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Figure skating was included in the original programme of the 1900 Summer Olympics, but the competitions never took place. In 1908, four figure skating events were held in London. Sweden refused to include winter sports in the 1912 Games on the grounds that it would threaten their own Nordic Games. The organizers of the 1916 Games planned a separate Skiing Olympia but the Olympics were cancelled due to WWI. Figure skating and ice hockey were included in the 1920 Games


1908 London

Men’s figure skating – Ulrich Salchow

Special figures – Nikolai Panin (Kolomenkin), the first Russian Olympic gold medal winner. This was the only Olympics where Special figures was skated

Women’s figure skating – Madge Syers. Bronze – Dorothy Greenhough-Smith

Madge Syers won the British national championship in 1903 and 1904, when she defeated her husband

Pairs. Silver – Phyllis and James Johnson. Bronze – Madge and Edgar Syers


1920 Antwerp

Ice hockey played by seven-man teams. Two 20-minute periods with no substitutions. Canada won the gold medal round, which consisted of eight teams. The three teams that lost to Canada played off for second place. USA finished second, and Czechoslovakia beat Sweden to win the bronze match

Canada was represented by the Winnipeg Falcons

USA beat Switzerland 29-0 in a gold medal quarter-final match

Men’s figure skating – Gillis Grafstrom (Sweden). Bronze – Martin Stixrud (Norway), aged 44

Pairs. Bronze – Phyllis Johnson and Basil Williams


'''1924''' '''Chamonix''' (I)

In 1922, over the objections of Pierre de Coubertin, a motion was passed to stage ‘International Winter Sports Week 1924’ in Chamonix. The event was a success and was retrospectively named the First Olympic Winter Games. The Scandinavians dropped their objections and supported a proposal to continue the Winter Olympics every four years

16 events, 16 nations represented, 294 competitors (13 women)

At the closing of the games Pierre de Coubertin presented a prize for alpinisme to Charles Granville Bruce, the leader of the expedition that tried to climb Mount Everest in 1922

First event to be decided was the men’s 500m speed skating. First gold medal won by Charles Jewtraw (USA) 

Clas Thunberg (Finland) won medals in all five speed skating events, including three gold medals (1500m, 5000m, and Allround (four races combined event, only raced in 1924))

Canada, represented by the Toronto Granites, won all five ice hockey matches, outscoring their opponents 110-3. Won final match against USA 6-1

Based on medal count, this was Great Britain's best ever performance at a Winter Olympic Games (Gold – curling, silver – four-man bob, bronze – women’s figure skating and ice hockey)

Men’s figure skating – Gillis Grafstrom

Women’s figure skating. Bronze – Ethel Muckelt (GB)

11-year-old Sonja Henie finished last (eighth)

Four-man bob – Switzerland

Ski jumping large hill – Jacob Thams (Norway). Bronze – Anders Haugen (USA), though he was not awarded the medal until 1974 due to a scoring error


'''1928''' '''St. Moritz''' (II)

Argentina were the first country from the Southern Hemisphere to compete in the Winter Games

Military patrol and skijoring were demonstration sports

Norway finished on top of the medal table with 15 medals (6 gold medals, 4 silver medals and 5 bronze medals)

Clas Thunberg won two more gold medals in speed skating (500m and 1500m)

Gillis Grafstrom (Sweden) won his third straight gold medal in men’s figure skating

Canada was advanced straight to the final round of the ice hockey, while the other ten nations were divided into three pools. The winners of the three pools joined Canada in the final round. Canada, represented by the Toronto Graduates, won all three matches, outscoring their opponents 38-0

15-year old Sonja Henie won the women’s figure skating

Pairs – Andree Joly and Pierre Brunet (France). Retained the title in 1932

Men’s speed skating 5000m – Ivar Ballangrud (Norway)

In the 10000m speed skating, Irving Jaffee was leading the competition, having outskated Norwegian defending world champion Bernt Evensen in their heat, when rising temperatures thawed the ice. In a controversial ruling, the referee – a Norwegian – canceled the entire competition. Although the International Olympic Committee reversed the decision, and awarded Jaffee the gold medal, the International Skating Union overruled the IOC and restored the referee's ruling

Skeleton. Bronze – David Northesk (GB)


'''1932''' '''Lake Placid''' (III)

Games opened by Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt. Eleanor Roosevelt took a run down the bobsled course

Figure skater Mollie Phillips was the first woman to carry a flag at the Opening Ceremony

USA topped the medal tally with a total of 12 medals (6 gold medals, 4 silver medals, and 2 bronze medals)

Sled dog race was a demonstration sport

European speed skaters were unhappy that local officials imposed a different set of rules than those with which they were familiar. Five-time Olympic champion Clas Thunberg refused to participate

Sonja Henie defended her figure skating title

Cecilia Colledge was the youngest ever British competitor at Olympics, aged 11 at 1932 Olympics. Colledge is credited as being the first female skater to perform a double jump, as well as being the inventor of both of the camel spin and the layback spin. Won silver medal in 1936

Only four nations entered the ice hockey, so each team played each other team twice. Canada won gold, USA silver, Germany bronze. The other team to compete was Poland

Men’s figure skating – Karl Schafer (Austria). Silver – Gillis Grafstrom

Men’s speed skating 5000m and 10000m – Irving Jaffee (USA)

Two-man bob raced for the first time. Won by brothers Hubert and Curtis Stevens (USA)

Eddie Eagan won gold in USA four-man bobsleigh team

Jay O’Brien became oldest person to win gold, in USA four-man bob, aged 48

Ski jumping large hill – Birger Ruud (Norway). Retained the title in 1936 and won silver in 1948. Ruud was an accomplished alpine skier and finished fourth in the Alpine combined in 1936


'''1936''' '''Garmisch-Partenkirchen''' (IV)

Games opened by Hitler

Norway topped the medal table

The largest and heaviest medals ever were awarded to athletes

500,000 people attended the final day’s events

Alpine skiing events were included for the first time, with the combined event. Skiers were penalized six seconds for each gate missed during the slalom competition rather than being disqualified

The IOC declared that ski instructors could not take part in the Olympics because they were professionals. Incensed, the Austrian and Swiss skiers boycotted the events

Germany’s leading hockey player, Rudy Ball, was the only Jewish member of the German Winter Olympics team

Canada’s undefeated streak in ice hockey was halted at 20 by Great Britain

10 of the 12 GB ice hockey players lived in Canada

GB medals: gold – ice hockey, silver – women’s figure skating, bronze – four-man bob

Men’s figure skating – Karl Schafer

Women’s figure skating – Sonia Henie. Silver – Cecilia Colledge (GB)

Ivar Ballangrud won three gold medals in speed skating (500m, 5000m, and 10000m)


1940 Sapporo; St. Moritz; Garmisch-Partenkirchen

The 1940 Winter Olympics were awarded to Sapporo, but when Japan invaded China the games were reassigned to St. Moritz. The continuing dispute about ski instructors caused the Swiss to withdraw. The Germans volunteered Garmisch-Partenkirchen in July 1939, but four months later the event was cancelled due to World War II


1944          Cortina d’Ampezzo                      

Cortina d'Ampezzo had been awarded the games in June 1939, but due to World War II, the 1944 Winter Olympics were cancelled in 1941


'''1948''' '''St. Moritz''' (V)

St. Moritz was selected because it was located in Switzerland, which had remained neutral during the war, and also because it had already hosted a Winter Games 

Germany and Japan were barred from competing

There were also two demonstration sports – military patrol and the winter pentathlon

Winter pentathlon involved five competitions: 10 km cross-country ski race, shooting, downhill skiing, fencing and horseback riding

Two American teams turned up to play in the ice hockey – the team from the American Hockey Association were allowed to play, the team from the American Olympic Committee were not allowed to play. Canada won the gold medal. Italy conceded 156 goals in their eight matches. Jaroslav Drobny won a silver medal as a member of the Czech team

For the first time, North America took gold medals in figure skating (Dick Button (USA) and Barbara Ann Scott)

Women’s figure skating – Barbara Ann Scott (Canada). Bronze – Jeannette Altwegg

Skeleton. Bronze – John Crammond (GB)

Men’s downhill raced for the first time. Won by Henri Oreiller (France)

Men’s slalom raced for the first time. Won by Edi Reinalter (Switzerland)

Alpine combined held for the last time until 1988

Women’s slalom raced for the first time. Won by Gretchen Fraser (USA)


'''1952''' '''Oslo''' (VI)

Alpine skiing events were held at Norefjell, 113 km from the capital

Demonstration sport – bandy

All flags were flown at half-mast during the opening ceremony at Bislett Stadion following the death of George VI on 6 February

The Games closed with the presentation of a flag that would be passed from one Winter Olympics host city to the next. The flag, which became known as the ‘Oslo flag’, has been displayed in the host city during each subsequent Winter Games

Norway topped the medal table

Canada, represented by the Edmonton Mercurys, won the gold medal in ice hockey

Combined event replaced by giant slalom

Cross-country skiing event for women held for the first time

Men’s figure skating – Dick Button. First skater to perform a triple jump

Women’s figure skating – Jeannette Altwegg

Brother-sister pairs took the first four places in the pairs event

Hjalmar Andersen (Norway) won three gold medals in speed skating (1500m, 5000m, and 10000m)

Men’s giant slalom – Stein Eriksen (Norway). First skier from outside of the Alps to win an Olympic men’s Alpine gold medal, and the first skiing superstar

Greek slalom skier Antoin Miliordos fell 18 times on his run and crossed the finish line backwards

Women’s giant slalom and slalom – Andrea Lawrence (USA)

Women’s 10 km classical cross-country held for the first time


'''1956'''  '''Cortina d’Ampezzo''' (VII)

Cortina d'Ampezzo was selected with 75% of the votes, over bids from Montreal, Colorado Springs and Lake Placid

First games to be televised to a multi-national audience

Cortina Games were held before the Hungarian uprising, and the Suez War, which occurred in the autumn of 1956; the Winter Games escaped the boycotts that plagued the Melbourne Olympics

Athletes from West Germany (FRG) and East Germany (GDR) competed together as the United Team of Germany from 1956 to 1964

To remedy the lack of snow at the alpine skiing events, the Italian army transported large amounts of snow to ensure the courses were adequately covered

Last games at which figure skating competitions were held outdoors

First appearance by Soviet Union, who won more medals than any other nation

Soviet Union won ice hockey gold medal

Tony Sailer (Austria) won gold medals in downhill, slalom, and giant slalom

Chiharu Igaya won the silver medal in the men’s slalom, to become the first Japanese athlete to win a medal at the Winter Olympics

Women’s figure skating – Tenley Albright (USA)

Men’s figure skating – Hayes Alan Jenkins (USA). Bronze – David Jenkins, the younger brother of Hayes Alan Jenkins

Men’s 500m speed skating – Yevgeny Grishin (Russia). Retained the title in 1960

Poland won their first medal at the Winter Olympics, bronze in Nordic Combined


'''1960''' '''Squaw Valley''' (VIII)

Squaw Valley, California defeated Innsbruck in the bid process. At the time the Squaw Valley resort consisted of one chair lift, two rope tows, and a fifty-room lodge

In 1957 the United States government threatened to deny visas to athlete from Communist countries, causing the IOC to threaten to revoke Squaw Valley's right to host the 1960 Games. Bowing to international pressure, the United States allowed athletes from Communist countries entry for the Games

China and North Korea did not compete

In the men's slalom event, officials who were unsure if a skier had missed a gate asked CBS if they could review tape of the event. This request gave CBS the idea for what is now known as instant replay

The opening and closing ceremonies were produced by Walt Disney and televised by CBS. The 1960 Games were the first to have television broadcast rights sold to the highest bidder

Walt Disney was chairman of the Pageantry Committee in charge of the Opening and Closing ceremonies

Vice President Richard Nixon represented the United States government and declared the Games open. Carol Heiss took the Athletes’ Oath

Organizing committee refused to build a bobsled run because only nine nations were going to take part. This is the only time in Winter Olympic history that the bobsled events were not held

Biathlon was added to the Olympic programme

Soviet Union dominated the medal count winning 21 medals, 7 of which were gold

Women competed in speed skating for the first time with Lydia Skoblikova winning two gold medals (1500m and 3000m)

USA won ice hockey, and beat the Soviet Union for the first time. Team included the Cleary brothers and the Christian brothers

Men’s figure skating – David Jenkins. Bronze – Don Jackson (Canada), the first skater to perform a triple lutz

Women’s figure skating – Carol Heiss (USA), who married Hayes Alan Jenkins in 1961

Men’s downhill – Jean Vuarnet (France), the first gold medalist to use metal skis and no wax. Also invented the ‘egg position’, now known as the tuck

Kyung Soon-yim (South Korea) had only skied on grass before arriving at the Olympics


'''1964''' '''Innsbruck''' (IX)

Innsbruck defeated Calgary and Lahti (Finland) in the bid process

Luge made its Olympic debut

North Korea participated in the Winter Games for the first time

Russia topped the medal table

A British lugist (Kazimierz Kay-Skrzypeski, born in Poland) and an Australian downhill skier (Ross Milne) were killed in practice

Lydia Skoblikova won all four women’s speed skating events (500m, 1000m, 1500m, and 3000m) to become the first athlete to win four gold medals in one Winter Olympics

Ice hockey – Soviet Union

Men’s figure skating – Manfred Schnelldorfer (Germany). Bronze – Scott Allen (US), the youngest male to win a medal at the Winter Olympics, aged 14

Pairs – Lyudmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov. Retained the title in 1968

Men’s 500m speed skating – Terry McDermott. The only USA gold medal in 1964

Two-man bob – Tony Nash and Robin Dixon. Suffered a broken axle bolt during their first run, but Italian world champion Eugenio Monti loaned them an axle bolt. Monti won two gold medals in 1968 and was honoured as the first recipient of the Pierre de Coubertin medal for sportsmanship

Women’s giant slalom – Marielle Goitschel (France). Silver – Christine Goitschel, her sister

Women’s slalom – Christine Goitschel. Silver – Marielle Goitschel

Competitors in ski jumping allowed to use the best two of three jumps for the only time

Charles Palmer-Tomkinson, Tara’s father, was a competitor in the giant slalom and downhill events


'''1968''' '''Grenoble''' (X)

Grenoble defeated Calgary and four other cities in the bid process

IOC first permitted East and West Germany to enter separately

Sex tests for women and drug tests were introduced

Games opened by President Charles de Gaulle

First Olympiad to adopt a mascot, although unofficially. Schuss, the mascot, is a styled skier

Norway topped the medal table

Jean-Claude Killy (France) won gold medals in downhill, slalom, and giant slalom

Karl Schranz (Austria) claimed that a mysterious man in black crossed his path during the slalom race, causing him to skid to a halt. Given a restart, Schranz beat Killy’s time. However, a Jury of Appeal disqualified Schranz for missing two gates and gave the victory to Killy

Men’s giant slalom decided by a combination of two runs, rather than a single run, for the first time

Women’s giant slalom – Nancy Greene (Canada)

Women’s slalom – Marielle Goitschel. 4<sup>th</sup> Gina Hathorn

Avery Brundage demanded that all trademarks be removed from the skis used by competitors. The International Ski Federation rejected the ban

Three East German entrants were disqualified from the women’s luge for heating their runners

Franco Nones (Italy) won the 30 km race to become the first non-Scandinavian skier to win a men’s cross–country contest

Ice hockey – Soviet Union

Women’s figure skating – Peggy Fleming

Fleming was the only USA gold medal winner. Signed a $500,000 contract with Ice Follies

Men’s 500m speed skating – Erhard Keller (Germany). Retained the title in 1972


'''1972''' '''Sapporo''' (XI)

Sapporo defeated Banff, Lahti, and Salt Lake City in the bid process

First Winter Olympics to be held outside Europe or the USA

Games opened by Emperor Hirohito

The Republic of China (Taiwan) participated in their first Winter Olympic Games

Ice hockey – Soviet Union

Canada withdrew from the ice hockey tournament as a protest against the hypocrisy of the eligibility rules. Professionals were not allowed, but the Communist nations used their leading players as there were no ‘professionals’ (their players were employed by the government)

Galina Kulakova (USSR) won all three cross-country skiing events for women

Japan won their first-ever gold medal (Yukio Kasaya) in the Winter Olympics, in the normal hill ski jumping event (and also won silver and bronze in this event)

Women’s figure skating. Bronze – Janet Lynn (USA). The Ice Follies offered her a three-year contract for $1.45 million, which made her the highest-paid female professional athlete of the time

Pairs – Irina Rodnina and Aleksei Ulanov

Ulanov married Lyudmila Smirnova of the number-two USSR team

Ard Schenk (Netherlands) won three gold medals in speed skating (1500m, 5000m, and 10000m)

Connie Carpenter (USA) finished seventh in the 1500m speed skating, and won the gold medal in the cycling road race in the 1984 Summer Olympics

Men’s downhill – Bernhard Russi (Switzerland)

Avery Brundage banned Karl Schranz from competing as he was earning money as a ‘tester and designer’ for ski product manufacturers

Men’s giant slalom – Gustav Thoni (Italy)

Men’s slalom – Paquito Ochoa, the first Spaniard to win a gold medal in the Winter Olympics. Silver – Gustav Thoni. Bronze – Roland Thoni (Gustav’s cousin)

Women’s downhill – Marie-Therese Nadig (Switzerland). Silver – Annemarie Proll

Women’s giant slalom – Marie-Therese Nadig. Silver – Annemarie Proll

Ski jumping large hill – Wojciech Fortuna, winning the first-ever gold medal for Poland at the Winter Olympics

Nordic combined – Ulrich Wehling (GDR). Retained the title in 1976 and 1980


'''1976''' '''Innsbruck''' (XII)

The Games were awarded to Denver, but the people of Colorado voted to prohibit public funds from being used to support the games. The IOC then offered the games to Whistler, but they too declined. Salt Lake City offered itself as a potential host after the withdrawal of Denver. The IOC declined and selected Innsbruck

At the opening ceremony, two flames were lit, to celebrate both Innsbruck Games

The mascot was the Tyrolean snowman

Ice dancing was added to the programme

Canada and Sweden boycotted the ice hockey over the ‘professional’ players from the Communist nations

Ice hockey – Soviet Union

Czechoslovakia’s captain, Frantisek Pospipil, was chosen for a random drug test. The team trainer immediately admitted that Pospipil had been given codeine to contact a virus infection, but he was expelled by the IOC

Men’s figure skating – John Curry, who had moved to Colorado in 1973. Terry Kubicka (USA) became the only skater to legally perform a backflip during Olympic competition. The move was banned immediately afterward

Women’s figure skating – Dorothy Hamill

Hamill became the first female to sign a $1 million-a-year contract, with the Ice Capades

Curry and Hamill were both coached by Carlo Fassi

Pairs – Rodnina and Aleksandr Zaitsev. Retained the title in 1980

Tai Babilonia (who skated with Randy Gardner) was the first black athlete to compete at the Winter Olympics

Ice dance – Lyudmila Pakhomova and Aleksandr Gorshkov. Retained the title in 1980

Men’s 1000m speed skating held for the first time

Speed skater Sheila Young became the first US athlete to win three medals at a single Winter Olympics

East Germany won the four-man bobsleigh in 1976, 1980, and 1984

Luge timings changed from 1/100 of a second to 1/1000 of a second

Men’s downhill – Franz Klammer. Silver – Bernhard Russi

Women’s downhill – Rosi Mittermaier (Germany)

Women’s giant slalom – Kathy Kreiner (Canada). Silver – Rosi Mittermaier

Women’s slalom – Rosi Mittermaier

Men’s 30 km cross-country. Silver – Bill Koch (USA), the first American to win an Olympic Nordic skiing medal

Galina Kulakova (Russia), who won eight Olympic medals, finished third in the 5 km cross-country event, but was disqualified due to taking a nasal spray that contained the banned substance ephedrine, to become the first person in the history of the Winter Olympics to lose a medal because of a positive drug test

Normal hill ski jumping – Hans-Georg Aschenbach (GDR), who later admitted to having taken anabolic steroids for eight years

Large hill ski jumping – Karl Schnabl (Austria)


'''1980''' '''Lake Placid''' (XIII)

The only other candidate city to bid for the Games was Vancouver-Garibaldi; which withdrew before the final vote

The Games were an organizational disaster

The Lake Placid Games saw the only national boycott in the history of the Winter Olympics. People's Republic of China entered the Olympics Games for the first time after the IOC agreed to designate the Republic of China ‘Chinese Taipei’, so they boycotted

The mascots of the Games were Roni and Ronny, two raccoons

First use of artificial snow in Olympic competition

Games opened by Vice President Walter Mondale

Athletes’ Oath taken by Eric Heiden

Ice Hockey – USA. Nine of the USA team were from the University of Minnesota, as was the coach, Herb Brooks. USA bt Russia 4-3 in the match known as the ‘Miracle on Ice’. Winning goal – Mike Eruzione. Jim Craig recorded 39 saves. USA bt Finland in final match

Men’s figure skating – Robin Cousins, who trained in Colorado with Carlo and Christa Fassi

Women’s figure skating – Anett Potzsch (East Germany)

Eric Heiden won all five speed skating events (500m, 1000m, 1500m, 5000m, and 10000m) to become the first person in Olympic history to win five individual gold medals at one Games (three of Mark Spitz’s seven were in relay events)

Women’s speed skating 500m – Karin Enke

Women’s luge – Vera Zozulya (Russia). First non-German-speaking athlete to win a luge gold medal

Men’s downhill – Leonhard Stock (Austria)

Men’s giant slalom – Ingemar Stenmark. Silver – Andreas Wenzel (Liechtenstein)

Men’s slalom – Ingemar Stenmark. Silver – Phil Mahre (USA)

Women’s downhill – Annemarie Moser-Proll. Silver – Hanni Wenzel (Liechtenstein)

Women’s giant slalom decided by a combination of two runs, rather than a single run, for the first time

Women’s giant slalom and slalom – Hanni Wenzel, brother of Andreas

Men’s 30 km cross-country. Bronze – Ivan Lebanov, the first Bulgarian to win a medal in the Winter Olympics

Nikolay Zimyatov (Russia) won three gold medals in cross-country skiing


'''1984''' '''Sarajevo''' (XIV)

Sarajevo defeated Sapporo and Gothenburg in the bid process

The Winter Games took place in a Socialist country for the first time

The Republic of China ended its boycott of the Olympic Games over the controversy regarding the IOC's recognition of the People's Republic of China, and competed as Chinese Taipei for the first time

By 1992, the Olympic bobsled run had been transformed into an artillery position for Serbian guerrillas. The site of the slalom races was a Serb military installation and the Zetra Figure Skating Centre had been reduced to rubble

‘Speed Skater’ – poster by Andy Warhol

Mascot – Vucko, the little wolf

Disabled skiing was a demonstration sport for the first time

Stenmark was not allowed to compete because he was a professional

Marc Girardelli was not allowed to compete because he retained Austrian citizenship while skiing for Luxembourg

Austria won one bronze medal (Anton Steiner in men’s downhill skiing)

Lamine Gueye of Senegal was the first Black African skier to compete in the Winter Olympics

Marja-Liisa Hamalainen won all three individual cross-country races for women

Ice hockey – Soviet Union

Men’s figure skating – Scott Hamilton (USA). Silver – Brian Orser (Canada)

Women’s figure skating – Katarina Witt (GDR)

Ice dance – Torvill and Dean, performing ''Bolero''. Silver – Natalya Bestemianova and Andrei Bukin

Men’s speed skating 5000m – Tomas Gustafson (Sweden)

Women’s speed skating 500m – Christa Rothenburger (GDR)

Women’s speed skating 1000m and 1500m – Karin Enke

Men’s downhill – Bill Johnson (USA). Silver – Peter Muller (Switzerland)

Men’s giant slalom. Silver – Jure Franko, the first Yugoslav to win a Winter Olympics medal

Men’s slalom – Phil Mahre. Silver – Steve Mahre, Phil’s twin brother

Women’s downhill – Michela Figini (Switzerland), the youngest skier (aged 17) ever to win an Olympic gold medal

Women’s giant slalom – Debbie Armstrong (USA)

Normal hill ski jumping – Jens Weissflog (GDR)

Large hill ski jumping – Matti Nykanen (Finland)


'''1988''' '''Calgary''' (XV)

Calgary defeated Falun (Sweden) and Cortina d'Ampezzo in the bid process

For the first time, the Alpine events were held on artificial snow. The Alpine programme expanded to five events with the inclusion of the super giant slalom and the reintroduction of the Alpine combined

Team events were added in Nordic combined and ski jumping (large hill)

The official mascots of the games were two western-attired polar bears named Hidy and Howdy

Curling, freestyle skiing, and short track speed skating were demonstration events

Disabled skiing was an exhibition sport

The host Canadian team failed to win a gold medal

Wilf O’Reilly won two gold medals in short track speed skating demonstration event

Yvonne van Gennip (Netherlands) won three gold medals in speed skating

In biathlon, Frank-Peter Roetsch (East Germany) became the first person to win both individual events

Ice hockey – Soviet Union

Men’s figure skating – Brian Boitano (USA). Silver – Brian Orser. Bronze – Victor Petrenko, the first Ukrainian to win a medal in an individual event at the Winter Olympics

Women’s figure skating – Katarina Witt. Bronze – Debi Thomas (USA), the first black athlete to win a medal in the Winter Olympics. Witt and Thomas independently elected to skate their long programme to music from Bizet's opera ''Carmen'' (known as Battle of the Carmens)

Pairs – Yekaterina Gordeyeva and Sergei Grinkov

Ice Dance – Natalya Bestemianova and Andrei Bukin

Men’s speed skating 5000m and 10000m – Tomas Gustafson

Women’s speed skating 500m – Bonnie Blair (USA). Silver – Christa Rothenburger

Women’s speed skating 1000m – Christa Rothenburger

Women’s speed skating 5000m skated for the first time

12-year-old Jan Hoffman (GDR) competed in figure skating. Youngest-ever male competitor

Bobsleigh event included competitors from countries with little or no snow. These countries included Jamaica (whose involvement spurred the movie ''Cool Runnings''), Mexico, and New Zealand. An informal "Caribbean Cup" of such countries was won by New Zealand. In the two-man event, the best result from a completely snow-less country was 29th by the Netherlands Antilles

Luge. Silver – Georg Hackl (Germany)

Men’s downhill – Pirmin Zurbriggen (Switzerland). Silver – Peter Muller. 8<sup>th</sup> Martin Bell

Men’s super G – Franck Piccard (France). Named after Frank Sinatra

Men’s giant slalom and slalom – Alberto Tomba (Italy)

Women’s giant slalom – Vreni Schneider (Switzerland)

Women’s slalom – Vreni Schneider

Rusiate Rogoyawa from Fiji entered the men’s 15 km classical cross-country event

Roberto Alvarez (Mexico) was so far behind in the men’s 50 km classical cross-country that race officials thought he had got lost and sent out a delegation to find him

Normal hill and large hill ski jumping – Matti Nykanen

Team ski jumping – Finland, including Matti Nykanen

Michael ‘Eddie the Eagle’ Edwards competed in the 70m and 90m ski jumps 

'''1992''' '''Albertville''' (XVI)

A record of seven different locales bid for the Games

Seven other towns in the Savoy Alps hosted medal competitions

Competitions spread over 14 different sites

Short track speed skating, moguls and women's biathlon made their debut as an Olympic sport. The games were the last Winter Games to have demonstration sports, consisting of curling, aerials, ski ballet and speed skiing. It was the last Olympics to have an outdoor speed skating rink

Games opened by President Mitterand

Olympic flame co-lit by Michel Platini

Germany topped the medals table

Nicolas Bochatay was a Swiss speed skier who was killed when he collided with a snow grooming vehicle on the morning of the speed skiing finals


Alpine skiing

Men’s downhill – Patrick Ortlieb (Austria)

Men’s super G – Kjetil Andre Aamodt (Norway). Silver – Marc Girardelli (Luxembourg)

Men’s giant slalom – Alberto Tomba. Silver – Girardelli

Tomba became the first Alpine skier to win the same event twice. Most entrants ever in an event – 131, from 46 different nations

Men’s slalom – Finn Christian Jagge (Norway). Silver – Tomba (also won silver in 1994)

Alejandro Preinfalk Lavagni (Costa Rica) came last in the slalom and giant slalom

Women’s downhill – Kerrin Lee-Gartner (Canada), the first winner from a non-German-speaking country

Women’s super G – Deborah Compagnoni (Italy)

Women’s giant slalom – Pernilla Wiberg (Sweden)

Women’s slalom – Petra Kronberger (Austria). Bronze – Fernandez Ochoa (Spain), brother of Paquito Ochoa who won the slalom in 1972. First Spanish woman to win an Olympic medal in either winter or summer

Annelise Coberger of New Zealand won the southern hemisphere's first Winter Olympic medal – silver in the women's slalom

Women’s combined – Petra Kronberger


Figure skating

Men’s figure skating – Victor Petrenko

Women’s figure skating – Kristi Yamaguchi (USA). Her mother was born in a World War II internment camp for Japanese-Americans

Ice Dance. Silver – Paul and Isabelle Duchesnay, brother and sister from France, choreographed by Christopher Dean, who was Isabelle’s husband


Speed skating and Short track speed skating

Women’s speed skating 500m – Bonnie Blair. Silver – Ye Quaobo, the first Chinese athlete to win a Winter Olympic medal

Women’s speed skating 1000m – Bonnie Blair

Women’s speed skating 1500m. Bronze – Seiko Hashimoto, the first Japanese woman to win a Winter Olympic medal, also competed as a cyclist at three Summer Olympics

Women’s speed skating 3000m and 5000m – Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann (Germany)

Men’s short track 1000m held for the first time. Gold – Kim ki-hoon (Korea). 5<sup>th</sup> Wilf O’Reilly

Women’s short track 500m – Cathy Turner (USA). Retained the title in 1994


First ice hockey tournament played with a final, instead of pool matches. Soviet Union (Unified Team) bt Canada in the final

Luge – Georg Hackl (Germany), Retained the title in 1994 and 1998

Vegard Ulvang (Norway) and Bjorn Daehlie each won three gold medals in cross-country skiing

Men’s combined pursuit introduced. Won by Bjorn Daehlie. Two competitors from Morocco

Men’s 4x10 km and women’s 4x5 km cross-country relays changed from a freestyle event to an event where two skiers use the classical technique and two use the freestyle technique

Women’s combined pursuit introduced. Won by Lyubov Yegorova (Russia), who retained the title in 1994

Women’s 15 km freestyle cross-country introduced. Won by Lyubov Yegorova

Large hill ski jumping – Toni Nieminen (Finland)

Team ski jumping – Finland, including Toni Nieminen. Aged 16, he became the youngest male to win a Winter Olympics gold medal

Men’s moguls – Edgar Grospiron (France)

Women’s moguls – Donna Weinbrecht (USA)


'''1994 Lillehammer''' (XVII)

The Games were the first to be held in a different year from the Summer Olympics, the first and only one to be held two years after the previous winter games

Lillehammer defeated Ostersund (Sweden), Anchorage, and Sofia in the bid process

The games also saw the introduction of stricter qualifying rules, reducing the number of under-performing participants from warm-weather countries. New events were two new distances in short track speed skating and aerials, while speed skating was moved indoors

Games opened by King Harald V

South Africa competed for the first time since 1960


Alpine skiing

Men’s downhill – Tommy Moe (USA). Silver – Aamodt

Conner O’Brien skied for his fourth different country

Men’s super-G and giant slalom – Markus Wasmeier (Germany)

Men’s slalom – Thomas Stangassinger (Austria)

Men’s combined – Lasse Kjus (Norway). Silver – Aamodt, who became the first Alpine skier to win five medals

Women’s downhill – Katja Seizinger (Germany). Silver – Picabo Street (USA)

Women’s super-G – Diann Roffe (USA)

Women’s giant slalom – Deborah Compagnoni. Retained the title in 1998, to become the first Alpine skier to earn gold medals in three different Olympics

Women’s slalom – Vreni Schneider. First female Alpine skier to win three gold medals

Women’s combined – Pernilla Wiberg. Bronze – Alenka Dovzan, first medal won by Slovenia


Figure skating

Elvis Stojko (Canada) won the silver medal in men’s figure skating in 1994 and 1998

Women’s figure skating – Oksana Baiul (Ukraine). Silver – Nancy Kerrigan. 8<sup>th</sup> Tonya Harding

On 6 January, Tonya Harding's ex-husband Jeff Gillooly hired Shane Stant to club fellow figure skater Nancy Kerrigan in the knee. Tonya Harding became a boxer

Pairs – Yekaterina Gordeyeva and Sergei Grinkov

Ice dance – Oksana Grischuk and Yevgeny Platov. Retained the title in 1998. Bronze – Torvill and Dean, performing ''Let’s Face the Music and Dance''


Speed skating and Short track speed skating

Men’s 1000m speed skating – Dan Jansen (USA). Jansen had won seven overall World Cup titles and set seven world records, but he had never won an Olympic medal

Johann Olav Koss won three gold medals in speed skating (1500m, 5000m, and 10000m)

Women’s speed skating 500m and 1000m – Bonnie Blair

Women’s speed skating 5000m – Claudia Pechstein (Germany). Retained the title in 1998 and 2002

Men’s short track 500m held for the first time. Bronze – Nicky Gooch

Men’s short track 1000m – Kim ki-hoon. Marc Gagnon (Canada) won the bronze medal despite not taking part in the final. He won the consolation final, and two skaters in the final were disqualified


Ice hockey final – Sweden bt Canada in a shootout. First ice hockey gold medal won by Sweden

USA became the first bobsleigh crew to be disqualified for overheated runners

Bosnia used a sled donated by Netherlands

Women can now enter luge two-seater, but no women have yet entered

Men’s combined pursuit – Bjorn Daehlie, becoming the first male cross-country skier to win five gold medals

Men’s 50 km classical cross-country – Vladimir Smirnov (Kazakhstan)

Women’s 15 km and 30 km cross-country – Manuela Di Centa (Italy)

Large hill ski jumping – Jens Weissflog

Women’s 7.5 km and 15 km biathlon – Myriam Bedard (Canada)


'''1998 Nagano''' (XVIII)

Nagano defeated Salt Lake City in the final round of voting. The host city selection was held in Birmingham in 1991

The games saw the introduction of curling and snowboarding

Games opened by Emperor Akihito

For the first time, the best professional hockey players in the world were allowed to compete. Czech Republic won gold, beating Russia 1-0 in the final. Shutout by goaltender Dominik Hasek

Women’s ice hockey made its first appearance. Body checking is not allowed. All women are required to wear full face masks. USA bt Canada in the gold medal match

Ross Rebagliati (Canada) tested positive for marijuana and was stripped of his snowboarding gold medal. It was the first time in Olympic history that an athlete was punished for taking a non-performance-enhancing drug. The IOC decision was appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport and Rebagliati’s victory was reaffirmed

Because of Japan’s strict gun control laws, biathlon rifles were kept under lock and key and biathletes had to submit to a retina scan to retrieve them

Curling tournament was held at Karuizawa, which hosted the equestrian events at the 1964 Summer Olympics, becoming the first city to hold events at both the Summer and Winter Olympics


Alpine skiing

Men’s downhill – Jean-Luc Chretier (France). Silver – Lasse Kjus. Martin Bell set a record by competing in his fifth Olympic downhill

Men’s super G – Hermann Maier (Austria). Silver – Didier Cuche (Switzerland)

Men’s giant slalom – Hermann Maier. Silver – Stephan Eberharter (Austria)

Men’s combined – slalom held before the downhill. Because of weather delays, the combined downhill was held on the same day as the regular downhill. Lasse Kjus won silver in both events, becoming the only Alpine skier to win two Olympic medals in one day

Women’s downhill – Katja Seizinger (Germany). First person to win the Olympic downhill twice

Women’s super G – Picabo Street

Women’s slalom – Hilde Gerg (Germany)

Australia won their first individual Winter Olympic medal when Zali Steggall won bronze in the women's slalom

Women’s combined – Katja Seizinger


Figure skating

Steven Cousins (GB) finished sixth in men’s figure skating

Women’s figure skating – Tara Lipinski (USA). Silver – Michelle Kwan (USA)

Tara Lipinski broke Sonja Henie’s record as the youngest winner of an individual event, aged 15. Surya Bonaly performed an illegal backflip


Speed skating and Short track speed skating

500m speed skating changed from a one-race to a two-race format. Final places are determined by the combined total of the two races

Men’s speed skating 5000m and 10000m – Gianni Romme (Netherlands)


Men’s curling – Switzerland

Women’s curling final – Canada bt Denmark, who won their first Winter Olympic medal. 4<sup>th</sup> GB (skip – Kirsty Hay)

Four-man bobsleigh. Bronze – GB (Sean Olsson, Dean Ward, Courtney Rumbolt, Paul Attwood)

Luge two-seater. Bronze – USA. First medal won by USA in luge

Men’s 50 km classical cross-country – Bjorn Daehlie, winning his eighth gold medal, his twelfth total medal, his ninth medal in an individual event, and his sixth gold medal in an individual event (tying Lydia Skoblikova)

Men’s 10 km classical cross-country saw the first appearance of a Black African in cross-country. Philip Boit and Henry Bitok were Kenyans trained in Finland in order to become competitive skiers. Both were former middle distance runners with no previous skiing experience. Their project was sponsored by Nike

Large hill ski jumping – Kazuyoshi Funaki (Japan)

Team ski jumping – Japan, including Masahiko Harada, who had lost Japan the gold medal in 1994 with a poor final jump. Okabe and Harada both jumped 137 metres, the longest ever jump in an Olympic ski jumping competition

Men’s 10 km biathlon – Ole Einar Bjorndalen (Norway)

Women’s 15 km biathlon – Yekaterina Dafovska, winning Bulgaria’s first gold medal at the Winter Olympics

Women’s moguls – Tae Satoya, becoming the first Japanese woman to earn a gold medal in the Winter Olympics


'''2002 Salt Lake City''' (XIX)

Salt Lake City was chosen over Quebec City, Sion (Switzerland), and, Ostersund

Scandal broke in December 1998, when Swiss IOC member Marc Hodler, head of the coordination committee overseeing the organization of the 2002 games, announced that several members of the IOC had taken bribes. As a result of an investigation, ten members of the IOC were expelled and another ten were sanctioned

Mascots – Powder (a hare), Copper (a coyote), and Coal (a bear)

Emblem – a snow crystal

The opening ceremony featured LeAnn Rimes singing ''Light the Fire Within'', the official song of the 2002 Olympics

John Williams composed a five-minute work for orchestra and chorus, ''Call of the Champions'', that served as the official theme of the 2002 Winter Olympics

Games opened by President George W Bush

The closing ceremony marked the final live performance of KISS

Norway tied the Soviet Union at the 1976 Winter Olympics for most gold medals at a Winter Olympics, with 13

Germany set a record for most total medals at a Winter Olympics, with 36

Men’s skeleton was held in 1928 and 1948, then not until 2002

Women’s skeleton was held for the first time in 2002


Alpine skiing

Men’s downhill – Fritz Strobl (Austria)

Men’s combined and super-G – Aamodt

Men’s giant slalom – Eberharter

Men’s slalom – Jean-Pierre Vidal (France)

Alain Baxter finished third in slalom. He sparked controversy at the time, by dying his hair with the Saltire cross of St Andrew. A few days after his return home, Baxter discovered that he had failed a drug test. The bronze was then awarded to Austrian Benjamin Raich

Bode Miller won silver medals in the combined and giant slalom

Janica Kostelic (Croatia) won gold medals in the combined, giant slalom and slalom, and a silver medal in the super-G. The first Winter Olympic medals ever for an athlete from Croatia and the first three-gold performance by a female

Women’s downhill – Carole Montillet (France)

Women’s super-G – Daniela Ceccarelli (Italy)


Figure skating

Men’s figure skating – Alexei Yagudin (Russia). Silver – Plushenko

American Sarah Hughes won the gold medal in figure skating. Michelle Kwan fell during her long program and received the bronze medal

In the figure skating pairs competition, Yelena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze of Russia had won the short program over Jamie Sale and David Pelletier of Canada. In the free skate, Berezhnaya and Sikharulidze made a minor (but obvious) technical error. Meanwhile, Sale and Pelletier skated a flawless program, albeit one that many experts considered to be of lesser difficulty than that of the Russians, who were awarded the gold medal. There was immediate suspicion of cheating. The French judge, Marie-Reine Le Gougne said that she had been pressured by the head of the French skating organization, Didier Gailhaguet, to vote for the Russian pair regardless of how the others performed. Sale and Pelletier's silver medal was upgraded to a gold medal. The judging system was changed for the 2006 Olympics


Speed skating and Short track speed skating

Men’s and women’s short track 1500m held for the first time

Men’s short track 1500m – Apolo Anton Ohno (USA). Also won silver in 1000m

China won its first and second Winter Olympic gold medals, both by women's short-track speed skater Yang Yang (A)

One of the most memorable stories of the event occurred at the men's short track 1000m. Australian skater Steven Bradbury, a competitor who had won a bronze in 1994 as part of a relay team but well off the pace of the medal favourites, cruised off the pace in his semi-final only to see three of his competitors crash into each other, allowing him to finish second and go through to the final. Bradbury was again well off the pace, but all four other competitors crashed out in the final turn, leaving Bradbury to take the most unlikely of gold medals, the first for Australia – or any other country of the Southern Hemisphere – in the Winter Olympic Games


Two-woman bobsleigh held for the first time, over two runs. Vonetta Flowers (USA) became the first black person to win a gold medal in the Winter Olympics

The cross-country skiing events were marred by drug problems. The winners of three races were disqualified after blood tests showed that three skiers had overly high red blood cell counts indicating the use of darbepoetin

Sprint cross-country skiing events held for the first time (1500m freestyle)

Women’s curling final – GB (Rhona Martin, Debbie Knox, Fiona MacDonald, Janice Rankin) bt Switzerland

Both the men's and women's ice hockey tournaments were won by Canada, defeating USA in both games

Luge. Silver – Hackl

Women’s luge – Sylke Otto (Germany). Retained the title in 2006

Women’s skeleton. Bronze – Alex Coomber

Simon Ammann of Switzerland took the double in ski jumping

Adam Małysz (Poland) won the silver medal in the large hill and the bronze medal in the normal hill ski jumping

Glynn Pedersen represented UK in ski jumping

Snowboard parallel giant slalom – Philipp Scoch (Switzerland)

Ole Einar Bjorndalen of Norway won gold in all four men's biathlon events (10 km, 12.5 km, 20 km, 4 x 7.5 km relay

Nordic combined athlete Samppa Lajunen of Finland won three gold medals


'''2006 Turin''' (XX)

Turin beat Sion (Switzerland) in the bid

The Olympic mascots of Torino 2006 were Neve (‘snow’ in Italian), a female snowball, and Gliz, a male ice cube. The official motto of the XX Olympic Winter Games was ‘Passion lives here’

Events that made their Olympic debut in Turin included mass start biathlon, team sprint cross country skiing, snowboard cross and team pursuit speed skating. The classical men's 50 km and women's 30 km distances, which were held at the previous Winter Games in 2002, were not held in these Games, as these events were alternated with freestyle events of the same distances. Most of the cross country skiing events at these Games involved different distances from those in Salt Lake City

Stefania Belmondo, a 10-time Olympic medalist in cross-country skiing, lit the Olympic Flame during the opening ceremony. Rhona Martin carried the GB flag

In the closing ceremony, Manuela Di Centa, a seven-time Olympic medalist from Italy and then-member of the IOC, was scheduled to present the medals for the men's 50 kilometre cross-country skiing event. This resulted in her presenting the gold medal to her own brother when Giorgio Di Centa won the event to take his second gold medal

Shelley Rudman carried the GB flag at the closing ceremony

Germany topped the medal table


Alpine skiing

Men’s downhill – Antoine Deneriaz (France)

Men’s combined – Ted Ligety (USA). Bode Miller disqualified. 14<sup>th</sup> Noel Baxter (GB)

Men’s super-G – Aamont

Men’s giant slalom and slalom – Benjamin Raich (Austria)

Women’s downhill – Michaela Dorfmeister (Austria). 11<sup>th</sup> Chemmy Alcott (GB)

Women’s combined – Janica Kostelic (Croatia)

Chemmy Alcott disqualified from Women’s combined because her skis were too narrow (should be at least 60 mm)

Women’s super-G – Michaela Dorfmeister

Women’s giant slalom – Julia Mancuso (USA)

Women’s slalom – Anja Paerson (Sweden)

Kjetil Andre Aamodt and Janica Kostelic both won their fourth gold medals. Aamodt also set the overall medal record in the sport with eight


Figure skating

Men’s figure skating – Evgeni Plushenko (Russia)

Women’s figure skating – Shizuka Arakawa (Japan)


Speed skating and Short track speed skating

Cindy Klassen (Canada) won five medals in speed skating (one gold, two silver, and two bronze)

Women’s 5000m – Clara Hughes (Canada)

South Korea won six of the eight gold medals in short track speed skating

Men’s 500m – Apolo Anton Ohno

Shani Davis (USA) became the first black athlete from any nation to win a gold medal in an individual sport at the Olympic Winter Games, winning the speed skating 1000m event. Defended the title in 2010


Latvia won its first winter Olympic medal when Martiņs Rubenis took the bronze in the men's luge

Men’s skeleton – Duff Gibson (Canada). Gibson became the oldest individual gold medalist in the history of the Winter Games, aged 39

Women’s skeleton – Maya Pedersen (Switzerland). Silver – Shelley Rudman (GB)

Lascelles Brown became the first Jamaican-born competitor to win a medal at the Winter Olympics, competing on the Canadian two-man bobsleigh team which finished second

Women’s ice hockey final – Canada bt Sweden

Men’s ice hockey final – Sweden bt Finland

Women’s curling final – Sweden bt Switzerland

Men’s curling third-place play-off – USA bt GB (skip – David Murdoch)

Men’s curling final – Canada bt Finland

Women’s cross country 10 km and 15 km pursuit – Kristina Smigun (Estonia), the first Estonian woman to win a medal at the Winter Olympics

Ski jumping large hill – Thomas Morgenstern (Austria)

Snowboard halfpipe – Shaun White

Snowboard parallel giant slalom – Philipp Scoch (Switzerland), defeated his brother Simon in the final

Snowboard cross – Seth Westcott (USA). Retained the title in 2010


'''2010 Vancouver''' (XXI)

Vancouver beat Pyeongchang and Salzburg in the bid

Opening ceremony – flame lit by Wayne Gretsky, GB flag carried by Shelley Rudman, Canada flag carried by Clara Hughes

Games motto – ‘with glowing hearts’ / ‘des plus brilliants exploits’

Mascots – Miga (sea bear), Quatchi (sasquatch) and Sumi (animal spirit, mascot for Paralympics)

Emblem – Ilanaaq (Inuktitut word for ‘friend’), a traditional stone sculpture

Alpine events held in Whistler

Closing ceremony – Amy Williams carried GB flag, Joannie Rochette carried Canadian flag

For the first time, Olympic ice hockey matches were played on a narrower NHL-sized ice rink, instead of the international size 

Luge competitor Nodar Kumaritashvili (Georgia) died in a training accident

Canada became the first host nation since Norway in 1952 to lead the gold medal count. With 14, Canada broke the record for the most gold medals won at a single Winter Olympics. The United States broke the record for the most medals won at a single Winter Olympics, with 37

Leading individual medal winners – Marit Bjoergen (Norway, women’s cross country skiing, 3-1-1), Meng Wang (China, short track, 3-0-0), Petter Northug (Norway, cross country skiing, 2-1-1)


Alpine skiing

Men’s downhill – Didier Defago (Switzerland). Silver – Aksel Lund Svindal, Bronze – Bode Miller

Men’s super-G – Svindal

Men’s giant slalom – Carlo Janka (Switzerland)

Men’s slalom – Guiliano Razzoli (Italy)

Men’s super combined – Miller

Ivaka Kostelic (Croatia) won two silver medals. He is the elder brother of Janica Kostelic

Women’s downhill – Vonn. Silver –Mancuso, Bronze – Goergl. 13<sup>th</sup> Chemmy Alcott

Anja Paerson crashed after flying for nearly 60m off the final jump. Marion Rolland crashed after five seconds

Women’s super-G – Andrea Fischbacher (Austria)

Women’s giant slalom – Viktoria Rebensburg (Germany)

Women’s slalom – Maria Riesch

Women’s super combined – Reisch. Silver – Mancuso. Bronze – Paerson (winning her sixth Olympic medal)

Tina Maze (Slovenia) won two silver medals


Figure skating

Men’s figure skating – Evan Lysacek (USA). Silver – Plushenko

Women’s figure skating – Kim Yu-Na (South Korea). Silver – Mao Asada, Bronze – Joannie Rochette (Canada), whose mother died the previous week

First time after 1960 that a Russian, Soviet or Unified Team (CIS) flagged team did not win the pair skating gold medal. Won by Chinese team of Shen Xue and Zhao Hongbo

Ice Dance – Moir and Virtue (Canada). 8<sup>th</sup> John and Sinead Kerr


Speed skating and Short track speed skating

Apolo Anton Ohno won his seventh and eighth speed skating Olympic medals, beating Bonnie Blair’s record for most medals won by a US Winter Olympian

John Eley (GB) finished sixth in 500m short track

Mens’s 10000m speed skating – Lee Seunh-Hoon (South Korea). Sven Kramer (Netherlands), who had not lost a 10000m race since 2006, finished first but was disqualified due to a missed lane change

Men’s 5000m speed skating – Sven Kramer

Haralds Silovs (Latvia) competed in the 1500m short track and 5000m long track speed skating events in the same day. He is the only athlete in the history of the Winter Olympics to compete in both short track and long track events at the same Games, and the only athlete to compete in two different disciplines on the same day


Norwegian biathlete Ole Einar Bjoerndalen won his 11th Olympic medal. Only fellow Norwegian Bjorn Daehlie has won more Olympic medals, with 12 in total

Four-man bobsleigh – USA. Bobsled known as the ‘night train’

Men’s curling play-off – Sweden bt GB (skip – David Murdoch)

GB women’s curling team eliminated by Canada. GB Skip – Eve Muirhead

Women’s curling final – Sweden bt Canada

Men’s curling final – Canada bt Norway. Skip – Kevin Martin

Alexandre Bilodeau won Canada’s first ever Olympic gold medal on home soil in the men’s mogul event

Jeret Petersen performed a trick known as the ‘hurricane’ in Men’s Aerials

Men’s halfpipe – Shaun White, known as the ‘flying tomato’, who included the ‘double McTwist 1260’, also known as the ‘tomahawk’

Women’s halfpipe – Torah Bright (Australia)

Men’s ice hockey final – Canada bt USA. Winning goal scored by Sidney Crosby (Pittsburgh Penguins)

Women’s ice hockey final – Canada bt USA

Men’s luge – Felix Loch (Germany)

Women’s skeleton – Amy Williams, 6<sup>th</sup> Shelley Rudman. A Canadian complaint about the helmet worn by Williams was rejected. Williams’ sled is known as ‘Arthur’

Men’s skeleton – Jon Montgomery (Canada), 6<sup>th</sup> Kristan Bromley

Simon Ammann won both ski jumping hills, having won the double eight years ago. Adam Malysz won silver medals on both hills


'''2014 Sochi''' (XXII)

Sochi beat Pyeongchang and Salzburg in the bid process

Opening ceremony held at Fisht Olympic Stadium. Flame lit by Vladislav Tretiak and Irina Rodnina. GB flag carried by Jon Eley. Games motto – ‘Hot. Cool. Yours.’ Mascots – a polar bear, a European hare, and an Amur leopard

Events held at Sochi Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) and Krasnaya Polyana (Extreme Park)

New events approved – Ski slopestyle, snowboard slopestyle, and snowboard parallel special slalom

Sochi 2014's organizers make a joke at their own expense during the Winter Olympics closing ceremony after the fifth Olympic ring ‘fails’ to unfurl

Lizzy Yarnold carried GB flag at closing ceremony

Russia topped the medal table


Alpine skiing

Men’s downhill – Matthias Mayer (Austria)

Men’s super-G – Kjetil Jansrud (Norway). Bronze – Bode Miller

Bode Miller, 36, became the oldest alpine skier to win an Olympic medal and became the joint-second most successful US Winter Olympian alongside Bonnie Blair, with six medals

Men’s giant slalom – Ted Ligety. First non-European winner of this event

Men’s slalom – Mario Matt (Austria). Aged 34, Matt became the oldest champion in Olympic alpine skiing

Men’s super-combined – Sando Viletta (Switzerland)

Women’s downhill – Dominique Gisin (Switzerland) and Tina Maze shared the gold medal

Women’s super-G – Anna Fenninger (Austria)

Women’s giant slalom – Tina Maze. Vanessa-Mae, competing as Vanessa Vanakorn (Thailand), finished last

Women’s slalom – Mikaela Shiffrin (USA). Aged 18, Shiffrin became the youngest champion in Olympic alpine skiing

Women’s super-combined – Maria Hofl-Riesch


Figure skating

Men’s figure skating – Yuzuru Hanyu (Japan)

Women’s figure skating – Adelina Sotnikova (Russia). Silver – Kim Yuna. This event led to a controversy on the scoring and judging

Ice dance – Meryl Davis and Charlie White (USA). Silver – Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir (Canada). 10<sup>th</sup> Penny Coomes and Nick Buckland

Davis and White were the first ice dance gold medalists from USA


Speed skating and Short track speed skating

Speed skating 500m – Michel Mulder (Netherlands). Bronze – Ronald Mulder, his twin brother

Elise Christie failed to finish in all three short track speed skating events


Bjoerndalen won his 13th Olympic medal – gold in mixed biathlon relay

Marit Bjorgen won her third gold medal in cross-country skiing and equaled the record for most Winter Olympic medals by a woman, with 10, six of them gold

Alex Bilodeau retained moguls Olympics title

Slopestyle snowboard – Sage Kotsenburg (USA). First gold medal to be awarded

Women’s moguls – Canadian sisters Justine Dufour-Lapointe and Chloe Dufour-Lapointe won gold and silver

Women’s slopestyle snowboard – Jamie Anderson (USA). Bronze – Jenny Jones. GB’s first-ever medal on snow

Ski jumping normal hill and large hill both won by Kamil Stoch (Poland)

Women’s normal hill – Carina Vogt (Germany). First women’s ski jumping competition

Women’s skeleton – Lizzie Yarnold. Sled is called ‘Mervyn’

Felix Loch retained men's luge title

Women’s bobsleigh – Canada. Silver – USA-2, with Olympic sprinter Lauren Williams

Williams became the fifth person to have won a medal in both the Summer and Winter Olympic games

Former Olympic hurdler Lolo Jones represented USA-3 in bobsleigh

Women’s curling final – Canada bt Sweden. Skip – Jennifer Jones. Canada were unbeaten in the tournament

Bronze medal match – GB (Muirhead, Sloan, Adams, Hamilton) bt Switzerland

Men’s curling final – Canada bt GB (Murdoch, Drummond, Andrews, Goodfellow). Canada skip – Brad Jacobs

Men’s ice hockey final – Canada bt Sweden

Women’s ice hockey final – Canada bt USA


'''2018 Pyeongchang''' (XXIII)

Games will take place between 9 and 25 February 2018. The winning bid was announced on 6 July 2011 by the IOC, after the 123rd IOC Session in Durban. The two other candidates which applied to host the game were Annecy (France) and Munich 

'''2022 ?''' (XXIV)

The host city will be elected on 31 July 2015, at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur. The candidate cities are Almaty and Beijing


GB medals 

1924 – Gold, curling. Silver, four-man bob. Bronze – women’s figure skating (Ethel Muckelt) and ice hockey

1928 – Bronze, skeleton (David Northesk)

1936 – Gold, ice hockey. Silver – women’s figure skating (Cecilia Colledge). Bronze – four-man bobsleigh

1948 – Bronze, skeleton (John Crammond)

1952 – Gold, women’s figure skating (Jeanette Altwegg)

1964 – Gold, two-man bobsleigh (Tony Nash and Robin Dixon)

1976 – Gold, men’s figure skating (John Curry)

1980 – Gold, men’s figure skating (Robin Cousins)

1984 – Gold, ice dance (Torvill and Dean)

1994 – Bronze, 500m short-track speed skating (Nicky Gooch), ice dance (Torvill and Dean)

1998 – Bronze, four-man bobsleigh

2002 – Gold, women’s curling (skip – Rhona Martin). Bronze – women’s skeleton (Alex Coomber)

2006 – Silver, women’s skeleton (Shelley Rudman)

2010 – Gold, women’s skeleton (Amy Williams)

2014 – Gold, women’s skeleton (Lizzy Yarnold). Silver, men’s curling (skip – David Murdoch). Bronze, women’s slopestyle snowboard (Jenny Jones), women’s curling (skip – Eve Muirhead)


Miscellaneous

Best UK skiing finish – Gina Hathorn, fourth in slalom, 1968

Prince Albert of Monaco was a bobsled driver in five Olympics, between 1988 and 2002

India is the biggest country, in terms of population, to have contested the Winter Olympics but never won a medal

Men’s curling has been won most often by Canada

Japan is only non-European nation to win 70m ski jumping

In the Olympics, tied ice hockey playoff games are followed by ten minutes of sudden death overtime. If the game remains tied, it is decided by a shootout. If the game remains tied after the first three shooters, any player can be chosen to shoot any number of times

An Olympic ice hockey rink is wider than an NHL rink

In 1987 the International Ice Hockey Federation voted to make all professionals, including those from the NHL, eligible for the Olympics. The NHL owners refused to allow their best players to leave in the middle of the season. The 1998 Games were the first in which the best professional players in the world took part

All Olympic speed skating races are held on a 400 metres oval track

Bonnie Blair was the first American to earn six medals in the Winter Olympics (five gold and one bronze)

Karin Enke won eight medals in speed skating at the Winter Olympics (three gold, four silver and one bronze)

Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann won eight medals in speed skating at the Winter Olympics (three gold, four silver and one bronze)

With a total of five Olympic gold medals, two silver, and two bronze medals, Claudia Pechstein is the most successful German Winter Olympian of all time. Pechstein is the first female Winter Olympian to win medals in five consecutive Olympics (1992 to 2006), and she won the gold medal in the women's 5000m speed skating race in three consecutive Olympics (1994 to 2002), and the silver medal in the fourth (2006). In the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Pechstein also won a gold medal in the women's team pursuit

Men’s short track relay is raced over 5000 metres

Women’s short track relay is raced over 3000 metres

Kim Yun-Mi (Korea) won her first Olympic gold medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer in short track at only thirteen years of age. She is the youngest female Olympic Gold Medalist and the youngest Winter Olympic Gold Medalist

There were two Chinese short track skaters named Yang Yang. Originally, Yang Yang (A) was known as Yang Yang (L) for ‘large’ as she is older than Yang Yang (S) (for ‘small’); however, she objected to the ‘L’ identifier, changing it to ‘A’ for ‘August’, her birth month

In February 2006, a few days before the start of the 2006 Winter Olympics, the International Olympic Committee ruled that the curling medals were part of the official Olympic programme in 1924, and not a demonstration event as many authoritative sources had previously claimed

Curling was a demonstration sport at the 1932 Games, and then again after a lengthy absence in 1988 and 1992. The sport was finally added to the official program for the 1998 Nagano Games

The related sport of ice stock sport was a demonstration event in 1936 and 1964. These events are not to be considered additional demonstrations of curling

In 1984 bobsledder Carl-Erik Eriksson (Sweden) became the first person to compete in six Winter Olympics

Armenia were prevented from taking part in the 1920 Olympics by Russia. When they marched in the Parade of Nations at the Opening Ceremony of the 1994 Olympics, they wore replicas of the 1920 Armenian team uniform

The first participation of a warm weather nation in the Winter Games was Mexico, which made its Winter debut at the 1928 Winter Olympics with a five-man bobsleigh team

The first truly tropical nation to compete in the Winter Olympic Games is the Philippines, who sent two alpine skiers to the 1972 Winter Olympics

The 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary attracted a large number of tropical nations. The Jamaican Bobsled Team became a fan favorite at these Games and were later the inspiration behind the 1993 motion picture ''Cool Runnings''. In the 1994 Games, the Jamaican four man sled placed a creditable fourteenth, ahead of the United States and Russia, while a Jamaican bobsledder won silver for Canada in 2006

Beginning with the 1988 Winter Olympics, Bernhard Russi has been noted as the designer of the downhill courses for the Olympics

Alpine skiing debuted at the Winter Olympics in 1936; the combined was the only event. The combined was one of three medal events included in the next Olympics in 1948, along with downhill and slalom. The combined used the results of a downhill race with two runs of combined slalom. With the introduction of the giant slalom in 1952, the combined event disappeared from the Olympics for four decades, until re-introduced in 1988. The winner is the skier with the fastest aggregate time of the three races (until the 1990s, a complicated point system was used to determine placings in the combined event)

In 2005, the International Ski Federation (FIS) introduced the super combined, consisting of a single run of slalom and normally a shortened downhill run (or a super G run). The super combined format debuted at the Winter Olympics in 2010

Erika Schinegger was the world champion women's downhill skier in 1966. As she was preparing for the 1968 Winter Olympics, a medical test by the IOC determined that Schinegger was male, with internal male sex organs, and disqualified him

Davina Galica participated in her first Olympic games at Innsbruck in 1964, competing in downhill skiing and the slalom. She also participated at Grenoble in 1968 and Sapporo in 1972. On both occasions Galica was captain of the British Women’s Olympic Ski Team, and finished in the top-ten in the Giant Slalom (8th and 7th)

Uschi Disl was a 19 year veteran of biathlon and was a five time Olympian, with two Olympic gold medals from the 4x7.5 km relays in 1998 and 2002. She also has four silver medals and three bronze medals. Nicknamed ‘Turbo-Disl’

Cross-country skiing is also known as langlauf. Two skiing techniques are used in Nordic events – classical (diagonal stride) and freestyle (skating style)

Men’s classical cross-country race is either 15 km or 18 km

In the men’s combined pursuit event, skiers race 10 km using the classical technique. Then, setting out on a staggered start based on the results of the first race, they race another 10 km freestyle. Prior to 2002, this was a two-day event and the second event was 15 km rather than 10 km

In the women’s combined pursuit event, skiers race 5 km using the classical technique. Then, setting out on a staggered start based on the results of the first race, they race another 5 km freestyle. Prior to 2002, this was a two-day event and the second event was 10 km rather than 5 km

Men’s 30 km cross-country was an event from 1956 to 2002 (freestyle, but some races used classical style)

Men’s 10 km classical cross-country was an event from 1992 to 1998. Won by Daehlie in 1994 and 1998

Women’s 5 km classical cross-country was an event from 1964 to 1998

Women’s 20 km freestyle cross-country changed to 30 km in 1992, classical in 1994

Sixten Jernberg (Sweden) won nine medals, including four gold medals, in cross-country skiing. Won the 50 km classical in 1956 and 1964, and the 30 km in 1960

Russian cross-country skier Lyubov Yegorova won a total of nine medals at the Winter Olympics, earning six golds and three silver medals. She was the most successful athlete at both the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics. Yegorova's career ended at the 1997 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships when she was disqualified for doping on bromantan, an anabolic steroid

Raisa Smetanina is a cross-county skier and the first woman in history to win ten Winter Olympic medals, including four gold medals. Smetanina took part in five Olympics, representing the USSR team four times and the Unified Team once

Stefania Belmondo is an Italian cross-country skier who won ten Winter Olympic medals, including two gold medals, in 1992 and 2002

Individual Olympic competition in ski jumping consists of a training jump and two scored jumps. The team event consists of four members of the same nation, who each jump twice

Jumps are scored according to distance and style (scored by five judges)

In 1964 the ski jump was split into normal hill (70m jump) and large hill (90m jump)

Prior to 1994, the lowest score of each round was dropped for each team in the ski jumping team event

In April 2011 the International Olympic Committee officially accepted women ski jumping into the official Olympic program for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi

The Nordic combined events have been contested since 1924. The first competition involved 18 km cross-country skiing, followed by ski jumping (two jumps on a normal hill). Whoever earned the most points from both competitions won the event. At the 1952 Winter Olympics, the ski jumping was held first, followed by 18 km cross-country skiing. The cross-country skiing portion was reduced to 15 km at the 1956 Winter Olympics. At the 1988 Winter Olympics the scoring was changed with the Gundersen method, meaning the 15 km cross country portion would go from an interval start race to a pursuit race, so that whoever crossed the finish line first won the event

The Nordic combined team event with a 3 x 10 km cross country relay started at the 1988 Winter Olympics, changing to the current 4 x 5 km cross-country relay at the 1998 Winter Olympics. The starting order is based on the results of the ski jumping

The 7.5 km Nordic combined sprint event was added at the 2002 Winter Olympics

Biathlon debuted at the 1960 Winter Olympics with the men's 20 km individual event. At the 1968 Winter Olympics, the men's 4 x 7.5 km relay debuted, followed by the 10 km sprint event at the 1980 Winter Olympics. Beginning at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, women's biathlon debuted with the 15 km individual, 3 x 7.5 km relay (4 x 7.5 km during 1994 – 2002, and 4 x 6 km in 2006), and 7.5 km sprint. A pursuit race (12.5 km for men and 10 km for women) was included at the 2002 Winter Olympics. The top 60 finishers of the sprint race (10 km for men and 7.5 km for women) would qualify for the pursuit event. The sprint winner starts the race, followed by each successive biathlete at the same time interval he/she trailed the sprint winner in that event. At the 2006 Winter Olympics, a mass start (15 km for men and 12.5 km for women) was introduced where the top 30 biathletes from the previous four events were allowed to start together for the competition

Prior to the biathlon debut at the 1960 Winter Olympics, there was a military patrol event that was held at four Winter Olympic Games: 1924, 1928, 1936, and 1948. Medals were awarded for military patrol in 1924, but it was a demonstration event for the other three Games

Men’s 10 km biathlon and women’s 7.5 km – five shots prone at first stop, five shots standing at second stop. Each missed target is penalized by forcing the skier to ski a 150m penalty loop

Men’s 20 km biathlon and women’s 15 km – five shots prone at first and third stops, five shots standing at second and fourth stops. Each missed target incurs a one-minute penalty

Biathlon relay – each skier has to hit five shots out of eight, and skis a 150m penalty loop for each miss beyond three

Soviet Union won men’s 4 x 7.5 km relay from 1968 to 1988

Germany won men’s 4 x 7.5 km relay from 1992 to 1998

Freestyle skiing has been contested at the Winter Olympic Games since 1992. It was a demonstration sport at the 1988 Winter Olympics, with moguls, aerials, and ballet events. Moguls became an official medal sport at the 1992 games, while aerials and ballet were still demonstration events. At the 1994 Games, aerials also became an official medal event and the ski ballet competition was dropped. For the 2010 Winter Olympics, ski cross was added to the program while the 2014 Winter Olympics had ski halfpipe added

Aerial competitors receive a score based on jump takeoff (20%), jump form (50%) and landing (30%). A degree of difficulty (DD) is then factored in for a total score. Skiers are judged on a cumulative score of two jumps

Mogul competitors receive a score based on turns (50%), two aerial manouvres (25%) and time (25%)

Snowboarding was one of five new sports or disciplines added to the Winter Olympic program between 1992 and 2002, and was the only one not to have been a previous medal or demonstration event. In 1998, four events, two for men and two for women, were held in two specialities: the giant slalom, a downhill event similar to giant slalom skiing; and the half-pipe, in which competitors perform tricks while going from one side of a semi-circular ditch to the other. Canadian Ross Rebagliati won the men's giant slalom and became the first athlete to win a gold medal in snowboarding. For the 2002 Winter Olympics, the giant slalom was dropped in favour of the parallel giant slalom, an event that involves head-to-head racing. In 2006, a third event, the snowboard cross, was held for the first time. In this event, competitors race against each other down a course with jumps, beams and other obstacles

The International Snowboard Federation (ISF) set the standard for snowboarding competition, which contributed to the development of it as an Olympic sport in the 1998 Winter Olympics. In a controversial move, the International Olympic Committee recognized the Federation International Ski (FIS) as the sport's official governing body. Three-time world champion Terje Haakonsen boycotted the Olympics as a result of the FIS being appointed to oversee the officiating

Andre Lange is a retired German bobsledder and the most successful bob pilot of all time who competed at senior level from 1998 to 2010. Competing in three Winter Olympics, he has won four gold medals

Russian biathlete Alexander Tikhonov took part in the gold medal relay winning teams in 1968, 1972, 1976, and 1980

Janne Ahonen (Finland) has never won an Olympic medal from an individual ski jumping competition: he has placed 4th three times. Won silver medals in team competitions in 2002 and 2006

Passing skier shouts “track” in cross country skiing

Noel Harrison represented GB in giant slalom in 1952 and 1956. Had a Top 10 hit with ''The Windmills of Your Mind'' in 1968

Speed skaters must be 15 by 1 July of the Olympic Year

Nordic Combined is the only event not contested by women

Winston Watts is a member of the Jamaica national bobsleigh team. He has been a participant at four Olympics, most recently the 2014 Winter Olympics