries in the world and houses one of the most famous collections of Old Master paintings. The Neue Pinakothek covers 19th century art and the recently opened '''Pinakothek der Moderne''' exhibits modern art, all galleries are part of Munich's Kunstareal (the ‘art area’)

Museum Island in Berlin contains five museums, including the '''Bode Museum''' and the '''Pergamon Museum'''

Italy

'''Peggy Guggenheim Collection''' is a modern art museum on the Grand Canal in Venice

'''Bargello''', also known as the Bargello Palace or Palazzo del Popolo (Palace of the People) is a former barracks and prison, now an art museum, in Florence. Its collection includes Donatello's ''David''

'''Uffizi''' gallery is located in Florence. The building of Uffizi was begun by Giorgio Vasari in 1560 for Cosimo I de' Medici so as to accommodate the offices of the Florentine magistrates, hence the name uffizi, "offices".

'''Borghese''' art gallery is in Rome. Home to works by Caravaggio, Titian and Raphael

Netherlands

'''Mauritshaus''' is an art museum in The Hague. The museum houses the Royal Cabinet of Paintings which consists of 841 objects, mostly Dutch Golden Age paintings

'''Rijksmuseum''' is a Netherlands national museum dedicated to arts and history in Amsterdam. Established in 1800

'''Stedelijk''' is a museum for modern art. It is located at the Museum Square in the borough Amsterdam South, where it is close to the '''Van Gogh Museum''', the Rijksmuseum, and the Concertgebouw

Russia

The '''Hermitage''' in St Petersburg was founded in 1764 by Catherine the Great and has been open to the public since 1852. Its collections, of which only a small part is on permanent display, comprise over three million items, including the largest collection of paintings in the world

'''Tretyakov Gallery''' is an art gallery in Moscow, the foremost depository of Russian fine art in the world

Spain

Golden Triangle of Art is made up of three important art museums that are close to each other in the centre of Madrid. The three art museums are: '''Prado Museum''', National Museum featuring pre-20th century art; Museo Nacional '''Centro de Arte Reina Sofía''', National Museum featuring 20th century modern art; '''Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum''', private museum, historical through contemporary art

Upon the deposition of Isabella II in 1868, The Royal Museum was nationalized and acquired the new name of Museo del Prado

'''MACBA''' – Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art

'''Guggenheim Museum Bilbao''' was designed by Frank Gehry and opened in 1997

'''Dali Theatre and Museum''' is a museum of the artist Salvador Dali in his home town of Figueres, in Catalonia. The museum facade is topped by a series of giant eggs

=== USA ===
'''Metropolitan Museum of Art''' (colloquially '''The Met'''), located in New York City, is the largest art museum in the United States. Its permanent collection contains more than two million works. Established in 1870

'''Frick Collection''' is an art museum located in New York. It houses the collection of industrialist Henry Clay Frick

'''Whitney Museum of American Art''' is on Madison Avenue in New York. The Whitney places a particular emphasis on exhibiting the work of living artists for its collection

The idea for '''The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)''' in New York was developed in 1928 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller (wife of John D. Rockefeller Jr.) and two of her friends. It opened to the public on 7 November 1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash

In 1939, the Guggenheim Foundation's first museum, The Museum of Non-Objective Painting, opened in New York City. It adopted its current name '''Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum''' after the death of its founder in 1952

'''Norman Rockwell Museum''' is home to the world's largest collection of original Rockwell art. Founded in 1969, the museum is located in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, where Rockwell lived the last 25 years of his life

'''Smithsonian American Art Museum''' (formerly the National Museum of American Art) is a museum in Washington, D.C

'''National Gallery of Art''', and its attached Sculpture Garden, is a national art museum in Washington, D.C., located on the National Mall

== Exhibitions ==
In 1673, the royally sanctioned French institution of art patronage, the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (a division of the Académie des beaux-arts), held its first semi-public art exhibit at the Salon Carré. The Salon's original focus was the display of the work of recent graduates of the École des Beaux-Arts, which was created by Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister of France, in 1648. In 1725 the Salon was held in the Palace of the Louvre, when it became known as Salon or Salon de Paris. In 1737, the exhibitions became public

In 1863 the Paris Salon jury turned away an unusually high number of the submitted paintings. Uproar resulted, particularly from regular exhibitors who had been rejected. In order to prove that the Salons were democratic, Napoleon III instituted the Salon des Refuses, containing all the works that the Salon had rejected that year

Roger Fry organised ''Manet and the Post-Impressionists'' in 1910 and ''Second Post-Impressionist'' exhibition in 1912

''The Armoury Show'' in 1913 was the first modern art exhibition in New York

''Freeze'' was a 1988 show by Young British Artists. Its main organiser was Damien Hirst

''Sensation'' was an exhibition of the collection of contemporary art owned by Charles Saatchi, including many works by Young British Artists, which first took place in 1997 at the Royal Academy of Art

== Miscellaneous ==
The K Foundation was an art foundation set up by Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty in 1993 following their retirement from the music industry

The £25,000 Charles Wollaston Award, is awarded each year at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition

Artes Mundi is the UK’s largest prize for contemporary visual artists

Leo Castelli was an American art dealer. He was best known to the public as an art dealer whose gallery showcased cutting edge Contemporary art for five decades

Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) was founded by Roland Penrose and others in 1946. The ICA's founders intended to establish a space where artists, writers and scientists could debate ideas outside the traditional confines of the Royal Academy

Wildenstein Index Number refers to an item in a numerical system published in catalogues by Daniel Wildenstein, a distinguished scholar of Impressionism, who published catalogues raisonnes of artists such as Claude Monet, Edouard Manet and Paul Gauguin through his family business, Wildenstein & Company. In these catalogues, each painting by an artist was assigned a unique number. These index numbers are now used throughout the art world, in art texts, and on art websites to uniquely identify specific works of art by specific artists

''Cahiers d'Art'' was a French artistic and literary magazine founded in 1926 by Christian Zervos. Works published include a catalog of works by Pablo Picasso

Ultramarine was the most prestigious blue of the Renaissance. Good ultramarine was more expensive than gold. Blue was reserved for Mary’s cloak

''Your Paintings'' is a website which aims to show the entire UK national collection of oil paintings. Your Paintings is a joint initiative between the BBC, the Public Catalogue Foundation and participating collections and museums from across the UK

== Most expensive paintings (August 2022) ==
''Salvator Mundi'' – Leonardo da Vinci, $450 million

''Interchange'' – Willem de Kooning, $300 million

''The'' ''Card Players'' – Paul Cezanne, $250 million

''Nafea Faa Ipoipo (When Will You Marry''?) – Paul Gauguin, $210 million

''Number 17A'' – Jackson Pollock, $200 million

''The Standard Bearer'', Rembrandt, $198 million

''Shot Sage Blue Marilyn'', Andy Warhol, $195 million

''No 6 (Violet, Green and Red)'' – Rothko, $186 million

''(Wasserschlangen II) Water Serpents II'' – Gustav Klimt, $183 million

''Pendant portraits of Marten Soolmans and Oopjen Coppit'' – Rembrandt, $180 million

== Sculptors ==
'''Carl Andre''' (born 1935) is an American minimalist artist recognized for his ordered linear format and grid format sculptures. His sculptures range from large public artworks to more intimate tile patterns arranged on the floor

''Equivalent VIII'' – made up of 120 bricks

'''Edward Hodges Baily''' (1788 – 1867)

statue of Nelson at the top of the column

'''Gian Lorenzo Bernini''' (1598 – 1680) was a pre-eminent Baroque sculptor and architect of 17th century Rome

''Ecstasy of St Theresa'' – the two focal sculptural figures (St Theresa and an angel with a gold spear) derive from an episode described by Teresa of Avila in her autobiography ''The Life of St. Teresa of Jesus'' (1515–1582), a mystical cloistered Discalced Carmelite reformer and nun

''Fountain of the Four Rivers'' – fountain in Rome. The four gods on the corners of the fountain represent the four major rivers of the world known at the time: the Nile, Danube, Ganges, and Plate. The Nile is personified with a shroud over its head, as its source had not yet been discovered

''Abduction of Proserpine''

''Apollo and Daphne''

''Charity with Four Children''

''David''

''Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius''

'''Gutzon Borglum''' (1867 – 1941), the son of Mormon Danish immigrants

''Mount Rushmore''

'''Louise Bourgeois''' (1911 – 2010) was a French-American artist and sculptor, best known for her spider structures, titled ''Maman'', which resulted in her being nicknamed the “Spiderwoman”

''Maman'' – first made an appearance as part of Bourgeois’ commission for The Unilever Series for Tate Modern’s Turbine Hall in 2000

''Cells''

'''Constantin Brancusi''' (1876 – 1957) is called the patriarch of modern sculpture. Born in Romania

''Bird in Space'' – sold in 2005 for $27.5 million, at the time a record price for a sculpture sold in an auction

''The Column of the Infinite''

'''Thomas Brock''' (1847 – 1922) made seven statues of Queen Victoria

Imperial Memorial to Queen Victoria in front of Buckingham Palace

'''Alexander Calder''' (1898 – 1976) was an American sculptor known as the originator of the mobile, a type of kinetic sculpture. His early works in wire defined figures with delicate lines in space. Many of his works hung from the ceiling rather than standing on a plinth

'''Bruno Catalano''' (born 1958)

''Citizens of the World'' – sculptures that look like they are missing vital organs, on the Marseille waterfront

'''Anthony Caro''' (1924 – 2013) was an abstract sculptor whose work was characterized by assemblies of metal using 'found' industrial objects, particularly steel

''Early One Morning''

'''Antonio Canova''' (1757 – 1822) was an Italian sculptor from the Republic of Venice who became famous for his marble sculptures that delicately rendered nude flesh

''The Three Graces'' is a Neo-Classical sculpture in marble of the three charities, daughters of Zeus – identified on some engravings of the statue as Euphrosyne, Aglaea and Thalia, who were said to represent beauty, charm and joy

''Perseus with the Head of Medusa''

noted statues of Napoleon and George Washington

'''Maurizio Cattelan''' (born 1960) is known for his satirical sculptures

''La Nona Ora'' (''The Ninth Hour''), depicting the Pope John Paul II struck down by a meteorite

''Gold toilet''

''Banana stuck to wall''

'''Benvenuto Cellini''' (1500 – 1571) was an Italian goldsmith, painter, sculptor, soldier and musician of the Renaissance, who also wrote a famous autobiography. He had to flee Florence in 1563, having killed his brother’s murderer and was later charged four times for sodomy. Works include salt cellars and candlesticks

Cellini Salt Cellar (in Vienna called the Saliera) is a part-enamelled gold table sculpture. It was completed in 1543 for Francis I of France. The Saliera is the only work of gold which can be attributed to Cellini with certainty and is sometimes referred to as the ‘Mona Lisa of Sculpture’. In 2003, the Saliera was stolen from the Kunsthistorisches Museum. It was recovered in 2006

''Perseus Holding the Head of Medusa''

'''Dale Chihuly''' (born 1941) is an American glass sculptor, with works at V&A. Chihuly's largest permanent exhibit can be found at the Oklahoma City Museum of Art

'''Christo''' (1935-2020) Christo Javacheff was born in Bulgaria. Worked with his wife Jeanne-Claude (1935 – 2009)

Christo erected 7500 saffron-coloured vinyl panels in Central Park in 2005

Valley Curtain project – a 400-metre long cloth was to be stretched across Rifle Gap, a valley in the Rocky Mountains near Rifle, Colorado by Christo in 1972

Reichstag

Eiffel Tower

Serpentine

'''Tony Cragg''' (born 1949) was the director of the Kunstakademie Dusseldorf. Won the Turner Prize in 1988

'''Paul Day''' (born 1967)

''The Meeting Place'' – 9m bronze statue at new St Pancras

''Battle of Britain Monument'' in London is a sculpture on the Victoria Embankment. Opened in 2005

'''Donatello''' (c. 1386 – 1466) was an early Renaissance sculptor from Florence. He is known for his work in bas-relief. Donatello was born Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi

First large scale bronze equestrian statue was by Donatello

Statue of ''David'' – 1440s. David is bearing the sword of Goliath. Cast in bronze. Displayed in Bargello Palace, Florence

'''Jacob Epstein (1880 – 1959)'''

''St Michael and the Devil'' – sculpture at Coventry Cathedral, 1958

''Jacob and the Angel''

''Rock Drill''

Statue of Lazarus at New College Oxford

'''Dan Flavin''' (1933 – 1996) was an American minimalist sculptor who created sculptural objects and installations from commercially available fluorescent light fixtures. These works, which he called ‘icons’, have been credited with helping to start the minimalist movement in 1963

'''George Frampton''' (1860 – 1928)

lions at the British Museum

Peter Pan’s sculpture in Kensington Gardens

Edith Cavell Memorial that stands outside the National Portrait Gallery

'''Elizabeth Frink''' (1930 – 1993)

Eagle on pulpit in Coventry Cathedral

'''Naum Gabo''' (1890 – 1977) was a prominent Russian sculptor in the Constructivism movement and a pioneer of Kinetic art. Lived in St Ives during World War II

'''Jim Gary''' (1939 – 2006) was an American sculptor popularly known for his large, colourful creations of dinosaurs made from discarded automobile parts

'''Lorenzo Ghiberti''' (1378 – 1445)

sculpted the bronze doors known as the ''Gates of Paradise in the Baptistery'' in Florence after winning a competition against Brunelleschi

'''Alberto''' '''Giacometti''' (1901 – 1966) was born in Switzerland. Sculptures were mainly bronze ‘stick figures’. The two most expensive sculptures ever sold are both by Giacometti

''Three Men Walking'' – Giacometti

'''Alfred Gilbert''' (1854 – 1934) was a central participant in the New Sculpture movement

''Eros'' – first statue to be cast in aluminium. 1893, memorial to Lord Shaftesbury in Piccadilly Circus. The statue depicts Anteros as ‘the Angel of Christian Charity’

''Icarus'' – bronze sculpture

''Memorial to the Duke of Clarence''

'''Eric Gill''' (1882 – 1940) was an English sculptor, typeface designer, stonecutter and printmaker, who was associated with the Arts and Crafts movement. He is a controversial figure, with his well-known religious views and unusual sexual behaviour. An artistic community in Ditchling founded by Eric Gill during the early 20th century, and known as The Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic, survived until 1989

''Prospero and Ariel'', for the BBC's Broadcasting House in London

''The Creation of Adam'', three bas-reliefs in stone for the League of Nations building in Geneva

''Ecstasy''

'''Andy Goldsworthy''' (born 1956) is an outdoor sculptor and land artist. Exhibits at Yorkshire Sculpture Park

'''Anthony Gormley''' (born 1950) won the Turner Prize in 1994 with ''Field for the British Isles'' and was knighted in 2014

''Event Horizon'' – the project consists of 31 male bodies, all cast from the body of the artist himself, which were placed on top of prominent buildings along the London's South Bank

''Horizon Field'' is a 2010 sculpture installation. The installation features 100 life-sized cast iron statues of the human body left 2,000m above sea-level in the Austrian Alps

''Angel of the North'' was completed in 1998

''Quantum Cloud'' is located next to the Millennium Dome. At 30 metres high, it is Gormley's tallest sculpture to date

''Another Place'' consists of 100 cast iron sculptures of Anthony Gormley's own body, facing towards the sea. After being displayed at several locations in Europe, it has become permanently erected at Crosby Beach

'''Maggi Hambling''' (born 1945)

sculpture to commemorate Benjamin Britten. The result was ''Scallop'', a pair of oversized, 12 ft high, steel scallop shells installed on Aldeburgh beach

Memorial sculpture to Oscar Wilde, in Trafalgar Square

'''Barbara Hepworth''' (1903 – 1975) was born in Wakefield and was married to abstract painter Ben Nicholson. Barbara Hepworth museum is in St Ives

''Pierced Form''

''Three Forms''

''Winged Figure'' – sculpture on John Lewis, Oxford Street

''Crucifixion Homage to Mondrian'' – in the grounds of Winchester Catrhedral

'''Eva Hesse''' (1936 – 1970) was a German-born American sculptor, known for her pioneering work in materials such as latex, fibreglass, and plastics

'''Nancy Holt''' (1938 – 2014) was an American artist famous for her public sculpture, installation art and land art

''Sun Tunnels''

''Dark Star Park''

''Sky Mound''

'''Jean-Antoine Houdon''' (1741 – 1828) was a French neoclassical sculptor. Houdon is famous for his portrait busts and statues of philosophers, inventors and political figures of the Enlightenment

'''Philip Jackson''' (born 1944) is Royal Sculptor to the Queen

Jackson has designed many statues of footballers, including Bobby Moore outside Wembley Stadium

'''Charles Jagger''' (1885 – 1934) is best known for his war memorials

Royal Artillery Memorial at Hyde Park Corner

Great Western Railway War Memorial in Paddington Railway Station

'''Donald Judd''' (1928 – 1994) was a minimalist artist who used materials such as metals, industrial plywood, concrete and colour-impregnated Plexiglas

'''Anish Kapoor''' (born 1954) won the Turner Prize in 1991 and was knighted in 2013

''Cloud Gate'', a public sculpture is the centrepiece of the AT&T Plaza in Millennium Park within the Loop community area of Chicago

ArcelorMittal ''Orbit'' is a 114m tall sculpture and observation tower in the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. It is Britain's largest piece of public art

'''Jeff Koons''' (born 1955) is an American artist known for his reproductions of banal objects – such as balloon animals produced in stainless steel with mirror finish surfaces. Jeff Koons was influenced by Ed Paschke and Chicago Imagists. In 1991, Koons married Hungarian-born naturalized-Italian pornography star Cicciolina (Ilona Staller)

''Puppy'' – a 12 m tall topiary sculpture of a West Highland White Terrier puppy, executed in a variety of flowers on a steel substructure. The piece was purchased in 1997 by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and installed outside the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao

''Balloon Dog (Orange)'' sold at Christie's in New York City in 2013 for US$58.4 million

''The New''

''Made in Heaven''

''Celebrations''

'''Paul Landowski''' (1875 – 1961) was a French monument sculptor of Polish ancestry. He won a gold medal at the Art competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics for Sculpture

Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro, a 1931 collaboration with civil engineer Heitor da Silva Costa

'''Lee Lawrie''' (1887 – 1963) was one of the United States' foremost architectural sculptors

''Atlas'' (installed 1937) is a free-standing bronze at New York City's Rockefeller Center

'''Sol LeWitt''' (1928 – 2007) – work ranges from drawings to photographs and hundreds of works on paper and extends to structures in the form of towers, pyramids, geometric forms, and progressions. These works range in size from maquettes to monumental outdoor pieces

''Wall Drawings'', over 1100 of which have been executed

'''Daniel Libeskind''' (born 1946)

''Life Electric'' is a contemporary sculpture, dedicated to the physicist Alessandro Volta. It is located in Como, Italy

'''Walter De Maria''' (1935 – 2013)

''The Lightning Field'' (1977) is a land art work in New Mexico. It consists of 400 stainless steel poles with solid, pointed tips, arranged in a rectangular 1 mile × 1 kilometre grid array

'''Franz Messerschmidt''' (1736 – 1783) was a German-Austrian sculptor most famous for his ‘character heads’, a collection of busts with faces contorted in extreme facial expressions

'''Michelangelo''' (1475 – 1564)

''David'' – 1501. Sculpted in marble. Displayed in the Accademia Gallery in Florence. 17’ high. Commissioned by the Overseers of the Office of Works of the Duomo (Operai). Started by di Duccio, then Rossellino. Slingshot in left hand. It soon came to symbolize the defense of civil liberties embodied in the Florentine Republic, an independent city-state threatened on all sides by more powerful rival states and by the hegemony of the Medici family. The eyes of David, with a warning glare, were turned towards Rome

''Pieta'' – 1498. Marble sculpture in St Peter’s Basilica in Rome, depicts the body of Jesus in the arms of his mother Mary after the Crucifixion. In 1972, Laszlo Toth, a Hungarian-born Australian, leaped over a guard rail in St Peter's crying, "I'm Jesus Christ!" and attacked the statue with a hammer. The only sculpture ever signed by Michelangelo

''Bacchus'' – marble statue in the Bargello, Florence

The only sculpture by Michelangelo in England is the ''Taddei Tondo'' marble relief in the Royal Academy

'''Amedeo''' '''Modigliani''' (1884 – 1920) abandoned sculpting in 1914 and focused solely on his painting

''Tete'' – a limestone carving of a woman's head, became the second most expensive sculpture ever sold, in 2010

'''Henry Moore''' (1898 – 1986) was best known for his semi-abstract monumental bronze sculptures which are located around the world as public works of art. His forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically depicting mother-and-child or reclining figures. Born in Castleford

''Three Standing Figures'' – first sculpture

Shelter Drawings – drawings made in London Underground shelters during WWII

''Madonna and Child'' – sculpture in St Paul’s Cathedral

'''Ron Mueck''' (born 1958) is an Australian hyperrealist sculptor working in the United Kingdom. Mueck's sculptures faithfully reproduce the minute detail of the human body, but play with scale to produce disconcertingly jarring visual images

''Boy'' – a 5m tall sculpture of a boy, crouching. First shown in the Millennium Dome exhibition

'''Vera Mukhina''' (1889 – 1953) was known as the “Queen of Soviet Sculpture”

''Worker and Kolkhoz Woman''

'''Claes Oldenburg''' (born 1929) is a Swedish sculptor, best known for his public art installations typically featuring very large replicas of everyday objects. Another theme in his work is soft sculpture versions of everyday objects

'''Eduardo Paolozzi''' (1924 – 2005) was born in Edinburgh. Knighted in 1988. Paolozzi is well known for his Pop Art collages

''The Statue of Newton (after William Blake)'' is outside the British Library

Paolozzi designed the mosaic patterned walls of the Tottenham Court Road tube station

'''Phidias''' (c. 480 – c. 430 BC) was a Greek sculptor, painter and architect, who is commonly regarded as one of the greatest of all sculptors of Classical Greece: Phidias' Statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

Phidias also designed the statues of the goddess Athena on the Athenian Acropolis, namely the ''Athena Parthenos'' inside the Parthenon and the ''Athena Promachos'', a colossal bronze statue of Athena

'''Praxiteles''' of Athens was the most renowned of the Attic sculptors of the 4th century BC. He was the first to sculpt the nude female form in a life-size statue

'''Marc Quinn''' (born 1964) is a member of the Young British Artists

''Self'' – sculpture of Quinn’s head, using his own frozen blood

''Sphinx'' – a sculpture of the British supermodel Kate Moss in a complicated yoga position

''Alison Lapper Pregnant'' – fourth plinth at Trafalgar Square. Alison Lapper has a congenital disorder, phocomelia, which caused her to be born without arms and with truncated legs

'''Auguste''' '''Rodin''' (1840 – 1917)

''The Burghers of Calais'' serves as a monument to an occurrence in 1347 during the Hundred Years' War, when Calais was under siege by the English for over a year

''The Gates of Hell'' depicts a scene from ''The Inferno'', the first section of ''The Divine Comedy''. The original sculptures, including ''The Thinker'' and ''The Kiss'', became works of art on their own. The plaster original was restored in 1917 and is displayed at the Musee d'Orsay in Paris

Some critics believe ''The Thinker'' was originally intended to depict Dante at the Gates of Hell

''Le Baiser'' (''The Kiss)'' was originally titled ''Francesca da Rimini'', as it depicts the 13th century Italian noblewoman immortalised in Dante's ''Inferno'' (Circle 2, Canto 5) who falls in love with her husband Giovanni Malatesta's younger brother Paolo. Sculpted in 1889

''Monument to Balzac''

'''Doris Salcedo''' (born 1958) is a Colombian-born sculptor

''Shibboleth'' – crack in the floor of the Turbine Hall at Tate Modern

'''Richard Serra''' (born 1939) is an American minimalist sculptor and video artist known for working with large scale assemblies of sheet metal. Serra was involved in the Process Art Movement

'''David Smith''' (1906 – 1965) was an American sculptor. Many sculptures of industrial parts welded together

''Cubi'' series – a group of stainless steel sculptures built from cubes, rectangular solids and cylinders with spheroidal or flat endcaps. These pieces are among the last works completed by Smith

'''Andy Scott''' (born 1964) is a Scottish sculptor

''The Heavy Horse'' – sculpture of a Clydesdale horse by near the M8 in Glasgow

''The Kelpies'' – two 30-metre-high horse-head sculptures, standing next to a new extension to the Forth and Clyde Canal, in Falkirk

'''Jason deCaires Taylor''' (born 1974) is an English sculptor specializing in the creation of contemporary underwater sculptures which over time develop into artificial coral reefs'''.''' His most ambitious project to date is the creation of the world's largest underwater sculpture museum, MUSA, situated off the coast of Cancun

'''Pietro Torrigiano''' (1472 – 1528) was an Italian sculptor of the Florentine school. Torrigiano was invited to England to execute the effigial monument for Henry VII and his queen, which still exists in the lady chapel of Westminster Abbey

'''James Turrell''' (born 1943)

''Roden Crater'' – a natural cinder cone crater located outside Flagstaff, Arizona that is being turned into a massive naked-eye observatory

'''Mark Wallinger''' (born 1959).

''Ecce Homo'' – the first work to occupy the empty fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square

''State Britain'' – an installation artwork displayed in Tate Britain. It is a recreation from scratch of a protest display about the treatment of Iraq, set up by Brian Haw outside Parliament. Wallinger won the Turner Prize in 2007 for this piece

A set of 270 enamel plaques, one for every London tube station, to mark the 150th anniversary of the London Underground

'''Rachel Whiteread''' (born 1963)

''House'' – was a concrete cast of the inside of an entire Victorian terraced house completed in 1993, exhibited at the location of the original house, 193 Grove Road, in East London. It drew mixed responses, winning her both the Turner Prize in 1993 and the K Foundation art award for worst British artist. Tower Hamlets London Borough Council demolished ''House'' in 1994

''Untitled Monument'' – (also variously known as ''Plinth'' or ''Inverted Plinth'') was a sculpture for the fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square. Her sculpture was an 11-ton resin cast of the plinth itself

''Holocaust Memorial'' – in Vienna

''Shy Sculptures'' – huts or sheds cast in concrete and situated in remote locations

'''Korczak Ziolkowski''' (1908 – 1982) was the American designer and sculptor of

Crazy Horse Memorial – in Custer County, South Dakota. It depicts Crazy Horse, an Oglala Lakota warrior, riding a horse and pointing into the distance. The memorial was commissioned by Henry Standing Bear, a Lakota elder

''Venus de Milo (Aphrodite of Melos)'' is a 2nd century BC Greek sculpture, in the Louvre

''The Winged Victory of Samothrace'', also called ''Nike of Samothrace'', is a marble sculpture of the Greek goddess of Victory, Nike, discovered in 1863 on the island of Samothrace by the French archaeologist Charles Champoiseau. The statue is now displayed in the Louvre in Paris

''Venus de' Medici'' is a lifesize Hellenistic marble sculpture depicting the Greek goddess of love Aphrodite. It is housed in the Uffizi

''Capitoline Wolf'' is a bronze sculpture of a she-wolf suckling twin infants, inspired by the legend of the founding of Rome. The statue was long thought to be an Etruscan work of the 5th century BC, with the twins added in the late 15th century AD, probably by the sculptor Antonio Pollaiolo

''Discobolus'' of Myron ("discus thrower") s a Greek sculpture that was completed c. 450 BC. The Townley ''Discobolus'', a Roman copy, is at the British Museum

Elgin Marbles are a collection of classical Greek marble sculptures (mostly by Phidias and his pupils), inscriptions and architectural members that originally were part of the Parthenon and other buildings on the Acropolis of Athens. Thomas Bruce, the 7th Earl of Elgin obtained a controversial permit from the Ottoman authorities to remove pieces from the Parthenon while serving as the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1799 to 1803

== Most expensive sculptures (May 2021) ==
''Pointing Man'' – Alberto Giacometti, $141 million

''The Walking Man I'' – Alberto Giacometti, $104 million

''Chariot'' – Alberto Giacometti, $101 million

''Rabbit'' – Jeff Koons, $91 million

''Portrait of Nancy Cunard'', Constantin Brancusi, $71 million

== Turner Prize ==
Turner Prize started in 1984, with a prize on £10,000

Drexel Burnham Lambert sponsorship ended in 1990 when the prize was not awarded

Prize increased to £20,000 in 1991 with sponsorship from Channel 4

In 2004 the first prize was increased to £25,000

In 2007 the prize was held outside London for the first time, in Tate Liverpool

In 2019 the prize was shared by all nominees (Lawrence Abu Hamdan, Helen Cammock, Tai Shani, and Oscar Murillo) after they wrote a letter asking the judges not to choose a single winner

2020 prize cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic

'''Notable winners'''
{| class="wikitable"
|1984
|Malcolm Morley
|Inaugural prize
|-
|1985
|Howard Hodgkin
|
|-
|1986
|Gilbert and George
|
|-
|1989
|Richard Long
|
|-
|1991
|Anish Kapoor
|
|-
|1993
|Rachel Whiteread
|First female winner, for ''House''
|-
|1994
|Antony Gormley
|
|-
|1995
|Damien Hirst
|
|-
|1996
|Douglas Gordon
|First winner with a video
|-
|1997
|Gillian Wearing
|Video ''60 minutes of Silence''
|-
|1998
|Chris Ofili
|Paintings using elephant dung
|-
|1999
|Steve McQueen
|Tracey Emin exhibited ''My Be''d
|-
|2000
|Wolfgang Tillmans
|First photographer and first non-British winner
|-
|2001
|Martin Creed
|''Work No. 227: The lights going on and off''
|-
|2003
|Grayson Perry
|
|-
|2004
|Jeremy Deller
|Film ''Memory Bucket''
|-
|2005
|Simon Starling
|''Shedboatshed''
|-
|2006
|Tomma Abts
|
|-
|2007
|Mark Wallinger
|''State Britain''
|-
|2010
|Susan Philipsz
|First sound artist to win
|-
|2015
|Assemble
|Architecture and design collective
|-
|2018
|Lubaina Himid
|
|-
|2019
|Charlotte Prodger
|
|}

Art and Culture/Art and Sculpture

2022-08-02T09:46:19Z

Loonapick: /* Most expensive paintings (August 2022) */

== Art Schools and Movements ==
'''Abstract''' art, nonfigurative art, nonobjective art, and nonrepresentational art are loosely related terms. Abstraction indicates a departure from reality in depiction of imagery in art

'''Aestheticism''' (or the Aesthetic Movement) was a European art movement that was part of the anti-19th century reaction and had post-Romantic origins, and as such anticipates modernism. It was a feature of th e late 19th century from about 1868 to about 1900. Artists associated with the Aesthetic style include James McNeill Whistler, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and Aubrey Beardsley

'''Arte Povera''' was introduced in Italy during the period of upheaval at the end of the 1960s, when artists were taking a radical stance. The term was introduced by the Italian art critic and curator, Germano Celant, in 1967. '''Lucio Fontana had ties to Arte Povera'''

'''Art Nouveau''' was most popular from 1890 to1910. The style was influenced strongly by Czech artist Alphonse Mucha, when Mucha produced a lithographed poster, which appeared in 1895 in the streets of Paris as an advertisement for the play ''Gismonda'' by Victorien Sardou, featuring Sarah Bernhardt

'''Ashcan School''' was a realist artistic movement that came into prominence in the United States during the early twentieth century, best known for works portraying scenes of daily life in New York's poorer neighborhoods. Members included John Sloan

'''Ashington Group''' was a small society of artists from Ashington, Northumberland, which met regularly between 1934 and 1984. Despite being composed largely of miners with no formal artistic training, the Group and its work became celebrated in the British art world of the 1930s and 1940s

'''Barbizon school''' (c. 1830–1870) of painters is named after the village of Barbizon near Fontainebleau Forest. The leaders of the Barbizon school were Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot, Théodore Rousseau, Jean-François Millet and Charles-François Daubigny

'''Der Blaue Reiter''' ('''The Blue Rider''') was founded by a number of Russian emigrants, including Wassily Kandinsky, and native German artists, such as Franz Marc. The movement lasted from 1911 to 1914, and was fundamental to Expressionism

'''Bolognese School''' flourished in Bologna, the capital of Emilia Romagna, between the 16th and 17th centuries. Its most important representatives include the Carracci family, including Ludovico, and his two cousins, the brothers Agostino and Annibale

'''Borough Group''' was founded by Cliff Holden in 1946 with the purpose of developing the ideas of fellow artist David Bomberg, who taught at the then Borough Polytechnic during the 1940s and 1950s

'''Die Brucke''' ('''The Bridge''') was a German Expressionist art movement founded by four students of architecture in 1905 in Dresden. The name comes from a passage in Nietzsche’s ''Thus Spake Zarathrustra''. The founders were Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Erich Heckel, Karl Schmitt-Rottluff and Fritz Bleyl. Later members were Emil Nolde, Max Pechstein and Otto Mueller. In 1911 the artists moved to Berlin

'''Byzantine''' art is the term commonly used to describe the artistic products of the Eastern Roman Empire from about the 5th century until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Many religious pictures with gold

'''Cabal of Naples''' was a notorious triumvirate of painters in the city of Naples that operated during the early Baroque period from the late 1610s to the early 1640s. It was led by the Spaniard Jusepe de Ribera, who had established himself in Naples after fleeing creditors in Rome in 1616, and also consisted of the Neapolitan Battistello Caracciolo and Greek Belisario Corenzio

'''Camden Town Group''' was a group of Post-Impressionist artists active 1911-1913. They gathered frequently at the studio of painter Walter Sickert in the Camden Town area. Spencer Gore was president of Camden Town Group

'''Cloisonnism''' was a style of post-Impressionist painting with bold and flat forms separated by dark contours. The term was coined by critic Edouard Dujardin in 1888. In ''Yellow Christ'' (1889), often cited as a quintessential cloisonnist work, Gauguin reduced the image to areas of single colours separated by heavy black outlines. In such works he paid little attention to classical perspective and boldly eliminated subtle gradations of colour – two of the most characteristic principles of post-Renaissance painting

'''COBRA''' (or CoBrA) was a European avant-garde movement active from 1949 to 1951. The name was coined in 1948 by Christian Dotremont from the initials of the members' home cities: Copenhagen (Co), Brussels (Br), Amsterdam (A)

'''Color Field painting''' is a style of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the 1940s and 1950s. It was inspired by European modernism and closely related to Abstract Expressionism, while many of its notable early proponents were among the pioneering Abstract Expressionists. Color Field painting is characterized primarily by large fields of flat, solid color spread across or stained into the canvas; creating areas of unbroken surface and a flat picture plane

'''Constructivism''' was an artistic and architectural movement that originated in Russia from 1919 onward which rejected the idea of ‘art for art's sake’ in favour of art as a practice directed towards social purposes. Best known artist is Vladimir Tatlin, who is most famous for his attempts to create the giant tower, ''The Monument to the Third International''

'''Cubism''' or ‘bizarre cubiques’ was a term first used by French art critic Louis Vauxcelles in 1908 after seeing a picture by Braque. He described it as ‘full of little cubes’. Cubism used a multiplicity of viewpoints

Analytic cubism was mainly practiced by Braque, and is very simple, with dark, almost monochromatic colours. Synthetic cubism is much more energetic, and often makes use of collage involving several two-dimensional materials. This type of cubism was developed by Picasso – the first work of this new style was Picasso's ''Still Life with Chair-caning'' (1911), which included oil cloth pasted on the canvas

'''Dada''' or Dadaism is a cultural movement that began in Zurich during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922. The movement concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works. Its purpose was to ridicule what its participants considered to be the meaninglessness of the modern world. Dada was also anti-bourgeois and anarchistic in nature. The Dada movement in Berlin was instrumental in making montage into a modern art-form. They first coined the term ‘photomontage’, around 1918 or 1919

'''Danube School''' is the name of a circle of painters of the 16th century in Bavaria and Austria. They were among the first painters to regularly use pure landscape painting

'''Degenerate art''' is the English translation of the German ‘entartete Kunst’, a term adopted by the Nazi regime in Germany to describe virtually all modern art. Such art was banned on the grounds that it was un-German or Jewish Bolshevist in nature. ‘Degenerate Art’ was also the title of an exhibition, mounted by the Nazis in Munich in 1937, consisting of modernist artworks chaotically hung and accompanied by text labels deriding the art

'''Divisionism''' was the characteristic style in Neo-Impressionist painting defined by the separation of colours into individual dots or patches which interacted optically. Georges Seurat founded the style around 1884 as chromoluminarism. Divisionism developed along with another style, Pointillism

'''Donkey's Tail''' was a Russian artistic group created from the most radical members of the '''Jack of Diamonds''' group. The group included such painters as: Mikhail Larionov (inventor of the name), Natalia Gontcharova, Kazimir Malevich, Marc Chagall, and Alexander Shevchenko

'''Les Fauves''' (French for The Wild Beasts) were a short-lived and loose grouping of early 20th century Modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong colour over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism. While Fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910, the movement as such lasted only three years, 1905 – 1907, and had three exhibitions. The leaders of the movement were Henri Matisse and Andre Derain. Other artists included Maurice de Vlaminck, Raoul Dufy, the Dutch painter Kees van Dongen, and Georges Braque. The term ‘fauvism’ was coined by Louis Vauxcelles

'''Found art''' or more commonly ‘found object’ (French: objet trouve) or readymade—describes art created from the undisguised, but often modified, use of objects that are not normally considered art, often because they already have a non-art function. Marcel Duchamp was the originator of this in the early 20th century

'''Futurism''' was founded by the Italian writer Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and he was its most influential personality. He launched the movement in his Futurist Manifesto, which he published for the first time in 1909 in ''La gazzetta dell'Emilia''

'''Genre paintings''' feature domestic scenes from everyday life

'''Gutai group''' (means ‘tangible; material; concrete’) was an artistic movement and association of artists founded by Jiro Yoshihara in Japan in 1954

'''Hard-edge painting''' is painting in which abrupt transitions are found between colour areas. Colour areas are often of one unvarying color. The Hard-edge painting style is related to Geometric abstraction, Op Art, Post-painterly Abstraction, and Color Field painting

'''Heidelberg School''' was an Australian art movement of the late 19th century. The movement has latterly been described as Australian Impressionism. The term was coined in July by art critic Sidney Dickenson, reviewing the works of Melbourne-based artists Arthur Streeton and Walter Withers

'''Hudson River School''' flourished in the mid-19th century. Founded by Thomas Cole. Frederic Church was a central figure

'''Impressionism''' was coined by Louis Leroy after seeing ''Impression Sunrise'' by Monet. First impressionist exhibition was in 1874. Eighth and last impressionist exhibition was in Paris in 1886

'''Independent Group''' (IG) met at the Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) London from 1952 to 1955. The IG consisted of painters, sculptors, architects, writers and critics who wanted to challenge prevailing modernist approaches to culture. The Independent Group is regarded as the precursor to the Pop Art movement in Britain and the US

'''International Gothic''' is a subset of Gothic art developed in Burgundy, Bohemia and northern Italy in the late 14th century and early 15th century. The term was coined by the French art historian Louis Courajod. Practitioners include Gentile da Fabriano and Jacopo Bellini

'''Intimisme''' was a development of impressionism, concerned with small, domestic, interior scenes. Includes paintings by Vuillard and Bonnard

'''Kinetic Art''' is art that contains moving parts or depends on motion for its effect. The moving parts are generally powered by wind, a motor or the observer

'''Land art''', '''Earthworks''' (coined by Robert Smithson), or '''Earth art''' is an art movement which emerged in the United States in the late 1960s, in which landscape and the work of art are inextricably linked

'''London Group''' is an artists' exhibiting society founded in 1913, when the Camden Town Group came together with the English Vorticists and other independent artists to challenge the domination of the Royal Academy, which had become unadventurous and conservative. Founding artists included Walter Sickert, Jacob Epstein, Wyndham Lewis and Henri Gaudier-Brzeska

'''Luminism''' was a late-impressionist or neo-impressionist style in painting which devotes great attention to light effects. The term has been used for the style of the Belgian painters such as Emile Claus and Théo van Rysselberghe and their followers

'''Mannerism''' was a period of European painting, sculpture, architecture and decorative arts lasting from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520 until the arrival of the Baroque around 1600

'''Minimalism''' was a reaction to Pop Art. Minimal art appeared in New York in the 1960s as new and older artists moved toward geometric abstraction; exploring via painting in the cases of Frank Stella, Ellsworth Kelly and others; and sculpture in the works of various artists including Anthony Caro, Sol LeWitt, Carl Andre, Dan Flavin, Donald Judd and others

'''Mosan art''' is a regional style of art from the valley of the Meuse in present-day Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany. Although in a broader sense the term applies to art from this region from all periods, it generally refers to Romanesque art

'''Les Nabis''' were a group of Post-Impressionist avant-garde artists in France in the 1890s. Members included Maurice Denis, Pierre Bonnard, and Edouard Vuillard. Influenced by the work of Gauguin

'''Nazarene''' were a group of early 19th century German Romantic painters who aimed to revive honesty and spirituality in Christian art. The name Nazarene came from a term of derision used against them for their affectation of a biblical manner of clothing and hair style

'''Neoclassicism''' began after 1765, as a reaction against both the surviving Baroque and Rococo styles, and as a desire to return to the perceived ‘purity’ of the arts of Rome, the more vague perception (‘ideal’) of Ancient Greek arts, and, to a lesser extent, 16th century Renaissance Classicism. Contrasting with the Baroque and the Rococo, Neo-classical paintings are devoid of pastel colors and haziness; instead, they have sharp colors with chiaroscuro. In the case of Neo-classicism in France, a prime example is Jacques-Louis David

'''Neo-expressionism''' is a style of modern painting and sculpture that emerged in the late 1970s and dominated the art market until the mid-1980s. Related to American Lyrical Abstraction, New Image Painting and precedents in Pop painting, it developed as a reaction against the conceptual and minimalistic art of the 1970s

'''Neo-impressionism''' was coined by French art critic Felix Feneon in 1886 to describe an art movement founded by Georges Seurat

'''Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity)''' was an art movement that arose in Germany in the early 1920s as an outgrowth of, and in opposition to, Expressionism. The movement essentially ended in 1933 with the fall of the Weimar Republic. Artists included Otto Dix and George Grosz. Term coined by Gustav Hartlaub in 1923

'''New Sculpture''' refers to a movement in late 19th century British sculpture. ''Eros'' by Alfred Gilbert is one of the best-known examples of New Sculpture

'''The New York School''' was founded by Jackson Pollock (‘action painting’). Artists included Willem de Kooning and Philip Guston

'''Norwich School''' of painters founded by John Crome. James Stark and John Cotman were members of the Norwich School. Mousehole Heath, near Norwich, featured in paintings by Norwich School artists

'''Op Art''' was coined by ''Time Magazine'' in 1964 in response to Julian Stanczak's show Optical Paintings at the Martha Jackson gallery, to mean a form of abstract art (specifically non-objective art) that uses optical illusions. Bridget Riley is one of the foremost exponents of op art

'''Orphism''' or '''Orphic Cubism''', a term coined by the French poet Guillaume Apollinaire in 1912, was an offshoot of Cubism that focused on pure abstraction and bright colours. Perceived as key in the transition from Cubism to Abstract art, was pioneered by Robert Delaunay and Sonia Delaunay

'''Outsider Art''' was coined by art critic Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for '''Art Brut''' (‘raw art’ or ‘rough art’), a label created by French artist Jean Dubuffet to describe art created outside the boundaries of official culture

'''Paranoiac-critical method''' is a surrealist technique developed by Salvador Dalí in the early 1930s. He employed it in the production of paintings and other artworks, especially those that involved optical illusions and other multiple images

'''Peredvizhniki''', often called The Wanderers in English, were a group of Russian realist artists who in protest at academic restrictions formed an artists' cooperative which evolved into the Society for Traveling Art Exhibitions in 1870

'''Pointillism''' is the use of dots of paint and does not necessarily focus on the separation of colours

'''Pont-Aven School''' produced works of art iconographically due to Pont-Aven and its surroundings. Originally the term was focusing works of the artists' colony emerging there since the 1850s, and some decades later the work of the group of painters gathering around the artist Paul Gauguin in the early 1890s. Their work is characterized by the bold use of pure colour and Symbolist choice of subject matter

'''Pop Art''' was a reaction to Abstract Expressionism. The term is often credited to Lawrence Alloway

'''Post-Impressionism''' coined by Roger Fry when he organized the 1910 exhibition ''Manet and the Post-Impressionists''

'''Post-painterly Abstraction''' is a term created by art critic Clement Greenberg as the title for an exhibit he curated for the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1964

'''Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood''' (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets and critics, founded in 1848 by John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Holman Hunt. The group's intention was to reform art by rejecting what they considered to be the mechanistic approach adopted by the Mannerist artists who followed Raphael and Michelangelo. They believed that the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on academic teaching of art. Hence the name Pre-Raphaelite. In particular they objected to the influence of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the founder of the English Royal Academy of Arts. In contrast they wanted to return to the abundant detail, intense colours, and complex compositions of Italian and Flemish art. Other members of the brotherhood were James Collinson (painter), William Michael Rossetti (critic), Frederic George Stephens (critic), and Thomas Woolner (sculptor, poet). Elizabeth Siddal was the model for Millais’s ''Ophelia''. She was the most important model to sit for the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and was married to Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Annie Miller was a model for the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, notable for ''The Awakening Conscience'' by William Holman Hunt

'''Productivism''' was an art movement founded by a group of Constructivist artists in post-Revolutionary Russia who believed that art should have a practical, socially useful role as a facet of industrial production

'''Rayonism''' is a style of abstract art that developed in Russia in 1911. Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova developed rayonism after hearing a series of lectures about Futurism by Marinetti in Moscow

'''Rococo''' is an 18th century artistic movement and style. The Rococo developed in the early part of the 18th century in Paris as a reaction against the grandeur, symmetry and strict regulations of the Baroque, especially that of the Palace of Versailles

'''Romanesque art''' refers to the art of Europe from approximately 1000 AD to the rise of the Gothic style in the 13th century, or later, depending on region

'''School of Fontainebleau''' refers to two periods of artistic production in France during the late Renaissance centered around the royal Chateau de Fontainebleau, that were crucial in forming the French version of Northern Mannerism

'''Scottish Colourists''' were a group of painters whose work was not very highly regarded when it was first exhibited in the 1920s and 1930s, but which in the late 20th Century came to have a formative influence on contemporary Scottish art. The leading figure of the movement was John Duncan Fergusson

'''Section d'Or''', also called ‘Groupe de Puteaux’, was a near-Paris-based collective of Cubist painters that was active from 1912 to around 1914. Originating as an offshoot of Cubism, the movement began with an exhibition at the Galerie La Boetie in Paris in 1912, which was also accompanied by publication of the treaty ‘Du Cubisme’ by Metzinger and Gleizes

'''Sienese School''' of painting flourished between the 13th and 15th centuries and for a time rivaled Florence, though it was more conservative, being inclined towards the decorative beauty and elegant grace of late Gothic art. Its most important representatives include Duccio, and his pupil Simone Martini

'''Socialist Realism''' was the officially approved type of art in the Soviet Union for nearly sixty years. Communist doctrine decreed that all material goods and means of production belonged to the community as a whole. This included means of producing art, which were also seen as powerful propaganda tools

'''St John’s Wood Clique''' was a group of seven Victorian artists including WF Yeames

'''Suprematism''' was an art movement focused on fundamental geometric forms (in particular the square and circle) which formed in Russia in 1915–1916

'''Stuckism''' is an international art movement that was founded in 1999 by Billy Childish and Charles Thomson to promote figurative painting in opposition to conceptual art

'''Surrealism''' began in the early 1920s. Leader Andre Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I and the most important centre of the movement was Paris. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe

'''Symbolism''' is the use of symbols to concentrate or intensify meaning, making the work more subjective than objective

'''Tachisme''' is a French style of abstract painting popular in the 1940s and 1950s. It is often considered to be the European equivalent to abstract expressionism. It was part of a larger postwar movement known as Art Informel

'''Tubism''' is a term coined by the art critic Louis Vauxcelles in 1911 to describe the style of French artist Fernand Leger. Meant as derision, the term was inspired by Leger's idiosyncratic version of Cubism, in which he emphasized cylindrical shapes

'''Vanitas''' was a type of symbolic still life painting commonly executed by Northern European painters in Flanders and the Netherlands in the 16th and 17th centuries. Common vanitas symbols include skulls and rotten fruit

'''Viennese Secession''' was founded by Gustav Klimt in 1890s. Ver Sacrum (‘sacred spring’) was the official magazine of the Vienna Secession, and was published from 1898 to 1903

'''Vorticism''' group began with the Rebel Art Centre which Wyndham Lewis and others established after disagreeing with Omega Workshops founder Roger Fry, and has roots in the Bloomsbury Group, Cubism, and Futurism. The name Vorticism was given to the movement by Ezra Pound in 1913. BLAST was the short-lived literary magazine of the Vorticist movement in Britain. It had two editions, the first published in July 1914 and the second a year later

'''Les XX''' was a group of twenty Belgian painters, designers and sculptors, formed in 1883 by the Brussels lawyer, publisher, and entrepreneur Octave Maus. James Ensor was a founding member

== Art terms ==
Armature – clay or plaster figure support

Ben-Day Dots printing process – named after illustrator and printer Benjamin Day, is similar to Pointillism. Depending on the effect, color and optical illusion needed, small colored dots are closely spaced, widely spaced or overlapping. Ben-Day dots were considered the hallmark of Roy Lichtenstein, who enlarged and exaggerated them in many of his paintings and sculptures

Black cube – art museum that is architecturally designed or renovated with special consideration for the particular needs of modern digital art, installation art, and video art

Capriccio – an architectural fantasy, placing together buildings, archaeological remains and other architectural elements in fictional and often fantastical combinations

Catalogue raisonne – a monograph giving a comprehensive catalogue of artworks by an artist

Chiaroscuro – technique employed in the visual arts to represent light and shadow

as they define three-dimensional objects

Decoupage – the art of decorating an object by gluing colored paper cutouts onto it in combination with special paint effects, or gold leaf

Fresco-secco – a fresco painting technique in which pigments ground in water are tempered using egg yolk or whole egg mixed with water which are applied to plaster that has been moistened to simulate fresh plaster

Glue-size – refers to a technique in painting where pigment is bound to cloth (usually linen) with glue extracted from animal tissue

Gouache – an opaque, water-soluble paint. Also known as ‘body colour’. Associated with the rococo style

Griaille – a painting executed entirely in monochrome or near-monochrome

Illusionistic ceiling painting – which includes the technique of quadratura, is the tradition in Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo art in which trompe l'oeil, perspective tools such as foreshortening, and other spatial effects are used to create the illusion of three-dimensional space on an otherwise two-dimensional or mostly flat ceiling surface

Lead white – known as flake white, is also known as Cremnitz white

Morbidezza – delicacy or softness in the representation of flesh

Photorealism – a genre of art in which an artist studies a photograph and then attempts to reproduce the image as realistically as possible in another medium

Sfumato – without lines or borders, in the manner of smoke. Refers to the blending of colours so there is no perceptible transition between them. Used in the ''Mona Lisa''

Tempera – also known as egg tempera, is a permanent fast-drying painting medium consisting of coloured pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium

Tenebrism – also called dramatic illumination, is a style of painting using violent contrasts of light and dark. A heightened form of chiaroscuro, it creates the look of figures emerging from the dark. Caravaggio was a tenebrist artist

Trompe l’oeil – means ‘fool the eye’. The artistic ability to depict an object so exactly as to make it appear real

Veduta – a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting or, actually more often print, of a cityscape or some other vista

== Art galleries ==

=== United Kingdom ===
'''National Gallery''' in Trafalgar Square was founded in 1824

'''National Portrait Gallery''' was the first portrait gallery in the world when it opened in 1856. The gallery moved in 1896 to its current site at St Martin's Place, off Trafalgar Square. It has three regional outposts at Beningbrough Hall, Bodelwyddan Castle and Montacute House

'''Tate Britain''' (known from 1897 to 1932 as the National Gallery of British Art and from 1932 to 2000 as the Tate Gallery) is an art gallery situated on Millbank. Founded by sugar merchant Henry Tate. Tate Britain includes the Clore Gallery of 1987, designed by James Stirling, which houses work by J.M.W. Turner

'''Tate Modern''' is based in the former Bankside Power Station. Designed by Herzog & de Meuron. Opened in 2000

'''Tate Liverpool''' was founded in 1988

'''Tate St Ives''' was founded in 1993

'''Royal Academy of Arts''' is based in Burlington House on Piccadilly. Founded through a personal act of King George III in 1768

The Strand block of Somerset House, designed by William Chambers from 1775 to 1780, has housed the '''Courtauld Institute''' since 1989.The art collection at the Institute was begun by its founder, Samuel Courtauld, who presented an extensive collection of mainly French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings in 1932

'''Hayward Gallery''' is within the Southbank Centre. Opened in 1968

London's '''Llewellyn Alexander Gallery''' showcases best art that was rejected for the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, in show called Not The Royal Academy

The '''Saatchi Gallery''' is a London gallery for contemporary art opened by Charles Saatchi in 1985 in order to show his sizeable (and changing) collection to the public. It has occupied different premises, first in North London, then the South Bank by the River Thames, and Chelsea (opened to the public in 2007)

'''White Cube''' is a contemporary art gallery owned by Jay Jopling with two branches in London: Mason's Yard in central London and Bermondsey in South East London, one in Hong Kong and one in Sao Paulo. The Hoxton Square space in the East End of London was closed at the end of 2012

'''Dulwich Picture Gallery''' was designed by Regency architect Sir John Soane using an innovative and influential method of illumination, and was opened to the public in 1817. The building is the oldest public art gallery in England

'''Walker Art Gallery''' is in Liverpool

'''Howarth Art Gallery''' is in Accrington

'''Whitworth Art Gallery''' was founded in 1889 in memory of Joseph Whitworth. Now part of the University of Manchester

'''Icon''' is art gallery in Birmingham

'''Herbert Art Gallery and Museum''' is in Coventry

The '''Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art''', or mima, is a contemporary art gallery based in the centre of Middlesbrough

'''Fruitmarket Art Gallery''' is in Edinburgh

The '''Scottish National Portrait Gallery''' was established in 1882, before its new building was completed. The London National Portrait Gallery was the first such separate museum in the world, however it did not move into its current purpose-built building until 1896, making the Edinburgh gallery the first in the world to be specially built as a portrait gallery

'''Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum''' in Glasgow is most visited museum in the United Kingdom outside London. The gallery is located on Argyle Street, in the West End of the city, on the banks of the River Kelvin

=== Europe ===
Austria

'''Vienna Kunstlerhaus''' is an art exhibition building in Vienna. It is located on Karlsplatz near the Ringstrasse, next to the Musikverein. It was built between 1865 and 1868 by the Austrian Artists' Society, the oldest surviving artists' society in Austria

France

'''Louvre''' opened in 1793. It is located on the Right Bank of the Seine in Paris. The Louvre is the world's most visited museum

'''Musee d’Orsay''' is a museum in Paris, on the left bank of the Seine. It is housed in the former Gare d'Orsay, a Beaux-Arts railway station built between 1898 and 1900. The museum holds mainly French art dating from 1848 to 1915

'''Musée National d'Art Moderne''' is the national museum for modern art of France. It is located in Paris and is housed in the Centre Pompidou

'''Musee du Luxembourg''' is a museum in Paris. From 1750 to 1780 it was the first public painting gallery in Paris

'''Musee Marmottan Monet''' in Paris features a collection of over three hundred Impressionist and Post-Impressionist works by Claude Monet (with the largest collection of his works in the world), Berthe Morisot, Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet, Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro, Paul Gauguin, Paul Signac and Pierre-Auguste Renoir

'''Toulouse-Lautrec Museum''' is in Albi, 85 km northeast of Toulouse

Germany

'''Brandhorst''' is a new modern art museum in Munich

'''Haus der Kunst''' in Munich was constructed from 1934 to 1937 following plans of architect Paul Ludwig Troost as the Third Reich's first monumental structure of Nazi architecture and as Nazi propaganda

'''Alte Pinakothek''' is an art museum situated in the Kunstareal in Munich. It is one of the oldest galleries in the world and houses one of the most famous collections of Old Master paintings. The Neue Pinakothek covers 19th century art and the recently opened '''Pinakothek der Moderne''' exhibits modern art, all galleries are part of Munich's Kunstareal (the ‘art area’)

Museum Island in Berlin contains five museums, including the '''Bode Museum''' and the '''Pergamon Museum'''

Italy

'''Peggy Guggenheim Collection''' is a modern art museum on the Grand Canal in Venice

'''Bargello''', also known as the Bargello Palace or Palazzo del Popolo (Palace of the People) is a former barracks and prison, now an art museum, in Florence. Its collection includes Donatello's ''David''

'''Uffizi''' gallery is located in Florence. The building of Uffizi was begun by Giorgio Vasari in 1560 for Cosimo I de' Medici so as to accommodate the offices of the Florentine magistrates, hence the name uffizi, "offices".

'''Borghese''' art gallery is in Rome. Home to works by Caravaggio, Titian and Raphael

Netherlands

'''Mauritshaus''' is an art museum in The Hague. The museum houses the Royal Cabinet of Paintings which consists of 841 objects, mostly Dutch Golden Age paintings

'''Rijksmuseum''' is a Netherlands national museum dedicated to arts and history in Amsterdam. Established in 1800

'''Stedelijk''' is a museum for modern art. It is located at the Museum Square in the borough Amsterdam South, where it is close to the '''Van Gogh Museum''', the Rijksmuseum, and the Concertgebouw

Russia

The '''Hermitage''' in St Petersburg was founded in 1764 by Catherine the Great and has been open to the public since 1852. Its collections, of which only a small part is on permanent display, comprise over three million items, including the largest collection of paintings in the world

'''Tretyakov Gallery''' is an art gallery in Moscow, the foremost depository of Russian fine art in the world

Spain

Golden Triangle of Art is made up of three important art museums that are close to each other in the centre of Madrid. The three art museums are: '''Prado Museum''', National Museum featuring pre-20th century art; Museo Nacional '''Centro de Arte Reina Sofía''', National Museum featuring 20th century modern art; '''Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum''', private museum, historical through contemporary art

Upon the deposition of Isabella II in 1868, The Royal Museum was nationalized and acquired the new name of Museo del Prado

'''MACBA''' – Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art

'''Guggenheim Museum Bilbao''' was designed by Frank Gehry and opened in 1997

'''Dali Theatre and Museum''' is a museum of the artist Salvador Dali in his home town of Figueres, in Catalonia. The museum facade is topped by a series of giant eggs

=== USA ===
'''Metropolitan Museum of Art''' (colloquially '''The Met'''), located in New York City, is the largest art museum in the United States. Its permanent collection contains more than two million works. Established in 1870

'''Frick Collection''' is an art museum located in New York. It houses the collection of industrialist Henry Clay Frick

'''Whitney Museum of American Art''' is on Madison Avenue in New York. The Whitney places a particular emphasis on exhibiting the work of living artists for its collection

The idea for '''The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)''' in New York was developed in 1928 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller (wife of John D. Rockefeller Jr.) and two of her friends. It opened to the public on 7 November 1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash

In 1939, the Guggenheim Foundation's first museum, The Museum of Non-Objective Painting, opened in New York City. It adopted its current name '''Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum''' after the death of its founder in 1952

'''Norman Rockwell Museum''' is home to the world's largest collection of original Rockwell art. Founded in 1969, the museum is located in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, where Rockwell lived the last 25 years of his life

'''Smithsonian American Art Museum''' (formerly the National Museum of American Art) is a museum in Washington, D.C

'''National Gallery of Art''', and its attached Sculpture Garden, is a national art museum in Washington, D.C., located on the National Mall

== Exhibitions ==
In 1673, the royally sanctioned French institution of art patronage, the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (a division of the Académie des beaux-arts), held its first semi-public art exhibit at the Salon Carré. The Salon's original focus was the display of the work of recent graduates of the École des Beaux-Arts, which was created by Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister of France, in 1648. In 1725 the Salon was held in the Palace of the Louvre, when it became known as Salon or Salon de Paris. In 1737, the exhibitions became public

In 1863 the Paris Salon jury turned away an unusually high number of the submitted paintings. Uproar resulted, particularly from regular exhibitors who had been rejected. In order to prove that the Salons were democratic, Napoleon III instituted the Salon des Refuses, containing all the works that the Salon had rejected that year

Roger Fry organised ''Manet and the Post-Impressionists'' in 1910 and ''Second Post-Impressionist'' exhibition in 1912

''The Armoury Show'' in 1913 was the first modern art exhibition in New York

''Freeze'' was a 1988 show by Young British Artists. Its main organiser was Damien Hirst

''Sensation'' was an exhibition of the collection of contemporary art owned by Charles Saatchi, including many works by Young British Artists, which first took place in 1997 at the Royal Academy of Art

== Miscellaneous ==
The K Foundation was an art foundation set up by Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty in 1993 following their retirement from the music industry

The £25,000 Charles Wollaston Award, is awarded each year at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition

Artes Mundi is the UK’s largest prize for contemporary visual artists

Leo Castelli was an American art dealer. He was best known to the public as an art dealer whose gallery showcased cutting edge Contemporary art for five decades

Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) was founded by Roland Penrose and others in 1946. The ICA's founders intended to establish a space where artists, writers and scientists could debate ideas outside the traditional confines of the Royal Academy

Wildenstein Index Number refers to an item in a numerical system published in catalogues by Daniel Wildenstein, a distinguished scholar of Impressionism, who published catalogues raisonnes of artists such as Claude Monet, Edouard Manet and Paul Gauguin through his family business, Wildenstein & Company. In these catalogues, each painting by an artist was assigned a unique number. These index numbers are now used throughout the art world, in art texts, and on art websites to uniquely identify specific works of art by specific artists

''Cahiers d'Art'' was a French artistic and literary magazine founded in 1926 by Christian Zervos. Works published include a catalog of works by Pablo Picasso

Ultramarine was the most prestigious blue of the Renaissance. Good ultramarine was more expensive than gold. Blue was reserved for Mary’s cloak

''Your Paintings'' is a website which aims to show the entire UK national collection of oil paintings. Your Paintings is a joint initiative between the BBC, the Public Catalogue Foundation and participating collections and museums from across the UK

== Most expensive paintings (August 2022) ==
''Salvator Mundi'' – Leonardo da Vinci, $450 million

''Interchange'' – Willem de Kooning, $300 million

''The'' ''Card Players'' – Paul Cezanne, $250 million

''Nafea Faa Ipoipo (When Will You Marry''?) – Paul Gauguin, $210 million

''Number 17A'' – Jackson Pollock, $200 million

''The Standard Bearer'', Rembrandt, $198 million

''Shot Sage Blue Marilyn'', Andy Warhol, $195 million

''No 6 (Violet, Green and Red)'' – Rothko, $186 million

''(Wasserschlangen II) Water Serpents II'' – Gustav Klimt, $183 million

''Pendant portraits of Marten Soolmans and Oopjen Coppit'' – Rembrandt, $180 million

== Sculptors ==
'''Carl Andre''' (born 1935) is an American minimalist artist recognized for his ordered linear format and grid format sculptures. His sculptures range from large public artworks to more intimate tile patterns arranged on the floor

''Equivalent VIII'' – made up of 120 bricks

'''Edward Hodges Baily''' (1788 – 1867)

statue of Nelson at the top of the column

'''Gian Lorenzo Bernini''' (1598 – 1680) was a pre-eminent Baroque sculptor and architect of 17th century Rome

''Ecstasy of St Theresa'' – the two focal sculptural figures (St Theresa and an angel with a gold spear) derive from an episode described by Teresa of Avila in her autobiography ''The Life of St. Teresa of Jesus'' (1515–1582), a mystical cloistered Discalced Carmelite reformer and nun

''Fountain of the Four Rivers'' – fountain in Rome. The four gods on the corners of the fountain represent the four major rivers of the world known at the time: the Nile, Danube, Ganges, and Plate. The Nile is personified with a shroud over its head, as its source had not yet been discovered

''Abduction of Proserpine''

''Apollo and Daphne''

''Charity with Four Children''

''David''

''Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius''

'''Gutzon Borglum''' (1867 – 1941), the son of Mormon Danish immigrants

''Mount Rushmore''

'''Louise Bourgeois''' (1911 – 2010) was a French-American artist and sculptor, best known for her spider structures, titled ''Maman'', which resulted in her being nicknamed the “Spiderwoman”

''Maman'' – first made an appearance as part of Bourgeois’ commission for The Unilever Series for Tate Modern’s Turbine Hall in 2000

''Cells''

'''Constantin Brancusi''' (1876 – 1957) is called the patriarch of modern sculpture. Born in Romania

''Bird in Space'' – sold in 2005 for $27.5 million, at the time a record price for a sculpture sold in an auction

''The Column of the Infinite''

'''Thomas Brock''' (1847 – 1922) made seven statues of Queen Victoria

Imperial Memorial to Queen Victoria in front of Buckingham Palace

'''Alexander Calder''' (1898 – 1976) was an American sculptor known as the originator of the mobile, a type of kinetic sculpture. His early works in wire defined figures with delicate lines in space. Many of his works hung from the ceiling rather than standing on a plinth

'''Bruno Catalano''' (born 1958)

''Citizens of the World'' – sculptures that look like they are missing vital organs, on the Marseille waterfront

'''Anthony Caro''' (1924 – 2013) was an abstract sculptor whose work was characterized by assemblies of metal using 'found' industrial objects, particularly steel

''Early One Morning''

'''Antonio Canova''' (1757 – 1822) was an Italian sculptor from the Republic of Venice who became famous for his marble sculptures that delicately rendered nude flesh

''The Three Graces'' is a Neo-Classical sculpture in marble of the three charities, daughters of Zeus – identified on some engravings of the statue as Euphrosyne, Aglaea and Thalia, who were said to represent beauty, charm and joy

''Perseus with the Head of Medusa''

noted statues of Napoleon and George Washington

'''Maurizio Cattelan''' (born 1960) is known for his satirical sculptures

''La Nona Ora'' (''The Ninth Hour''), depicting the Pope John Paul II struck down by a meteorite

''Gold toilet''

''Banana stuck to wall''

'''Benvenuto Cellini''' (1500 – 1571) was an Italian goldsmith, painter, sculptor, soldier and musician of the Renaissance, who also wrote a famous autobiography. He had to flee Florence in 1563, having killed his brother’s murderer and was later charged four times for sodomy. Works include salt cellars and candlesticks

Cellini Salt Cellar (in Vienna called the Saliera) is a part-enamelled gold table sculpture. It was completed in 1543 for Francis I of France. The Saliera is the only work of gold which can be attributed to Cellini with certainty and is sometimes referred to as the ‘Mona Lisa of Sculpture’. In 2003, the Saliera was stolen from the Kunsthistorisches Museum. It was recovered in 2006

''Perseus Holding the Head of Medusa''

'''Dale Chihuly''' (born 1941) is an American glass sculptor, with works at V&A. Chihuly's largest permanent exhibit can be found at the Oklahoma City Museum of Art

'''Christo''' (born 1935) Christo Javacheff was born in Bulgaria. Worked with his wife Jeanne-Claude (1935 – 2009)

Christo erected 7500 saffron-coloured vinyl panels in Central Park in 2005

Valley Curtain project – a 400-metre long cloth was to be stretched across Rifle Gap, a valley in the Rocky Mountains near Rifle, Colorado by Christo in 1972

Reichstag

Eiffel Tower

Serpentine

'''Tony Cragg''' (born 1949) was the director of the Kunstakademie Dusseldorf. Won the Turner Prize in 1988

'''Paul Day''' (born 1967)

''The Meeting Place'' – 9m bronze statue at new St Pancras

''Battle of Britain Monument'' in London is a sculpture on the Victoria Embankment. Opened in 2005

'''Donatello''' (c. 1386 – 1466) was an early Renaissance sculptor from Florence. He is known for his work in bas-relief. Donatello was born Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi

First large scale bronze equestrian statue was by Donatello

Statue of ''David'' – 1440s. David is bearing the sword of Goliath. Cast in bronze. Displayed in Bargello Palace, Florence

'''Jacob Epstein (1880 – 1959)'''

''St Michael and the Devil'' – sculpture at Coventry Cathedral, 1958

''Jacob and the Angel''

''Rock Drill''

Statue of Lazarus at New College Oxford

'''Dan Flavin''' (1933 – 1996) was an American minimalist sculptor who created sculptural objects and installations from commercially available fluorescent light fixtures. These works, which he called ‘icons’, have been credited with helping to start the minimalist movement in 1963

'''George Frampton''' (1860 – 1928)

lions at the British Museum

Peter Pan’s sculpture in Kensington Gardens

Edith Cavell Memorial that stands outside the National Portrait Gallery

'''Elizabeth Frink''' (1930 – 1993)

Eagle on pulpit in Coventry Cathedral

'''Naum Gabo''' (1890 – 1977) was a prominent Russian sculptor in the Constructivism movement and a pioneer of Kinetic art. Lived in St Ives during World War II

'''Jim Gary''' (1939 – 2006) was an American sculptor popularly known for his large, colourful creations of dinosaurs made from discarded automobile parts

'''Lorenzo Ghiberti''' (1378 – 1445)

sculpted the bronze doors known as the ''Gates of Paradise in the Baptistery'' in Florence after winning a competition against Brunelleschi

'''Alberto''' '''Giacometti''' (1901 – 1966) was born in Switzerland. Sculptures were mainly bronze ‘stick figures’. The two most expensive sculptures ever sold are both by Giacometti

''Three Men Walking'' – Giacometti

'''Alfred Gilbert''' (1854 – 1934) was a central participant in the New Sculpture movement

''Eros'' – first statue to be cast in aluminium. 1893, memorial to Lord Shaftesbury in Piccadilly Circus. The statue depicts Anteros as ‘the Angel of Christian Charity’

''Icarus'' – bronze sculpture

''Memorial to the Duke of Clarence''

'''Eric Gill''' (1882 – 1940) was an English sculptor, typeface designer, stonecutter and printmaker, who was associated with the Arts and Crafts movement. He is a controversial figure, with his well-known religious views and unusual sexual behaviour. An artistic community in Ditchling founded by Eric Gill during the early 20th century, and known as The Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic, survived until 1989

''Prospero and Ariel'', for the BBC's Broadcasting House in London

''The Creation of Adam'', three bas-reliefs in stone for the League of Nations building in Geneva

''Ecstasy''

'''Andy Goldsworthy''' (born 1956) is an outdoor sculptor and land artist. Exhibits at Yorkshire Sculpture Park

'''Anthony Gormley''' (born 1950) won the Turner Prize in 1994 with ''Field for the British Isles'' and was knighted in 2014

''Event Horizon'' – the project consists of 31 male bodies, all cast from the body of the artist himself, which were placed on top of prominent buildings along the London's South Bank

''Horizon Field'' is a 2010 sculpture installation. The installation features 100 life-sized cast iron statues of the human body left 2,000m above sea-level in the Austrian Alps

''Angel of the North'' was completed in 1998

''Quantum Cloud'' is located next to the Millennium Dome. At 30 metres high, it is Gormley's tallest sculpture to date

''Another Place'' consists of 100 cast iron sculptures of Anthony Gormley's own body, facing towards the sea. After being displayed at several locations in Europe, it has become permanently erected at Crosby Beach

'''Maggi Hambling''' (born 1945)

sculpture to commemorate Benjamin Britten. The result was ''Scallop'', a pair of oversized, 12 ft high, steel scallop shells installed on Aldeburgh beach

Memorial sculpture to Oscar Wilde, in Trafalgar Square

'''Barbara Hepworth''' (1903 – 1975) was born in Wakefield and was married to abstract painter Ben Nicholson. Barbara Hepworth museum is in St Ives

''Pierced Form''

''Three Forms''

''Winged Figure'' – sculpture on John Lewis, Oxford Street

''Crucifixion Homage to Mondrian'' – in the grounds of Winchester Catrhedral

'''Eva Hesse''' (1936 – 1970) was a German-born American sculptor, known for her pioneering work in materials such as latex, fibreglass, and plastics

'''Nancy Holt''' (1938 – 2014) was an American artist famous for her public sculpture, installation art and land art

''Sun Tunnels''

''Dark Star Park''

''Sky Mound''

'''Jean-Antoine Houdon''' (1741 – 1828) was a French neoclassical sculptor. Houdon is famous for his portrait busts and statues of philosophers, inventors and political figures of the Enlightenment

'''Philip Jackson''' (born 1944) is Royal Sculptor to the Queen

Jackson has designed many statues of footballers, including Bobby Moore outside Wembley Stadium

'''Charles Jagger''' (1885 – 1934) is best known for his war memorials

Royal Artillery Memorial at Hyde Park Corner

Great Western Railway War Memorial in Paddington Railway Station

'''Donald Judd''' (1928 – 1994) was a minimalist artist who used materials such as metals, industrial plywood, concrete and colour-impregnated Plexiglas

'''Anish Kapoor''' (born 1954) won the Turner Prize in 1991 and was knighted in 2013

''Cloud Gate'', a public sculpture is the centrepiece of the AT&T Plaza in Millennium Park within the Loop community area of Chicago

ArcelorMittal ''Orbit'' is a 114m tall sculpture and observation tower in the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. It is Britain's largest piece of public art

'''Jeff Koons''' (born 1955) is an American artist known for his reproductions of banal objects – such as balloon animals produced in stainless steel with mirror finish surfaces. Jeff Koons was influenced by Ed Paschke and Chicago Imagists. In 1991, Koons married Hungarian-born naturalized-Italian pornography star Cicciolina (Ilona Staller)

''Puppy'' – a 12 m tall topiary sculpture of a West Highland White Terrier puppy, executed in a variety of flowers on a steel substructure. The piece was purchased in 1997 by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and installed outside the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao

''Balloon Dog (Orange)'' sold at Christie's in New York City in 2013 for US$58.4 million

''The New''

''Made in Heaven''

''Celebrations''

'''Paul Landowski''' (1875 – 1961) was a French monument sculptor of Polish ancestry. He won a gold medal at the Art competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics for Sculpture

Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro, a 1931 collaboration with civil engineer Heitor da Silva Costa

'''Lee Lawrie''' (1887 – 1963) was one of the United States' foremost architectural sculptors

''Atlas'' (installed 1937) is a free-standing bronze at New York City's Rockefeller Center

'''Sol LeWitt''' (1928 – 2007) – work ranges from drawings to photographs and hundreds of works on paper and extends to structures in the form of towers, pyramids, geometric forms, and progressions. These works range in size from maquettes to monumental outdoor pieces

''Wall Drawings'', over 1100 of which have been executed

'''Daniel Libeskind''' (born 1946)

''Life Electric'' is a contemporary sculpture, dedicated to the physicist Alessandro Volta. It is located in Como, Italy

'''Walter De Maria''' (1935 – 2013)

''The Lightning Field'' (1977) is a land art work in New Mexico. It consists of 400 stainless steel poles with solid, pointed tips, arranged in a rectangular 1 mile × 1 kilometre grid array

'''Franz Messerschmidt''' (1736 – 1783) was a German-Austrian sculptor most famous for his ‘character heads’, a collection of busts with faces contorted in extreme facial expressions

'''Michelangelo''' (1475 – 1564)

''David'' – 1501. Sculpted in marble. Displayed in the Accademia Gallery in Florence. 17’ high. Commissioned by the Overseers of the Office of Works of the Duomo (Operai). Started by di Duccio, then Rossellino. Slingshot in left hand. It soon came to symbolize the defense of civil liberties embodied in the Florentine Republic, an independent city-state threatened on all sides by more powerful rival states and by the hegemony of the Medici family. The eyes of David, with a warning glare, were turned towards Rome

''Pieta'' – 1498. Marble sculpture in St Peter’s Basilica in Rome, depicts the body of Jesus in the arms of his mother Mary after the Crucifixion. In 1972, Laszlo Toth, a Hungarian-born Australian, leaped over a guard rail in St Peter's crying, "I'm Jesus Christ!" and attacked the statue with a hammer. The only sculpture ever signed by Michelangelo

''Bacchus'' – marble statue in the Bargello, Florence

The only sculpture by Michelangelo in England is the ''Taddei Tondo'' marble relief in the Royal Academy

'''Amedeo''' '''Modigliani''' (1884 – 1920) abandoned sculpting in 1914 and focused solely on his painting

''Tete'' – a limestone carving of a woman's head, became the second most expensive sculpture ever sold, in 2010

'''Henry Moore''' (1898 – 1986) was best known for his semi-abstract monumental bronze sculptures which are located around the world as public works of art. His forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically depicting mother-and-child or reclining figures. Born in Castleford

''Three Standing Figures'' – first sculpture

Shelter Drawings – drawings made in London Underground shelters during WWII

''Madonna and Child'' – sculpture in St Paul’s Cathedral

'''Ron Mueck''' (born 1958) is an Australian hyperrealist sculptor working in the United Kingdom. Mueck's sculptures faithfully reproduce the minute detail of the human body, but play with scale to produce disconcertingly jarring visual images

''Boy'' – a 5m tall sculpture of a boy, crouching. First shown in the Millennium Dome exhibition

'''Vera Mukhina''' (1889 – 1953) was known as the “Queen of Soviet Sculpture”

''Worker and Kolkhoz Woman''

'''Claes Oldenburg''' (born 1929) is a Swedish sculptor, best known for his public art installations typically featuring very large replicas of everyday objects. Another theme in his work is soft sculpture versions of everyday objects

'''Eduardo Paolozzi''' (1924 – 2005) was born in Edinburgh. Knighted in 1988. Paolozzi is well known for his Pop Art collages

''The Statue of Newton (after William Blake)'' is outside the British Library

Paolozzi designed the mosaic patterned walls of the Tottenham Court Road tube station

'''Phidias''' (c. 480 – c. 430 BC) was a Greek sculptor, painter and architect, who is commonly regarded as one of the greatest of all sculptors of Classical Greece: Phidias' Statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

Phidias also designed the statues of the goddess Athena on the Athenian Acropolis, namely the ''Athena Parthenos'' inside the Parthenon and the ''Athena Promachos'', a colossal bronze statue of Athena

'''Praxiteles''' of Athens was the most renowned of the Attic sculptors of the 4th century BC. He was the first to sculpt the nude female form in a life-size statue

'''Marc Quinn''' (born 1964) is a member of the Young British Artists

''Self'' – sculpture of Quinn’s head, using his own frozen blood

''Sphinx'' – a sculpture of the British supermodel Kate Moss in a complicated yoga position

''Alison Lapper Pregnant'' – fourth plinth at Trafalgar Square. Alison Lapper has a congenital disorder, phocomelia, which caused her to be born without arms and with truncated legs

'''Auguste''' '''Rodin''' (1840 – 1917)

''The Burghers of Calais'' serves as a monument to an occurrence in 1347 during the Hundred Years' War, when Calais was under siege by the English for over a year

''The Gates of Hell'' depicts a scene from ''The Inferno'', the first section of ''The Divine Comedy''. The original sculptures, including ''The Thinker'' and ''The Kiss'', became works of art on their own. The plaster original was restored in 1917 and is displayed at the Musee d'Orsay in Paris

Some critics believe ''The Thinker'' was originally intended to depict Dante at the Gates of Hell

''Le Baiser'' (''The Kiss)'' was originally titled ''Francesca da Rimini'', as it depicts the 13th century Italian noblewoman immortalised in Dante's ''Inferno'' (Circle 2, Canto 5) who falls in love with her husband Giovanni Malatesta's younger brother Paolo. Sculpted in 1889

''Monument to Balzac''

'''Doris Salcedo''' (born 1958) is a Colombian-born sculptor

''Shibboleth'' – crack in the floor of the Turbine Hall at Tate Modern

'''Richard Serra''' (born 1939) is an American minimalist sculptor and video artist known for working with large scale assemblies of sheet metal. Serra was involved in the Process Art Movement

'''David Smith''' (1906 – 1965) was an American sculptor. Many sculptures of industrial parts welded together

''Cubi'' series – a group of stainless steel sculptures built from cubes, rectangular solids and cylinders with spheroidal or flat endcaps. These pieces are among the last works completed by Smith

'''Andy Scott''' (born 1964) is a Scottish sculptor

''The Heavy Horse'' – sculpture of a Clydesdale horse by near the M8 in Glasgow

''The Kelpies'' – two 30-metre-high horse-head sculptures, standing next to a new extension to the Forth and Clyde Canal, in Falkirk

'''Jason deCaires Taylor''' (born 1974) is an English sculptor specializing in the creation of contemporary underwater sculptures which over time develop into artificial coral reefs'''.''' His most ambitious project to date is the creation of the world's largest underwater sculpture museum, MUSA, situated off the coast of Cancun

'''Pietro Torrigiano''' (1472 – 1528) was an Italian sculptor of the Florentine school. Torrigiano was invited to England to execute the effigial monument for Henry VII and his queen, which still exists in the lady chapel of Westminster Abbey

'''James Turrell''' (born 1943)

''Roden Crater'' – a natural cinder cone crater located outside Flagstaff, Arizona that is being turned into a massive naked-eye observatory

'''Mark Wallinger''' (born 1959).

''Ecce Homo'' – the first work to occupy the empty fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square

''State Britain'' – an installation artwork displayed in Tate Britain. It is a recreation from scratch of a protest display about the treatment of Iraq, set up by Brian Haw outside Parliament. Wallinger won the Turner Prize in 2007 for this piece

A set of 270 enamel plaques, one for every London tube station, to mark the 150th anniversary of the London Underground

'''Rachel Whiteread''' (born 1963)

''House'' – was a concrete cast of the inside of an entire Victorian terraced house completed in 1993, exhibited at the location of the original house, 193 Grove Road, in East London. It drew mixed responses, winning her both the Turner Prize in 1993 and the K Foundation art award for worst British artist. Tower Hamlets London Borough Council demolished ''House'' in 1994

''Untitled Monument'' – (also variously known as ''Plinth'' or ''Inverted Plinth'') was a sculpture for the fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square. Her sculpture was an 11-ton resin cast of the plinth itself

''Holocaust Memorial'' – in Vienna

''Shy Sculptures'' – huts or sheds cast in concrete and situated in remote locations

'''Korczak Ziolkowski''' (1908 – 1982) was the American designer and sculptor of

Crazy Horse Memorial – in Custer County, South Dakota. It depicts Crazy Horse, an Oglala Lakota warrior, riding a horse and pointing into the distance. The memorial was commissioned by Henry Standing Bear, a Lakota elder

''Venus de Milo (Aphrodite of Melos)'' is a 2nd century BC Greek sculpture, in the Louvre

''The Winged Victory of Samothrace'', also called ''Nike of Samothrace'', is a marble sculpture of the Greek goddess of Victory, Nike, discovered in 1863 on the island of Samothrace by the French archaeologist Charles Champoiseau. The statue is now displayed in the Louvre in Paris

''Venus de' Medici'' is a lifesize Hellenistic marble sculpture depicting the Greek goddess of love Aphrodite. It is housed in the Uffizi

''Capitoline Wolf'' is a bronze sculpture of a she-wolf suckling twin infants, inspired by the legend of the founding of Rome. The statue was long thought to be an Etruscan work of the 5th century BC, with the twins added in the late 15th century AD, probably by the sculptor Antonio Pollaiolo

''Discobolus'' of Myron ("discus thrower") s a Greek sculpture that was completed c. 450 BC. The Townley ''Discobolus'', a Roman copy, is at the British Museum

Elgin Marbles are a collection of classical Greek marble sculptures (mostly by Phidias and his pupils), inscriptions and architectural members that originally were part of the Parthenon and other buildings on the Acropolis of Athens. Thomas Bruce, the 7th Earl of Elgin obtained a controversial permit from the Ottoman authorities to remove pieces from the Parthenon while serving as the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1799 to 1803

== Most expensive sculptures (May 2021) ==
''Pointing Man'' – Alberto Giacometti, $141 million

''The Walking Man I'' – Alberto Giacometti, $104 million

''Chariot'' – Alberto Giacometti, $101 million

''Rabbit'' – Jeff Koons, $91 million

''Portrait of Nancy Cunard'', Constantin Brancusi, $71 million

== Turner Prize ==
Turner Prize started in 1984, with a prize on £10,000

Drexel Burnham Lambert sponsorship ended in 1990 when the prize was not awarded

Prize increased to £20,000 in 1991 with sponsorship from Channel 4

In 2004 the first prize was increased to £25,000

In 2007 the prize was held outside London for the first time, in Tate Liverpool

In 2019 the prize was shared by all nominees (Lawrence Abu Hamdan, Helen Cammock, Tai Shani, and Oscar Murillo) after they wrote a letter asking the judges not to choose a single winner

2020 prize cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic

'''Notable winners'''
{| class="wikitable"
|1984
|Malcolm Morley
|Inaugural prize
|-
|1985
|Howard Hodgkin
|
|-
|1986
|Gilbert and George
|
|-
|1989
|Richard Long
|
|-
|1991
|Anish Kapoor
|
|-
|1993
|Rachel Whiteread
|First female winner, for ''House''
|-
|1994
|Antony Gormley
|
|-
|1995
|Damien Hirst
|
|-
|1996
|Douglas Gordon
|First winner with a video
|-
|1997
|Gillian Wearing
|Video ''60 minutes of Silence''
|-
|1998
|Chris Ofili
|Paintings using elephant dung
|-
|1999
|Steve McQueen
|Tracey Emin exhibited ''My Be''d
|-
|2000
|Wolfgang Tillmans
|First photographer and first non-British winner
|-
|2001
|Martin Creed
|''Work No. 227: The lights going on and off''
|-
|2003
|Grayson Perry
|
|-
|2004
|Jeremy Deller
|Film ''Memory Bucket''
|-
|2005
|Simon Starling
|''Shedboatshed''
|-
|2006
|Tomma Abts
|
|-
|2007
|Mark Wallinger
|''State Britain''
|-
|2010
|Susan Philipsz
|First sound artist to win
|-
|2015
|Assemble
|Architecture and design collective
|-
|2018
|Lubaina Himid
|
|-
|2019
|Charlotte Prodger
|
|}

Art and Culture/Art and Sculpture

2022-08-02T09:45:26Z

Loonapick: /* Most expensive paintings (May 2021) */

== Art Schools and Movements ==
'''Abstract''' art, nonfigurative art, nonobjective art, and nonrepresentational art are loosely related terms. Abstraction indicates a departure from reality in depiction of imagery in art

'''Aestheticism''' (or the Aesthetic Movement) was a European art movement that was part of the anti-19th century reaction and had post-Romantic origins, and as such anticipates modernism. It was a feature of th e late 19th century from about 1868 to about 1900. Artists associated with the Aesthetic style include James McNeill Whistler, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and Aubrey Beardsley

'''Arte Povera''' was introduced in Italy during the period of upheaval at the end of the 1960s, when artists were taking a radical stance. The term was introduced by the Italian art critic and curator, Germano Celant, in 1967. '''Lucio Fontana had ties to Arte Povera'''

'''Art Nouveau''' was most popular from 1890 to1910. The style was influenced strongly by Czech artist Alphonse Mucha, when Mucha produced a lithographed poster, which appeared in 1895 in the streets of Paris as an advertisement for the play ''Gismonda'' by Victorien Sardou, featuring Sarah Bernhardt

'''Ashcan School''' was a realist artistic movement that came into prominence in the United States during the early twentieth century, best known for works portraying scenes of daily life in New York's poorer neighborhoods. Members included John Sloan

'''Ashington Group''' was a small society of artists from Ashington, Northumberland, which met regularly between 1934 and 1984. Despite being composed largely of miners with no formal artistic training, the Group and its work became celebrated in the British art world of the 1930s and 1940s

'''Barbizon school''' (c. 1830–1870) of painters is named after the village of Barbizon near Fontainebleau Forest. The leaders of the Barbizon school were Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot, Théodore Rousseau, Jean-François Millet and Charles-François Daubigny

'''Der Blaue Reiter''' ('''The Blue Rider''') was founded by a number of Russian emigrants, including Wassily Kandinsky, and native German artists, such as Franz Marc. The movement lasted from 1911 to 1914, and was fundamental to Expressionism

'''Bolognese School''' flourished in Bologna, the capital of Emilia Romagna, between the 16th and 17th centuries. Its most important representatives include the Carracci family, including Ludovico, and his two cousins, the brothers Agostino and Annibale

'''Borough Group''' was founded by Cliff Holden in 1946 with the purpose of developing the ideas of fellow artist David Bomberg, who taught at the then Borough Polytechnic during the 1940s and 1950s

'''Die Brucke''' ('''The Bridge''') was a German Expressionist art movement founded by four students of architecture in 1905 in Dresden. The name comes from a passage in Nietzsche’s ''Thus Spake Zarathrustra''. The founders were Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Erich Heckel, Karl Schmitt-Rottluff and Fritz Bleyl. Later members were Emil Nolde, Max Pechstein and Otto Mueller. In 1911 the artists moved to Berlin

'''Byzantine''' art is the term commonly used to describe the artistic products of the Eastern Roman Empire from about the 5th century until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Many religious pictures with gold

'''Cabal of Naples''' was a notorious triumvirate of painters in the city of Naples that operated during the early Baroque period from the late 1610s to the early 1640s. It was led by the Spaniard Jusepe de Ribera, who had established himself in Naples after fleeing creditors in Rome in 1616, and also consisted of the Neapolitan Battistello Caracciolo and Greek Belisario Corenzio

'''Camden Town Group''' was a group of Post-Impressionist artists active 1911-1913. They gathered frequently at the studio of painter Walter Sickert in the Camden Town area. Spencer Gore was president of Camden Town Group

'''Cloisonnism''' was a style of post-Impressionist painting with bold and flat forms separated by dark contours. The term was coined by critic Edouard Dujardin in 1888. In ''Yellow Christ'' (1889), often cited as a quintessential cloisonnist work, Gauguin reduced the image to areas of single colours separated by heavy black outlines. In such works he paid little attention to classical perspective and boldly eliminated subtle gradations of colour – two of the most characteristic principles of post-Renaissance painting

'''COBRA''' (or CoBrA) was a European avant-garde movement active from 1949 to 1951. The name was coined in 1948 by Christian Dotremont from the initials of the members' home cities: Copenhagen (Co), Brussels (Br), Amsterdam (A)

'''Color Field painting''' is a style of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the 1940s and 1950s. It was inspired by European modernism and closely related to Abstract Expressionism, while many of its notable early proponents were among the pioneering Abstract Expressionists. Color Field painting is characterized primarily by large fields of flat, solid color spread across or stained into the canvas; creating areas of unbroken surface and a flat picture plane

'''Constructivism''' was an artistic and architectural movement that originated in Russia from 1919 onward which rejected the idea of ‘art for art's sake’ in favour of art as a practice directed towards social purposes. Best known artist is Vladimir Tatlin, who is most famous for his attempts to create the giant tower, ''The Monument to the Third International''

'''Cubism''' or ‘bizarre cubiques’ was a term first used by French art critic Louis Vauxcelles in 1908 after seeing a picture by Braque. He described it as ‘full of little cubes’. Cubism used a multiplicity of viewpoints

Analytic cubism was mainly practiced by Braque, and is very simple, with dark, almost monochromatic colours. Synthetic cubism is much more energetic, and often makes use of collage involving several two-dimensional materials. This type of cubism was developed by Picasso – the first work of this new style was Picasso's ''Still Life with Chair-caning'' (1911), which included oil cloth pasted on the canvas

'''Dada''' or Dadaism is a cultural movement that began in Zurich during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922. The movement concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works. Its purpose was to ridicule what its participants considered to be the meaninglessness of the modern world. Dada was also anti-bourgeois and anarchistic in nature. The Dada movement in Berlin was instrumental in making montage into a modern art-form. They first coined the term ‘photomontage’, around 1918 or 1919

'''Danube School''' is the name of a circle of painters of the 16th century in Bavaria and Austria. They were among the first painters to regularly use pure landscape painting

'''Degenerate art''' is the English translation of the German ‘entartete Kunst’, a term adopted by the Nazi regime in Germany to describe virtually all modern art. Such art was banned on the grounds that it was un-German or Jewish Bolshevist in nature. ‘Degenerate Art’ was also the title of an exhibition, mounted by the Nazis in Munich in 1937, consisting of modernist artworks chaotically hung and accompanied by text labels deriding the art

'''Divisionism''' was the characteristic style in Neo-Impressionist painting defined by the separation of colours into individual dots or patches which interacted optically. Georges Seurat founded the style around 1884 as chromoluminarism. Divisionism developed along with another style, Pointillism

'''Donkey's Tail''' was a Russian artistic group created from the most radical members of the '''Jack of Diamonds''' group. The group included such painters as: Mikhail Larionov (inventor of the name), Natalia Gontcharova, Kazimir Malevich, Marc Chagall, and Alexander Shevchenko

'''Les Fauves''' (French for The Wild Beasts) were a short-lived and loose grouping of early 20th century Modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong colour over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism. While Fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910, the movement as such lasted only three years, 1905 – 1907, and had three exhibitions. The leaders of the movement were Henri Matisse and Andre Derain. Other artists included Maurice de Vlaminck, Raoul Dufy, the Dutch painter Kees van Dongen, and Georges Braque. The term ‘fauvism’ was coined by Louis Vauxcelles

'''Found art''' or more commonly ‘found object’ (French: objet trouve) or readymade—describes art created from the undisguised, but often modified, use of objects that are not normally considered art, often because they already have a non-art function. Marcel Duchamp was the originator of this in the early 20th century

'''Futurism''' was founded by the Italian writer Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and he was its most influential personality. He launched the movement in his Futurist Manifesto, which he published for the first time in 1909 in ''La gazzetta dell'Emilia''

'''Genre paintings''' feature domestic scenes from everyday life

'''Gutai group''' (means ‘tangible; material; concrete’) was an artistic movement and association of artists founded by Jiro Yoshihara in Japan in 1954

'''Hard-edge painting''' is painting in which abrupt transitions are found between colour areas. Colour areas are often of one unvarying color. The Hard-edge painting style is related to Geometric abstraction, Op Art, Post-painterly Abstraction, and Color Field painting

'''Heidelberg School''' was an Australian art movement of the late 19th century. The movement has latterly been described as Australian Impressionism. The term was coined in July by art critic Sidney Dickenson, reviewing the works of Melbourne-based artists Arthur Streeton and Walter Withers

'''Hudson River School''' flourished in the mid-19th century. Founded by Thomas Cole. Frederic Church was a central figure

'''Impressionism''' was coined by Louis Leroy after seeing ''Impression Sunrise'' by Monet. First impressionist exhibition was in 1874. Eighth and last impressionist exhibition was in Paris in 1886

'''Independent Group''' (IG) met at the Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) London from 1952 to 1955. The IG consisted of painters, sculptors, architects, writers and critics who wanted to challenge prevailing modernist approaches to culture. The Independent Group is regarded as the precursor to the Pop Art movement in Britain and the US

'''International Gothic''' is a subset of Gothic art developed in Burgundy, Bohemia and northern Italy in the late 14th century and early 15th century. The term was coined by the French art historian Louis Courajod. Practitioners include Gentile da Fabriano and Jacopo Bellini

'''Intimisme''' was a development of impressionism, concerned with small, domestic, interior scenes. Includes paintings by Vuillard and Bonnard

'''Kinetic Art''' is art that contains moving parts or depends on motion for its effect. The moving parts are generally powered by wind, a motor or the observer

'''Land art''', '''Earthworks''' (coined by Robert Smithson), or '''Earth art''' is an art movement which emerged in the United States in the late 1960s, in which landscape and the work of art are inextricably linked

'''London Group''' is an artists' exhibiting society founded in 1913, when the Camden Town Group came together with the English Vorticists and other independent artists to challenge the domination of the Royal Academy, which had become unadventurous and conservative. Founding artists included Walter Sickert, Jacob Epstein, Wyndham Lewis and Henri Gaudier-Brzeska

'''Luminism''' was a late-impressionist or neo-impressionist style in painting which devotes great attention to light effects. The term has been used for the style of the Belgian painters such as Emile Claus and Théo van Rysselberghe and their followers

'''Mannerism''' was a period of European painting, sculpture, architecture and decorative arts lasting from the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520 until the arrival of the Baroque around 1600

'''Minimalism''' was a reaction to Pop Art. Minimal art appeared in New York in the 1960s as new and older artists moved toward geometric abstraction; exploring via painting in the cases of Frank Stella, Ellsworth Kelly and others; and sculpture in the works of various artists including Anthony Caro, Sol LeWitt, Carl Andre, Dan Flavin, Donald Judd and others

'''Mosan art''' is a regional style of art from the valley of the Meuse in present-day Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany. Although in a broader sense the term applies to art from this region from all periods, it generally refers to Romanesque art

'''Les Nabis''' were a group of Post-Impressionist avant-garde artists in France in the 1890s. Members included Maurice Denis, Pierre Bonnard, and Edouard Vuillard. Influenced by the work of Gauguin

'''Nazarene''' were a group of early 19th century German Romantic painters who aimed to revive honesty and spirituality in Christian art. The name Nazarene came from a term of derision used against them for their affectation of a biblical manner of clothing and hair style

'''Neoclassicism''' began after 1765, as a reaction against both the surviving Baroque and Rococo styles, and as a desire to return to the perceived ‘purity’ of the arts of Rome, the more vague perception (‘ideal’) of Ancient Greek arts, and, to a lesser extent, 16th century Renaissance Classicism. Contrasting with the Baroque and the Rococo, Neo-classical paintings are devoid of pastel colors and haziness; instead, they have sharp colors with chiaroscuro. In the case of Neo-classicism in France, a prime example is Jacques-Louis David

'''Neo-expressionism''' is a style of modern painting and sculpture that emerged in the late 1970s and dominated the art market until the mid-1980s. Related to American Lyrical Abstraction, New Image Painting and precedents in Pop painting, it developed as a reaction against the conceptual and minimalistic art of the 1970s

'''Neo-impressionism''' was coined by French art critic Felix Feneon in 1886 to describe an art movement founded by Georges Seurat

'''Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity)''' was an art movement that arose in Germany in the early 1920s as an outgrowth of, and in opposition to, Expressionism. The movement essentially ended in 1933 with the fall of the Weimar Republic. Artists included Otto Dix and George Grosz. Term coined by Gustav Hartlaub in 1923

'''New Sculpture''' refers to a movement in late 19th century British sculpture. ''Eros'' by Alfred Gilbert is one of the best-known examples of New Sculpture

'''The New York School''' was founded by Jackson Pollock (‘action painting’). Artists included Willem de Kooning and Philip Guston

'''Norwich School''' of painters founded by John Crome. James Stark and John Cotman were members of the Norwich School. Mousehole Heath, near Norwich, featured in paintings by Norwich School artists

'''Op Art''' was coined by ''Time Magazine'' in 1964 in response to Julian Stanczak's show Optical Paintings at the Martha Jackson gallery, to mean a form of abstract art (specifically non-objective art) that uses optical illusions. Bridget Riley is one of the foremost exponents of op art

'''Orphism''' or '''Orphic Cubism''', a term coined by the French poet Guillaume Apollinaire in 1912, was an offshoot of Cubism that focused on pure abstraction and bright colours. Perceived as key in the transition from Cubism to Abstract art, was pioneered by Robert Delaunay and Sonia Delaunay

'''Outsider Art''' was coined by art critic Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for '''Art Brut''' (‘raw art’ or ‘rough art’), a label created by French artist Jean Dubuffet to describe art created outside the boundaries of official culture

'''Paranoiac-critical method''' is a surrealist technique developed by Salvador Dalí in the early 1930s. He employed it in the production of paintings and other artworks, especially those that involved optical illusions and other multiple images

'''Peredvizhniki''', often called The Wanderers in English, were a group of Russian realist artists who in protest at academic restrictions formed an artists' cooperative which evolved into the Society for Traveling Art Exhibitions in 1870

'''Pointillism''' is the use of dots of paint and does not necessarily focus on the separation of colours

'''Pont-Aven School''' produced works of art iconographically due to Pont-Aven and its surroundings. Originally the term was focusing works of the artists' colony emerging there since the 1850s, and some decades later the work of the group of painters gathering around the artist Paul Gauguin in the early 1890s. Their work is characterized by the bold use of pure colour and Symbolist choice of subject matter

'''Pop Art''' was a reaction to Abstract Expressionism. The term is often credited to Lawrence Alloway

'''Post-Impressionism''' coined by Roger Fry when he organized the 1910 exhibition ''Manet and the Post-Impressionists''

'''Post-painterly Abstraction''' is a term created by art critic Clement Greenberg as the title for an exhibit he curated for the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1964

'''Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood''' (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets and critics, founded in 1848 by John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Holman Hunt. The group's intention was to reform art by rejecting what they considered to be the mechanistic approach adopted by the Mannerist artists who followed Raphael and Michelangelo. They believed that the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on academic teaching of art. Hence the name Pre-Raphaelite. In particular they objected to the influence of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the founder of the English Royal Academy of Arts. In contrast they wanted to return to the abundant detail, intense colours, and complex compositions of Italian and Flemish art. Other members of the brotherhood were James Collinson (painter), William Michael Rossetti (critic), Frederic George Stephens (critic), and Thomas Woolner (sculptor, poet). Elizabeth Siddal was the model for Millais’s ''Ophelia''. She was the most important model to sit for the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and was married to Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Annie Miller was a model for the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, notable for ''The Awakening Conscience'' by William Holman Hunt

'''Productivism''' was an art movement founded by a group of Constructivist artists in post-Revolutionary Russia who believed that art should have a practical, socially useful role as a facet of industrial production

'''Rayonism''' is a style of abstract art that developed in Russia in 1911. Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova developed rayonism after hearing a series of lectures about Futurism by Marinetti in Moscow

'''Rococo''' is an 18th century artistic movement and style. The Rococo developed in the early part of the 18th century in Paris as a reaction against the grandeur, symmetry and strict regulations of the Baroque, especially that of the Palace of Versailles

'''Romanesque art''' refers to the art of Europe from approximately 1000 AD to the rise of the Gothic style in the 13th century, or later, depending on region

'''School of Fontainebleau''' refers to two periods of artistic production in France during the late Renaissance centered around the royal Chateau de Fontainebleau, that were crucial in forming the French version of Northern Mannerism

'''Scottish Colourists''' were a group of painters whose work was not very highly regarded when it was first exhibited in the 1920s and 1930s, but which in the late 20th Century came to have a formative influence on contemporary Scottish art. The leading figure of the movement was John Duncan Fergusson

'''Section d'Or''', also called ‘Groupe de Puteaux’, was a near-Paris-based collective of Cubist painters that was active from 1912 to around 1914. Originating as an offshoot of Cubism, the movement began with an exhibition at the Galerie La Boetie in Paris in 1912, which was also accompanied by publication of the treaty ‘Du Cubisme’ by Metzinger and Gleizes

'''Sienese School''' of painting flourished between the 13th and 15th centuries and for a time rivaled Florence, though it was more conservative, being inclined towards the decorative beauty and elegant grace of late Gothic art. Its most important representatives include Duccio, and his pupil Simone Martini

'''Socialist Realism''' was the officially approved type of art in the Soviet Union for nearly sixty years. Communist doctrine decreed that all material goods and means of production belonged to the community as a whole. This included means of producing art, which were also seen as powerful propaganda tools

'''St John’s Wood Clique''' was a group of seven Victorian artists including WF Yeames

'''Suprematism''' was an art movement focused on fundamental geometric forms (in particular the square and circle) which formed in Russia in 1915–1916

'''Stuckism''' is an international art movement that was founded in 1999 by Billy Childish and Charles Thomson to promote figurative painting in opposition to conceptual art

'''Surrealism''' began in the early 1920s. Leader Andre Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I and the most important centre of the movement was Paris. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe

'''Symbolism''' is the use of symbols to concentrate or intensify meaning, making the work more subjective than objective

'''Tachisme''' is a French style of abstract painting popular in the 1940s and 1950s. It is often considered to be the European equivalent to abstract expressionism. It was part of a larger postwar movement known as Art Informel

'''Tubism''' is a term coined by the art critic Louis Vauxcelles in 1911 to describe the style of French artist Fernand Leger. Meant as derision, the term was inspired by Leger's idiosyncratic version of Cubism, in which he emphasized cylindrical shapes

'''Vanitas''' was a type of symbolic still life painting commonly executed by Northern European painters in Flanders and the Netherlands in the 16th and 17th centuries. Common vanitas symbols include skulls and rotten fruit

'''Viennese Secession''' was founded by Gustav Klimt in 1890s. Ver Sacrum (‘sacred spring’) was the official magazine of the Vienna Secession, and was published from 1898 to 1903

'''Vorticism''' group began with the Rebel Art Centre which Wyndham Lewis and others established after disagreeing with Omega Workshops founder Roger Fry, and has roots in the Bloomsbury Group, Cubism, and Futurism. The name Vorticism was given to the movement by Ezra Pound in 1913. BLAST was the short-lived literary magazine of the Vorticist movement in Britain. It had two editions, the first published in July 1914 and the second a year later

'''Les XX''' was a group of twenty Belgian painters, designers and sculptors, formed in 1883 by the Brussels lawyer, publisher, and entrepreneur Octave Maus. James Ensor was a founding member

== Art terms ==
Armature – clay or plaster figure support

Ben-Day Dots printing process – named after illustrator and printer Benjamin Day, is similar to Pointillism. Depending on the effect, color and optical illusion needed, small colored dots are closely spaced, widely spaced or overlapping. Ben-Day dots were considered the hallmark of Roy Lichtenstein, who enlarged and exaggerated them in many of his paintings and sculptures

Black cube – art museum that is architecturally designed or renovated with special consideration for the particular needs of modern digital art, installation art, and video art

Capriccio – an architectural fantasy, placing together buildings, archaeological remains and other architectural elements in fictional and often fantastical combinations

Catalogue raisonne – a monograph giving a comprehensive catalogue of artworks by an artist

Chiaroscuro – technique employed in the visual arts to represent light and shadow

as they define three-dimensional objects

Decoupage – the art of decorating an object by gluing colored paper cutouts onto it in combination with special paint effects, or gold leaf

Fresco-secco – a fresco painting technique in which pigments ground in water are tempered using egg yolk or whole egg mixed with water which are applied to plaster that has been moistened to simulate fresh plaster

Glue-size – refers to a technique in painting where pigment is bound to cloth (usually linen) with glue extracted from animal tissue

Gouache – an opaque, water-soluble paint. Also known as ‘body colour’. Associated with the rococo style

Griaille – a painting executed entirely in monochrome or near-monochrome

Illusionistic ceiling painting – which includes the technique of quadratura, is the tradition in Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo art in which trompe l'oeil, perspective tools such as foreshortening, and other spatial effects are used to create the illusion of three-dimensional space on an otherwise two-dimensional or mostly flat ceiling surface

Lead white – known as flake white, is also known as Cremnitz white

Morbidezza – delicacy or softness in the representation of flesh

Photorealism – a genre of art in which an artist studies a photograph and then attempts to reproduce the image as realistically as possible in another medium

Sfumato – without lines or borders, in the manner of smoke. Refers to the blending of colours so there is no perceptible transition between them. Used in the ''Mona Lisa''

Tempera – also known as egg tempera, is a permanent fast-drying painting medium consisting of coloured pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this medium

Tenebrism – also called dramatic illumination, is a style of painting using violent contrasts of light and dark. A heightened form of chiaroscuro, it creates the look of figures emerging from the dark. Caravaggio was a tenebrist artist

Trompe l’oeil – means ‘fool the eye’. The artistic ability to depict an object so exactly as to make it appear real

Veduta – a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting or, actually more often print, of a cityscape or some other vista

== Art galleries ==

=== United Kingdom ===
'''National Gallery''' in Trafalgar Square was founded in 1824

'''National Portrait Gallery''' was the first portrait gallery in the world when it opened in 1856. The gallery moved in 1896 to its current site at St Martin's Place, off Trafalgar Square. It has three regional outposts at Beningbrough Hall, Bodelwyddan Castle and Montacute House

'''Tate Britain''' (known from 1897 to 1932 as the National Gallery of British Art and from 1932 to 2000 as the Tate Gallery) is an art gallery situated on Millbank. Founded by sugar merchant Henry Tate. Tate Britain includes the Clore Gallery of 1987, designed by James Stirling, which houses work by J.M.W. Turner

'''Tate Modern''' is based in the former Bankside Power Station. Designed by Herzog & de Meuron. Opened in 2000

'''Tate Liverpool''' was founded in 1988

'''Tate St Ives''' was founded in 1993

'''Royal Academy of Arts''' is based in Burlington House on Piccadilly. Founded through a personal act of King George III in 1768

The Strand block of Somerset House, designed by William Chambers from 1775 to 1780, has housed the '''Courtauld Institute''' since 1989.The art collection at the Institute was begun by its founder, Samuel Courtauld, who presented an extensive collection of mainly French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings in 1932

'''Hayward Gallery''' is within the Southbank Centre. Opened in 1968

London's '''Llewellyn Alexander Gallery''' showcases best art that was rejected for the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, in show called Not The Royal Academy

The '''Saatchi Gallery''' is a London gallery for contemporary art opened by Charles Saatchi in 1985 in order to show his sizeable (and changing) collection to the public. It has occupied different premises, first in North London, then the South Bank by the River Thames, and Chelsea (opened to the public in 2007)

'''White Cube''' is a contemporary art gallery owned by Jay Jopling with two branches in London: Mason's Yard in central London and Bermondsey in South East London, one in Hong Kong and one in Sao Paulo. The Hoxton Square space in the East End of London was closed at the end of 2012

'''Dulwich Picture Gallery''' was designed by Regency architect Sir John Soane using an innovative and influential method of illumination, and was opened to the public in 1817. The building is the oldest public art gallery in England

'''Walker Art Gallery''' is in Liverpool

'''Howarth Art Gallery''' is in Accrington

'''Whitworth Art Gallery''' was founded in 1889 in memory of Joseph Whitworth. Now part of the University of Manchester

'''Icon''' is art gallery in Birmingham

'''Herbert Art Gallery and Museum''' is in Coventry

The '''Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art''', or mima, is a contemporary art gallery based in the centre of Middlesbrough

'''Fruitmarket Art Gallery''' is in Edinburgh

The '''Scottish National Portrait Gallery''' was established in 1882, before its new building was completed. The London National Portrait Gallery was the first such separate museum in the world, however it did not move into its current purpose-built building until 1896, making the Edinburgh gallery the first in the world to be specially built as a portrait gallery

'''Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum''' in Glasgow is most visited museum in the United Kingdom outside London. The gallery is located on Argyle Street, in the West End of the city, on the banks of the River Kelvin

=== Europe ===
Austria

'''Vienna Kunstlerhaus''' is an art exhibition building in Vienna. It is located on Karlsplatz near the Ringstrasse, next to the Musikverein. It was built between 1865 and 1868 by the Austrian Artists' Society, the oldest surviving artists' society in Austria

France

'''Louvre''' opened in 1793. It is located on the Right Bank of the Seine in Paris. The Louvre is the world's most visited museum

'''Musee d’Orsay''' is a museum in Paris, on the left bank of the Seine. It is housed in the former Gare d'Orsay, a Beaux-Arts railway station built between 1898 and 1900. The museum holds mainly French art dating from 1848 to 1915

'''Musée National d'Art Moderne''' is the national museum for modern art of France. It is located in Paris and is housed in the Centre Pompidou

'''Musee du Luxembourg''' is a museum in Paris. From 1750 to 1780 it was the first public painting gallery in Paris

'''Musee Marmottan Monet''' in Paris features a collection of over three hundred Impressionist and Post-Impressionist works by Claude Monet (with the largest collection of his works in the world), Berthe Morisot, Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet, Alfred Sisley, Camille Pissarro, Paul Gauguin, Paul Signac and Pierre-Auguste Renoir

'''Toulouse-Lautrec Museum''' is in Albi, 85 km northeast of Toulouse

Germany

'''Brandhorst''' is a new modern art museum in Munich

'''Haus der Kunst''' in Munich was constructed from 1934 to 1937 following plans of architect Paul Ludwig Troost as the Third Reich's first monumental structure of Nazi architecture and as Nazi propaganda

'''Alte Pinakothek''' is an art museum situated in the Kunstareal in Munich. It is one of the oldest galleries in the world and houses one of the most famous collections of Old Master paintings. The Neue Pinakothek covers 19th century art and the recently opened '''Pinakothek der Moderne''' exhibits modern art, all galleries are part of Munich's Kunstareal (the ‘art area’)

Museum Island in Berlin contains five museums, including the '''Bode Museum''' and the '''Pergamon Museum'''

Italy

'''Peggy Guggenheim Collection''' is a modern art museum on the Grand Canal in Venice

'''Bargello''', also known as the Bargello Palace or Palazzo del Popolo (Palace of the People) is a former barracks and prison, now an art museum, in Florence. Its collection includes Donatello's ''David''

'''Uffizi''' gallery is located in Florence. The building of Uffizi was begun by Giorgio Vasari in 1560 for Cosimo I de' Medici so as to accommodate the offices of the Florentine magistrates, hence the name uffizi, "offices".

'''Borghese''' art gallery is in Rome. Home to works by Caravaggio, Titian and Raphael

Netherlands

'''Mauritshaus''' is an art museum in The Hague. The museum houses the Royal Cabinet of Paintings which consists of 841 objects, mostly Dutch Golden Age paintings

'''Rijksmuseum''' is a Netherlands national museum dedicated to arts and history in Amsterdam. Established in 1800

'''Stedelijk''' is a museum for modern art. It is located at the Museum Square in the borough Amsterdam South, where it is close to the '''Van Gogh Museum''', the Rijksmuseum, and the Concertgebouw

Russia

The '''Hermitage''' in St Petersburg was founded in 1764 by Catherine the Great and has been open to the public since 1852. Its collections, of which only a small part is on permanent display, comprise over three million items, including the largest collection of paintings in the world

'''Tretyakov Gallery''' is an art gallery in Moscow, the foremost depository of Russian fine art in the world

Spain

Golden Triangle of Art is made up of three important art museums that are close to each other in the centre of Madrid. The three art museums are: '''Prado Museum''', National Museum featuring pre-20th century art; Museo Nacional '''Centro de Arte Reina Sofía''', National Museum featuring 20th century modern art; '''Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum''', private museum, historical through contemporary art

Upon the deposition of Isabella II in 1868, The Royal Museum was nationalized and acquired the new name of Museo del Prado

'''MACBA''' – Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art

'''Guggenheim Museum Bilbao''' was designed by Frank Gehry and opened in 1997

'''Dali Theatre and Museum''' is a museum of the artist Salvador Dali in his home town of Figueres, in Catalonia. The museum facade is topped by a series of giant eggs

=== USA ===
'''Metropolitan Museum of Art''' (colloquially '''The Met'''), located in New York City, is the largest art museum in the United States. Its permanent collection contains more than two million works. Established in 1870

'''Frick Collection''' is an art museum located in New York. It houses the collection of industrialist Henry Clay Frick

'''Whitney Museum of American Art''' is on Madison Avenue in New York. The Whitney places a particular emphasis on exhibiting the work of living artists for its collection

The idea for '''The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)''' in New York was developed in 1928 primarily by Abby Aldrich Rockefeller (wife of John D. Rockefeller Jr.) and two of her friends. It opened to the public on 7 November 1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash

In 1939, the Guggenheim Foundation's first museum, The Museum of Non-Objective Painting, opened in New York City. It adopted its current name '''Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum''' after the death of its founder in 1952

'''Norman Rockwell Museum''' is home to the world's largest collection of original Rockwell art. Founded in 1969, the museum is located in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, where Rockwell lived the last 25 years of his life

'''Smithsonian American Art Museum''' (formerly the National Museum of American Art) is a museum in Washington, D.C

'''National Gallery of Art''', and its attached Sculpture Garden, is a national art museum in Washington, D.C., located on the National Mall

== Exhibitions ==
In 1673, the royally sanctioned French institution of art patronage, the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture (a division of the Académie des beaux-arts), held its first semi-public art exhibit at the Salon Carré. The Salon's original focus was the display of the work of recent graduates of the École des Beaux-Arts, which was created by Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister of France, in 1648. In 1725 the Salon was held in the Palace of the Louvre, when it became known as Salon or Salon de Paris. In 1737, the exhibitions became public

In 1863 the Paris Salon jury turned away an unusually high number of the submitted paintings. Uproar resulted, particularly from regular exhibitors who had been rejected. In order to prove that the Salons were democratic, Napoleon III instituted the Salon des Refuses, containing all the works that the Salon had rejected that year

Roger Fry organised ''Manet and the Post-Impressionists'' in 1910 and ''Second Post-Impressionist'' exhibition in 1912

''The Armoury Show'' in 1913 was the first modern art exhibition in New York

''Freeze'' was a 1988 show by Young British Artists. Its main organiser was Damien Hirst

''Sensation'' was an exhibition of the collection of contemporary art owned by Charles Saatchi, including many works by Young British Artists, which first took place in 1997 at the Royal Academy of Art

== Miscellaneous ==
The K Foundation was an art foundation set up by Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty in 1993 following their retirement from the music industry

The £25,000 Charles Wollaston Award, is awarded each year at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition

Artes Mundi is the UK’s largest prize for contemporary visual artists

Leo Castelli was an American art dealer. He was best known to the public as an art dealer whose gallery showcased cutting edge Contemporary art for five decades

Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) was founded by Roland Penrose and others in 1946. The ICA's founders intended to establish a space where artists, writers and scientists could debate ideas outside the traditional confines of the Royal Academy

Wildenstein Index Number refers to an item in a numerical system published in catalogues by Daniel Wildenstein, a distinguished scholar of Impressionism, who published catalogues raisonnes of artists such as Claude Monet, Edouard Manet and Paul Gauguin through his family business, Wildenstein & Company. In these catalogues, each painting by an artist was assigned a unique number. These index numbers are now used throughout the art world, in art texts, and on art websites to uniquely identify specific works of art by specific artists

''Cahiers d'Art'' was a French artistic and literary magazine founded in 1926 by Christian Zervos. Works published include a catalog of works by Pablo Picasso

Ultramarine was the most prestigious blue of the Renaissance. Good ultramarine was more expensive than gold. Blue was reserved for Mary’s cloak

''Your Paintings'' is a website which aims to show the entire UK national collection of oil paintings. Your Paintings is a joint initiative between the BBC, the Public Catalogue Foundation and participating collections and museums from across the UK

== Most expensive paintings (August 2022) ==
''Salvator Mundi'' – Leonardo da Vinci, $450 million

''Interchange'' – Willem de Kooning, $300 million

''The'' ''Card Players'' – Paul Cezanne, $250 million

''Nafea Faa Ipoipo (When Will You Marry''?) – Paul Gauguin, $210 million

''Number 17A'' – Jackson Pollock, $200 million

''The Standard Bearer'', Rembrandt, $198 million

''Shot Sage Blue Marilyn'', Andy Warhol, $195 million

''No 6 (Violet, Green and Red)'' – Rothko, $186 million

''(Wasserschlangen II) Water Serpents II'' – Gustav Klimt, $183 million

''Pendant portraits of Marten Soolmans and Oopjen Coppit'' – Rembrandt, $180 million

''Women of Algiers'', Picasso, $179 million

== Sculptors ==
'''Carl Andre''' (born 1935) is an American minimalist artist recognized for his ordered linear format and grid format sculptures. His sculptures range from large public artworks to more intimate tile patterns arranged on the floor

''Equivalent VIII'' – made up of 120 bricks

'''Edward Hodges Baily''' (1788 – 1867)

statue of Nelson at the top of the column

'''Gian Lorenzo Bernini''' (1598 – 1680) was a pre-eminent Baroque sculptor and architect of 17th century Rome

''Ecstasy of St Theresa'' – the two focal sculptural figures (St Theresa and an angel with a gold spear) derive from an episode described by Teresa of Avila in her autobiography ''The Life of St. Teresa of Jesus'' (1515–1582), a mystical cloistered Discalced Carmelite reformer and nun

''Fountain of the Four Rivers'' – fountain in Rome. The four gods on the corners of the fountain represent the four major rivers of the world known at the time: the Nile, Danube, Ganges, and Plate. The Nile is personified with a shroud over its head, as its source had not yet been discovered

''Abduction of Proserpine''

''Apollo and Daphne''

''Charity with Four Children''

''David''

''Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius''

'''Gutzon Borglum''' (1867 – 1941), the son of Mormon Danish immigrants

''Mount Rushmore''

'''Louise Bourgeois''' (1911 – 2010) was a French-American artist and sculptor, best known for her spider structures, titled ''Maman'', which resulted in her being nicknamed the “Spiderwoman”

''Maman'' – first made an appearance as part of Bourgeois’ commission for The Unilever Series for Tate Modern’s Turbine Hall in 2000

''Cells''

'''Constantin Brancusi''' (1876 – 1957) is called the patriarch of modern sculpture. Born in Romania

''Bird in Space'' – sold in 2005 for $27.5 million, at the time a record price for a sculpture sold in an auction

''The Column of the Infinite''

'''Thomas Brock''' (1847 – 1922) made seven statues of Queen Victoria

Imperial Memorial to Queen Victoria in front of Buckingham Palace

'''Alexander Calder''' (1898 – 1976) was an American sculptor known as the originator of the mobile, a type of kinetic sculpture. His early works in wire defined figures with delicate lines in space. Many of his works hung from the ceiling rather than standing on a plinth

'''Bruno Catalano''' (born 1958)

''Citizens of the World'' – sculptures that look like they are missing vital organs, on the Marseille waterfront

'''Anthony Caro''' (1924 – 2013) was an abstract sculptor whose work was characterized by assemblies of metal using 'found' industrial objects, particularly steel

''Early One Morning''

'''Antonio Canova''' (1757 – 1822) was an Italian sculptor from the Republic of Venice who became famous for his marble sculptures that delicately rendered nude flesh

''The Three Graces'' is a Neo-Classical sculpture in marble of the three charities, daughters of Zeus – identified on some engravings of the statue as Euphrosyne, Aglaea and Thalia, who were said to represent beauty, charm and joy

''Perseus with the Head of Medusa''

noted statues of Napoleon and George Washington

'''Maurizio Cattelan''' (born 1960) is known for his satirical sculptures

''La Nona Ora'' (''The Ninth Hour''), depicting the Pope John Paul II struck down by a meteorite

''Gold toilet''

''Banana stuck to wall''

'''Benvenuto Cellini''' (1500 – 1571) was an Italian goldsmith, painter, sculptor, soldier and musician of the Renaissance, who also wrote a famous autobiography. He had to flee Florence in 1563, having killed his brother’s murderer and was later charged four times for sodomy. Works include salt cellars and candlesticks

Cellini Salt Cellar (in Vienna called the Saliera) is a part-enamelled gold table sculpture. It was completed in 1543 for Francis I of France. The Saliera is the only work of gold which can be attributed to Cellini with certainty and is sometimes referred to as the ‘Mona Lisa of Sculpture’. In 2003, the Saliera was stolen from the Kunsthistorisches Museum. It was recovered in 2006

''Perseus Holding the Head of Medusa''

'''Dale Chihuly''' (born 1941) is an American glass sculptor, with works at V&A. Chihuly's largest permanent exhibit can be found at the Oklahoma City Museum of Art

'''Christo''' (born 1935) Christo Javacheff was born in Bulgaria. Worked with his wife Jeanne-Claude (1935 – 2009)

Christo erected 7500 saffron-coloured vinyl panels in Central Park in 2005

Valley Curtain project – a 400-metre long cloth was to be stretched across Rifle Gap, a valley in the Rocky Mountains near Rifle, Colorado by Christo in 1972

Reichstag

Eiffel Tower

Serpentine

'''Tony Cragg''' (born 1949) was the director of the Kunstakademie Dusseldorf. Won the Turner Prize in 1988

'''Paul Day''' (born 1967)

''The Meeting Place'' – 9m bronze statue at new St Pancras

''Battle of Britain Monument'' in London is a sculpture on the Victoria Embankment. Opened in 2005

'''Donatello''' (c. 1386 – 1466) was an early Renaissance sculptor from Florence. He is known for his work in bas-relief. Donatello was born Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi

First large scale bronze equestrian statue was by Donatello

Statue of ''David'' – 1440s. David is bearing the sword of Goliath. Cast in bronze. Displayed in Bargello Palace, Florence

'''Jacob Epstein (1880 – 1959)'''

''St Michael and the Devil'' – sculpture at Coventry Cathedral, 1958

''Jacob and the Angel''

''Rock Drill''

Statue of Lazarus at New College Oxford

'''Dan Flavin''' (1933 – 1996) was an American minimalist sculptor who created sculptural objects and installations from commercially available fluorescent light fixtures. These works, which he called ‘icons’, have been credited with helping to start the minimalist movement in 1963

'''George Frampton''' (1860 – 1928)

lions at the British Museum

Peter Pan’s sculpture in Kensington Gardens

Edith Cavell Memorial that stands outside the National Portrait Gallery

'''Elizabeth Frink''' (1930 – 1993)

Eagle on pulpit in Coventry Cathedral

'''Naum Gabo''' (1890 – 1977) was a prominent Russian sculptor in the Constructivism movement and a pioneer of Kinetic art. Lived in St Ives during World War II

'''Jim Gary''' (1939 – 2006) was an American sculptor popularly known for his large, colourful creations of dinosaurs made from discarded automobile parts

'''Lorenzo Ghiberti''' (1378 – 1445)

sculpted the bronze doors known as the ''Gates of Paradise in the Baptistery'' in Florence after winning a competition against Brunelleschi

'''Alberto''' '''Giacometti''' (1901 – 1966) was born in Switzerland. Sculptures were mainly bronze ‘stick figures’. The two most expensive sculptures ever sold are both by Giacometti

''Three Men Walking'' – Giacometti

'''Alfred Gilbert''' (1854 – 1934) was a central participant in the New Sculpture movement

''Eros'' – first statue to be cast in aluminium. 1893, memorial to Lord Shaftesbury in Piccadilly Circus. The statue depicts Anteros as ‘the Angel of Christian Charity’

''Icarus'' – bronze sculpture

''Memorial to the Duke of Clarence''

'''Eric Gill''' (1882 – 1940) was an English sculptor, typeface designer, stonecutter and printmaker, who was associated with the Arts and Crafts movement. He is a controversial figure, with his well-known religious views and unusual sexual behaviour. An artistic community in Ditchling founded by Eric Gill during the early 20th century, and known as The Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic, survived until 1989

''Prospero and Ariel'', for the BBC's Broadcasting House in London

''The Creation of Adam'', three bas-reliefs in stone for the League of Nations building in Geneva

''Ecstasy''

'''Andy Goldsworthy''' (born 1956) is an outdoor sculptor and land artist. Exhibits at Yorkshire Sculpture Park

'''Anthony Gormley''' (born 1950) won the Turner Prize in 1994 with ''Field for the British Isles'' and was knighted in 2014

''Event Horizon'' – the project consists of 31 male bodies, all cast from the body of the artist himself, which were placed on top of prominent buildings along the London's South Bank

''Horizon Field'' is a 2010 sculpture installation. The installation features 100 life-sized cast iron statues of the human body left 2,000m above sea-level in the Austrian Alps

''Angel of the North'' was completed in 1998

''Quantum Cloud'' is located next to the Millennium Dome. At 30 metres high, it is Gormley's tallest sculpture to date

''Another Place'' consists of 100 cast iron sculptures of Anthony Gormley's own body, facing towards the sea. After being displayed at several locations in Europe, it has become permanently erected at Crosby Beach

'''Maggi Hambling''' (born 1945)

sculpture to commemorate Benjamin Britten. The result was ''Scallop'', a pair of oversized, 12 ft high, steel scallop shells installed on Aldeburgh beach

Memorial sculpture to Oscar Wilde, in Trafalgar Square

'''Barbara Hepworth''' (1903 – 1975) was born in Wakefield and was married to abstract painter Ben Nicholson. Barbara Hepworth museum is in St Ives

''Pierced Form''

''Three Forms''

''Winged Figure'' – sculpture on John Lewis, Oxford Street

''Crucifixion Homage to Mondrian'' – in the grounds of Winchester Catrhedral

'''Eva Hesse''' (1936 – 1970) was a German-born American sculptor, known for her pioneering work in materials such as latex, fibreglass, and plastics

'''Nancy Holt''' (1938 – 2014) was an American artist famous for her public sculpture, installation art and land art

''Sun Tunnels''

''Dark Star Park''

''Sky Mound''

'''Jean-Antoine Houdon''' (1741 – 1828) was a French neoclassical sculptor. Houdon is famous for his portrait busts and statues of philosophers, inventors and political figures of the Enlightenment

'''Philip Jackson''' (born 1944) is Royal Sculptor to the Queen

Jackson has designed many statues of footballers, including Bobby Moore outside Wembley Stadium

'''Charles Jagger''' (1885 – 1934) is best known for his war memorials

Royal Artillery Memorial at Hyde Park Corner

Great Western Railway War Memorial in Paddington Railway Station

'''Donald Judd''' (1928 – 1994) was a minimalist artist who used materials such as metals, industrial plywood, concrete and colour-impregnated Plexiglas

'''Anish Kapoor''' (born 1954) won the Turner Prize in 1991 and was knighted in 2013

''Cloud Gate'', a public sculpture is the centrepiece of the AT&T Plaza in Millennium Park within the Loop community area of Chicago

ArcelorMittal ''Orbit'' is a 114m tall sculpture and observation tower in the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. It is Britain's largest piece of public art

'''Jeff Koons''' (born 1955) is an American artist known for his reproductions of banal objects – such as balloon animals produced in stainless steel with mirror finish surfaces. Jeff Koons was influenced by Ed Paschke and Chicago Imagists. In 1991, Koons married Hungarian-born naturalized-Italian pornography star Cicciolina (Ilona Staller)

''Puppy'' – a 12 m tall topiary sculpture of a West Highland White Terrier puppy, executed in a variety of flowers on a steel substructure. The piece was purchased in 1997 by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and installed outside the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao

''Balloon Dog (Orange)'' sold at Christie's in New York City in 2013 for US$58.4 million

''The New''

''Made in Heaven''

''Celebrations''

'''Paul Landowski''' (1875 – 1961) was a French monument sculptor of Polish ancestry. He won a gold medal at the Art competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics for Sculpture

Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro, a 1931 collaboration with civil engineer Heitor da Silva Costa

'''Lee Lawrie''' (1887 – 1963) was one of the United States' foremost architectural sculptors

''Atlas'' (installed 1937) is a free-standing bronze at New York City's Rockefeller Center

'''Sol LeWitt''' (1928 – 2007) – work ranges from drawings to photographs and hundreds of works on paper and extends to structures in the form of towers, pyramids, geometric forms, and progressions. These works range in size from maquettes to monumental outdoor pieces

''Wall Drawings'', over 1100 of which have been executed

'''Daniel Libeskind''' (born 1946)

''Life Electric'' is a contemporary sculpture, dedicated to the physicist Alessandro Volta. It is located in Como, Italy

'''Walter De Maria''' (1935 – 2013)

''The Lightning Field'' (1977) is a land art work in New Mexico. It consists of 400 stainless steel poles with solid, pointed tips, arranged in a rectangular 1 mile × 1 kilometre grid array

'''Franz Messerschmidt''' (1736 – 1783) was a German-Austrian sculptor most famous for his ‘character heads’, a collection of busts with faces contorted in extreme facial expressions

'''Michelangelo''' (1475 – 1564)

''David'' – 1501. Sculpted in marble. Displayed in the Accademia Gallery in Florence. 17’ high. Commissioned by the Overseers of the Office of Works of the Duomo (Operai). Started by di Duccio, then Rossellino. Slingshot in left hand. It soon came to symbolize the defense of civil liberties embodied in the Florentine Republic, an independent city-state threatened on all sides by more powerful rival states and by the hegemony of the Medici family. The eyes of David, with a warning glare, were turned towards Rome

''Pieta'' – 1498. Marble sculpture in St Peter’s Basilica in Rome, depicts the body of Jesus in the arms of his mother Mary after the Crucifixion. In 1972, Laszlo Toth, a Hungarian-born Australian, leaped over a guard rail in St Peter's crying, "I'm Jesus Christ!" and attacked the statue with a hammer. The only sculpture ever signed by Michelangelo

''Bacchus'' – marble statue in the Bargello, Florence

The only sculpture by Michelangelo in England is the ''Taddei Tondo'' marble relief in the Royal Academy

'''Amedeo''' '''Modigliani''' (1884 – 1920) abandoned sculpting in 1914 and focused solely on his painting

''Tete'' – a limestone carving of a woman's head, became the second most expensive sculpture ever sold, in 2010

'''Henry Moore''' (1898 – 1986) was best known for his semi-abstract monumental bronze sculptures which are located around the world as public works of art. His forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically depicting mother-and-child or reclining figures. Born in Castleford

''Three Standing Figures'' – first sculpture

Shelter Drawings – drawings made in London Underground shelters during WWII

''Madonna and Child'' – sculpture in St Paul’s Cathedral

'''Ron Mueck''' (born 1958) is an Australian hyperrealist sculptor working in the United Kingdom. Mueck's sculptures faithfully reproduce the minute detail of the human body, but play with scale to produce disconcertingly jarring visual images

''Boy'' – a 5m tall sculpture of a boy, crouching. First shown in the Millennium Dome exhibition

'''Vera Mukhina''' (1889 – 1953) was known as the “Queen of Soviet Sculpture”

''Worker and Kolkhoz Woman''

'''Claes Oldenburg''' (born 1929) is a Swedish sculptor, best known for his public art installations typically featuring very large replicas of everyday objects. Another theme in his work is soft sculpture versions of everyday objects

'''Eduardo Paolozzi''' (1924 – 2005) was born in Edinburgh. Knighted in 1988. Paolozzi is well known for his Pop Art collages

''The Statue of Newton (after William Blake)'' is outside the British Library

Paolozzi designed the mosaic patterned walls of the Tottenham Court Road tube station

'''Phidias''' (c. 480 – c. 430 BC) was a Greek sculptor, painter and architect, who is commonly regarded as one of the greatest of all sculptors of Classical Greece: Phidias' Statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

Phidias also designed the statues of the goddess Athena on the Athenian Acropolis, namely the ''Athena Parthenos'' inside the Parthenon and the ''Athena Promachos'', a colossal bronze statue of Athena

'''Praxiteles''' of Athens was the most renowned of the Attic sculptors of the 4th century BC. He was the first to sculpt the nude female form in a life-size statue

'''Marc Quinn''' (born 1964) is a member of the Young British Artists

''Self'' – sculpture of Quinn’s head, using his own frozen blood

''Sphinx'' – a sculpture of the British supermodel Kate Moss in a complicated yoga position

''Alison Lapper Pregnant'' – fourth plinth at Trafalgar Square. Alison Lapper has a congenital disorder, phocomelia, which caused her to be born without arms and with truncated legs

'''Auguste''' '''Rodin''' (1840 – 1917)

''The Burghers of Calais'' serves as a monument to an occurrence in 1347 during the Hundred Years' War, when Calais was under siege by the English for over a year

''The Gates of Hell'' depicts a scene from ''The Inferno'', the first section of ''The Divine Comedy''. The original sculptures, including ''The Thinker'' and ''The Kiss'', became works of art on their own. The plaster original was restored in 1917 and is displayed at the Musee d'Orsay in Paris

Some critics believe ''The Thinker'' was originally intended to depict Dante at the Gates of Hell

''Le Baiser'' (''The Kiss)'' was originally titled ''Francesca da Rimini'', as it depicts the 13th century Italian noblewoman immortalised in Dante's ''Inferno'' (Circle 2, Canto 5) who falls in love with her husband Giovanni Malatesta's younger brother Paolo. Sculpted in 1889

''Monument to Balzac''

'''Doris Salcedo''' (born 1958) is a Colombian-born sculptor

''Shibboleth'' – crack in the floor of the Turbine Hall at Tate Modern

'''Richard Serra''' (born 1939) is an American minimalist sculptor and video artist known for working with large scale assemblies of sheet metal. Serra was involved in the Process Art Movement

'''David Smith''' (1906 – 1965) was an American sculptor. Many sculptures of industrial parts welded together

''Cubi'' series – a group of stainless steel sculptures built from cubes, rectangular solids and cylinders with spheroidal or flat endcaps. These pieces are among the last works completed by Smith

'''Andy Scott''' (born 1964) is a Scottish sculptor

''The Heavy Horse'' – sculpture of a Clydesdale horse by near the M8 in Glasgow

''The Kelpies'' – two 30-metre-high horse-head sculptures, standing next to a new extension to the Forth and Clyde Canal, in Falkirk

'''Jason deCaires Taylor''' (born 1974) is an English sculptor specializing in the creation of contemporary underwater sculptures which over time develop into artificial coral reefs'''.''' His most ambitious project to date is the creation of the world's largest underwater sculpture museum, MUSA, situated off the coast of Cancun

'''Pietro Torrigiano''' (1472 – 1528) was an Italian sculptor of the Florentine school. Torrigiano was invited to England to execute the effigial monument for Henry VII and his queen, which still exists in the lady chapel of Westminster Abbey

'''James Turrell''' (born 1943)

''Roden Crater'' – a natural cinder cone crater located outside Flagstaff, Arizona that is being turned into a massive naked-eye observatory

'''Mark Wallinger''' (born 1959).

''Ecce Homo'' – the first work to occupy the empty fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square

''State Britain'' – an installation artwork displayed in Tate Britain. It is a recreation from scratch of a protest display about the treatment of Iraq, set up by Brian Haw outside Parliament. Wallinger won the Turner Prize in 2007 for this piece

A set of 270 enamel plaques, one for every London tube station, to mark the 150th anniversary of the London Underground

'''Rachel Whiteread''' (born 1963)

''House'' – was a concrete cast of the inside of an entire Victorian terraced house completed in 1993, exhibited at the location of the original house, 193 Grove Road, in East London. It drew mixed responses, winning her both the Turner Prize in 1993 and the K Foundation art award for worst British artist. Tower Hamlets London Borough Council demolished ''House'' in 1994

''Untitled Monument'' – (also variously known as ''Plinth'' or ''Inverted Plinth'') was a sculpture for the fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square. Her sculpture was an 11-ton resin cast of the plinth itself

''Holocaust Memorial'' – in Vienna

''Shy Sculptures'' – huts or sheds cast in concrete and situated in remote locations

'''Korczak Ziolkowski''' (1908 – 1982) was the American designer and sculptor of

Crazy Horse Memorial – in Custer County, South Dakota. It depicts Crazy Horse, an Oglala Lakota warrior, riding a horse and pointing into the distance. The memorial was commissioned by Henry Standing Bear, a Lakota elder

''Venus de Milo (Aphrodite of Melos)'' is a 2nd century BC Greek sculpture, in the Louvre

''The Winged Victory of Samothrace'', also called ''Nike of Samothrace'', is a marble sculpture of the Greek goddess of Victory, Nike, discovered in 1863 on the island of Samothrace by the French archaeologist Charles Champoiseau. The statue is now displayed in the Louvre in Paris

''Venus de' Medici'' is a lifesize Hellenistic marble sculpture depicting the Greek goddess of love Aphrodite. It is housed in the Uffizi

''Capitoline Wolf'' is a bronze sculpture of a she-wolf suckling twin infants, inspired by the legend of the founding of Rome. The statue was long thought to be an Etruscan work of the 5th century BC, with the twins added in the late 15th century AD, probably by the sculptor Antonio Pollaiolo

''Discobolus'' of Myron ("discus thrower") s a Greek sculpture that was completed c. 450 BC. The Townley ''Discobolus'', a Roman copy, is at the British Museum

Elgin Marbles are a collection of classical Greek marble sculptures (mostly by Phidias and his pupils), inscriptions and architectural members that originally were part of the Parthenon and other buildings on the Acropolis of Athens. Thomas Bruce, the 7th Earl of Elgin obtained a controversial permit from the Ottoman authorities to remove pieces from the Parthenon while serving as the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1799 to 1803

== Most expensive sculptures (May 2021) ==
''Pointing Man'' – Alberto Giacometti, $141 million

''The Walking Man I'' – Alberto Giacometti, $104 million

''Chariot'' – Alberto Giacometti, $101 million

''Rabbit'' – Jeff Koons, $91 million

''Portrait of Nancy Cunard'', Constantin Brancusi, $71 million

== Turner Prize ==
Turner Prize started in 1984, with a prize on £10,000

Drexel Burnham Lambert sponsorship ended in 1990 when the prize was not awarded

Prize increased to £20,000 in 1991 with sponsorship from Channel 4

In 2004 the first prize was increased to £25,000

In 2007 the prize was held outside London for the first time, in Tate Liverpool

In 2019 the prize was shared by all nominees (Lawrence Abu Hamdan, Helen Cammock, Tai Shani, and Oscar Murillo) after they wrote a letter asking the judges not to choose a single winner

2020 prize cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic

'''Notable winners'''
{| class="wikitable"
|1984
|Malcolm Morley
|Inaugural prize
|-
|1985
|Howard Hodgkin
|
|-
|1986
|Gilbert and George
|
|-
|1989
|Richard Long
|
|-
|1991
|Anish Kapoor
|
|-
|1993
|Rachel Whiteread
|First female winner, for ''House''
|-
|1994
|Antony Gormley
|
|-
|1995
|Damien Hirst
|
|-
|1996
|Douglas Gordon
|First winner with a video
|-
|1997
|Gillian Wearing
|Video ''60 minutes of Silence''
|-
|1998
|Chris Ofili
|Paintings using elephant dung
|-
|1999
|Steve McQueen
|Tracey Emin exhibited ''My Be''d
|-
|2000
|Wolfgang Tillmans
|First photographer and first non-British winner
|-
|2001
|Martin Creed
|''Work No. 227: The lights going on and off''
|-
|2003
|Grayson Perry
|
|-
|2004
|Jeremy Deller
|Film ''Memory Bucket''
|-
|2005
|Simon Starling
|''Shedboatshed''
|-
|2006
|Tomma Abts
|
|-
|2007
|Mark Wallinger
|''State Britain''
|-
|2010
|Susan Philipsz
|First sound artist to win
|-
|2015
|Assemble
|Architecture and design collective
|-
|2018
|Lubaina Himid
|
|-
|2019
|Charlotte Prodger
|
|}