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Admin: Created page with "'''Theodor Adorno''' (1903 – 1969) was a member of the Frankfurt School. Works include ''Dialectic of Enlightenment'' and ''Negative Dialectics'' '''Antisthenes''' (c. 445..."

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Created page with "'''Theodor Adorno''' (1903 – 1969) was a member of the Frankfurt School. Works include ''Dialectic of Enlightenment'' and ''Negative Dialectics'' '''Antisthenes''' (c. 445..."

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 '''Theodor Adorno''' (1903 – 1969) was a member of the Frankfurt School. Works include ''Dialectic of Enlightenment'' and ''Negative Dialectics''
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 '''Hannah Arendt''' (1906 – 1975) was a German political theorist. She has often been described as a philosopher, although she always refused that label on the grounds that philosophy is concerned with ‘man in the singular’. Her most influential work was ''The Human Condition'' (1958). Also wrote ''The Origins of Totalitarianism''
-'''Aristotle''' (384 – 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Aristotle, Socrates and Plato transformed Presocratic Greek philosophy into the foundations of Western philosophy. Among his most important works are ''Physics'', ''Metaphysics'', ''Nicomachean Ethics'', ''Politics'', ''De Anima (On the Soul)'' and ''Poetics''. He founded the Lyceum, which became known as the peripatetic school from his custom of walking round while he lectured. He was the first person to classify living things, and introduced the term genus
+'''Aristotle''' (384 – 322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Aristotle, Socrates and Plato transformed Pre-Socratic Greek philosophy into the foundations of Western philosophy. Among his most important works are ''Physics'', ''Metaphysics'', ''Nicomachean Ethics'', ''Politics'', ''De Anima (On the Soul)'' and ''Poetics''. He founded the Lyceum, which became known as the peripatetic school from his custom of walking round while he lectured. He was the first person to classify living things, and introduced the term genus
 ''Meteorologica'' – Aristotle, 340 BC
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 Hegelian dialectic comprises three dialectical stages of development: a thesis, giving rise to its reaction, an antithesis, which contradicts or negates the thesis, and the tension between the two being resolved by means of a synthesis
-'''Martin Heidegger''' (1889 – 1976) was an influential German philosopher, best known as the author of ''Being and Time'' (1927). It is a touchstone of Continental philosophy, a groundbreaking investigation of the concepts of Being and Dasein (literally ‘existence’). Heidegger failed to assume philosophical leadership of Nazism
+'''Martin Heidegger''' (1889 – 1976) was an influential German philosopher, best known as the author of ''Being and Time'' (1927). It is a touchstone of Continental philosophy, a ground-breaking investigation of the concepts of Being and Dasein (literally ‘existence’). Heidegger failed to assume philosophical leadership of Nazism
 '''Thomas Hobbes''' (1588 – 1679) was an English philosopher, whose famous 1648 book ''Leviathan'' set the agenda for nearly all subsequent Western political philosophy. In ''Leviathan'', Hobbes set out his doctrine of the foundation of societies and legitimate governments. This became one of the first scholarly works on Social contract theory
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 ''Two Treatises of Government'' – John Locke
-''The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge'' (1979) is a short but influential philosophy book by '''Jean-Francois Lyotard''' (1924 – 1998) in which he analyzes the epistemology of postmodern culture
+''The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge'' (1979) is a short but influential philosophy book by '''Jean-Francois Lyotard''' (1924 – 1998) in which he analyses the epistemology of postmodern culture
 '''Mencius''' (possibly 372 – 289 BC) was a Chinese philosopher who was arguably the most famous Confucian after Confucius himself
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 '''Zeno of Citium''' (333 – 264 BC) was a Hellenistic Stoic philosopher from Citium, Cyprus. His teachings were the beginnings of stoicism
+== Pre-Socratic philosophy ==
 The Pre-Socratic philosophers were active before Socrates. The popularity of the term originates with Hermann Diels' work ''The Fragments of the Pre-Socratics'', 1903. They rejected traditional mythological explanations for the phenomena they saw around them in favor of more rational explanations
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 '''Democritus''' (c. 460 – c. 370 BC) was known as “the laughing philosopher”. He is best remembered for the atom theory, whereby the world consists of an infinite number of everlasting atoms
+== Schools and Ideas ==
 '''Anatytical philosophy''' – a generic term for a style of philosophy that came to dominate English-speaking countries in the 20th century
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 '''Ontology''' – the study of being or existence. A controlled vocabulary that describes objects and the relations between them in a formal way. An ontological argument for the existence of God attempts the method of ''a priori'' proof, which uses intuition and reason alone. The argument examines the concept of God, and states that if we can conceive of the greatest possible being, then it must exist
-'''Phenomenology''' – the philosophical study of human consiousness
+'''Phenomenology''' – the philosophical study of human consciousness
 '''Positivism''' – the philosophy that the only authentic knowledge is knowledge that is based on actual sense experience. The concept was first coined by Auguste Comte
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 '''Sophism''' – a method of teaching. Sophists were not a philosophical entity, but travelled around selling intellectual skills such as rhetoric, grammar and ethics
-'''Solipsism''' – the idea that only one's own mind is sure to exist. Solipsism is an epistemological or ontological position that knowledge of anything outside one's own specific mind is unjustified. The external world and other minds cannot be known and might not exist. Solipsism has served as a skeptical hypothesis
+'''Solipsism''' – the idea that only one's own mind is sure to exist. Solipsism is an epistemological or ontological position that knowledge of anything outside one's own specific mind is unjustified. The external world and other minds cannot be known and might not exist. Solipsism has served as a sceptical hypothesis
 '''Stoicism''' – founded by Zeno of Citium, which became the foremost popular philosophy among the educated elite in the Greco-Roman Empire. It teaches that self-control, fortitude and detachment from distracting emotions, sometimes interpreted as an indifference to pleasure or pain, allows one to become a clear thinker, level-headed and unbiased. Beginning at around 301 BC, Zeno taught philosophy at the Stoa Poikile (i.e., ‘the painted porch’), from which his philosophy got its name

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QRNeditor: Formatting edits

Admin: Created page with "'''Theodor Adorno''' (1903 – 1969) was a member of the Frankfurt School. Works include ''Dialectic of Enlightenment'' and ''Negative Dialectics'' '''Antisthenes''' (c. 445..."