Civilisation/World Geography - Europe - Revision history

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2023-07-23T20:47:51Z

Turkey

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Russia

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@@ Line 3,644: / Line 3,644: @@
 === Abkhazia ===
 [[File:Flag of the Republic of Abkhazia.png|center|thumb]]
-Abkhazia considers itself an independent state, called the Republic of Abkhazia. The Georgian government, United Nations and the majority of the world's governments consider Abkhazia a part of Georgia's territory, though Georgia is not in control of it The capital is Sukhumi
+Abkhazia considers itself an independent state, called the Republic of Abkhazia. The Georgian government, United Nations and the majority of the world's governments consider Abkhazia a part of Georgia's territory, though Georgia is not in control of it. Sukhumi is the capital
 === Artsakh ===
@@ Line 3,663: / Line 3,663: @@
 === Transnistria ===
 [[File:Flag of Transnistria (state).svg.png|center|thumb|200x200px]]
-Transnistria, officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, is landlocked and borders Moldova to the west and Ukraine to the east. It is a narrow valley stretched in the north-south direction along the banks of the Dniester River. The capital is Tiraspol
+Transnistria, officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, is landlocked and borders Moldova to the west and Ukraine to the east. It is a narrow valley stretched in the north-south direction along the banks of the Dniester River
 Transnistria is designated by the Republic of Moldova as the Transnistria autonomous territorial unit with special legal status. The capital and largest city is Tiraspol
@@ Line 3,669: / Line 3,669: @@
 === South Ossetia ===
 [[File:Flag of South Ossetia.png|center|thumb|200x200px]]
-South Ossetia declared independence from Georgia in 1990, calling itself the Republic of South Ossetia. The Georgian government responded by abolishing South Ossetia's autonomy and trying to re-establish its control over the region by force. The crisis escalation led to the 1991–92 South Ossetia War. The capital is Tshkinvali
+South Ossetia declared independence from Georgia in 1990, calling itself the Republic of South Ossetia. The Georgian government responded by abolishing South Ossetia's autonomy and trying to re-establish its control over the region by force. The crisis escalation led to the 1991–92 South Ossetia War. The capital is Tskhinvali
 South Ossetia is officially the Republic of South Ossetia or the State of Alania
@@ Line 3,676: / Line 3,676: @@
 <u>Regions</u>
-Lusatia is a historical region in Central Europe, today located within the German states of Saxony and Brandenburg, and Poland
+Bessarabia is a historical term for the geographic region in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west. This was the name by which Imperial Russia designated the eastern part of the Principality of Moldavia. Part of Bessarabia lies within modern-day Ukraine
-Pomerania is located on the south coast of the Baltic Sea, divided today between Germany in the west and Poland in the east by the Polish-German border. While its boundaries have varied, and are somewhat differently interpreted, Pomerania can be said to stretch roughly from Stralsund in the west to Gdansk in the east, centered on the Oder River delta
+Cerdanya, or Cerdagne, is a historical region of the eastern Pyrenees divided between France and Spain
-Karelia is currently divided between the Russian Republic of Karelia, the Russian Leningrad Oblast, and Finland (the regions of South Karelia and North Karelia
+Galicia is currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, and was part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
 Jutland forms the mainland part of Denmark, and the German state of Schleswig-Holstein
-Galicia is currently divided between Poland and Ukraine
+Karelia is currently divided between the Russian Republic of Karelia, the Russian Leningrad Oblast, and Finland (the regions of South Karelia and North Karelia)
-Cerdanya, or Cerdagne, is a historical region of the eastern Pyrenees divided between France and Spain
+Livonia is a historic region along the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. Currently split between Estonia and Latvia
-Livonia is a historic region along the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. Currently split between Estonia and Latvia
+Lusatia is a historical region in Central Europe, today located within the German states of Saxony and Brandenburg, and Poland
 Macaronesia consists of Azores, Madeira Islands, Canary Islands, and Cape Verde Islands
-Pannonian Basin or Carpathian Basin centres on the territory of Hungary
+Pomerania is located on the south coast of the Baltic Sea, divided today between Germany in the west and Poland in the east by the Polish-German border. Pomerania stretches roughly from Stralsund in the west to Gdansk in the east, centered on the Oder River delta
 <u>Mountains</u>
-Highest summit in Europe is Mount Elbrus (5,642 m/18,510 ft) in the Caucasus
+The highest mountain in Europe is Mount Elbrus, with a summit of 5,642 m. It is located in Russia and it the highest peak of the Caucasus Mountains
-Dykh-Tau is is the second highest of the Caucasus Mountains, after Mount Elbrus, and is the second highest peak in Europe
+Dykh-Tau is the second highest of the Caucasus Mountains, after Mount Elbrus, and is the second highest peak in Europe
-Caucasus run from Black Sea to Caspian Sea
+Caucasus Mountains stretch from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea
 Tatra Mountains form a natural border between Slovakia and Poland. They are the highest mountain range in the Carpathian Mountains
-Urals are usually considered the natural boundary between Europe and Asia
+The Urals run north-south mostly through Russia, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the river Ural and northwestern Kazakhstan. They are usually considered the natural boundary between Europe and Asia. Mount Narodnaya is the highest peak of the Urals
-Jura Mountains are a small mountain range located north of the Alps, separating the Rhine and Rhone rivers and forming part of the watershed of each. The mountain range is located in France, Switzerland, and Germany
+Jura Mountains are a small mountain range located north of the Alps, separating the Rhine and Rhone rivers and forming part of the watershed of each. The mountain range is located in France, Switzerland, and Germany. Cret de la Neige is the highest mountain in the Jura Mountains
-Cret de la Neige is the highest mountain in the Jura Mountains
+Pindus mountain range is located in northern Greece and southern Albania. Mount Smolikas is the highest of the Pindus Mountains, and the second highest mountain in Greece after Mount Olympus
 Dinaric Alps are between Croatia and Albania
-Matterhorn (German), Cervino (Italian) or Cervin (French), is a mountain in the Pennine Alps. With its 4,478 m high summit, lying on the border between Switzerland and Italy, it is one of the highest peaks in the Alps
+Matterhorn (German), Cervino (Italian) or Cervin (French), is a mountain in Switzerland and Italy and is one of the highest peaks in the Alps
-Mont Blanc is the highest mountain in the Alps and the highest peak in Europe outside of the Caucasus range. It rises 4,810 m above sea level, lying on the border between France and Italy
+Mont Blanc is the highest mountain in the Alps and the highest peak in Europe outside of the Caucasus range. It rises 4,810 m above sea level, lying on the border between France and Italy. It was part of the Duchy of Savoy between 1416 and 1792
 Rhodopes are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, with over 83% of its area in southern Bulgaria and the remainder in Greece
-Balkans are mainly in Bulgaria. Musala is in the Rila mountains and is the highest mountain in Balkans. Mount Korab is a peak in the Balkans
+Balkan Mountains are mainly in Bulgaria, but also cover part of Serbia. Botev Peak is the highest mountain
 Cantabrian Mountains stretch for over 300 km across northern Spain
@@ Line 3,728: / Line 3,724: @@
 Vosges are a range of mountains in eastern France. The highest peak is Grand Ballon
 Julian Alps stretch from north-eastern Italy to Slovenia, where they rise to 2864 metres at Triglav. They are named after Julius Caesar and are part of the Southern Limestone Alps
 <u>Alpine Tunnels</u>
@@ Line 3,739: / Line 3,737: @@
 Gotthard Base Tunnel opened in 2016. With a route length of 57 km it is the world's longest railway and deepest traffic tunnel
 Simplon Tunnel is a railway tunnel on the Simplon railway that connects Brig, Switzerland and Domodossola, Italy, through the Alps. East tunnel opened in 1906. West tunnel opened in 1921
@@ Line 3,748: / Line 3,745: @@
 Lotschberg Base Tunnel is a 34 km railway base tunnel cutting through the Bernese Alps of Switzerland

@@ Line 3,511: / Line 3,511: @@
 |-
 |Largest cities
-|Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odessa
+|Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipro
 |-
 |Currency
@@ Line 3,590: / Line 3,590: @@
 Gibraltar is a British Overseas Territory. The United Kingdom considers Gibraltar to be under its sovereignty, but not as part of the United Kingdom itself
 Strait of Gibraltar is 13 km wide
-Gibraltar ruled by Britain since 1704. Named ‘Jebel Tarik’ by Moorish settlers
+Gibraltar has been ruled by Britain since 1704. It was named ‘Jebel Tarik’ by Moorish settlers
 Europa Point is a lighthouse in Gibraltar
-Gorham's Cave is a natural sea cave in Gibraltar, and is considered to be one of the last known habitations of the Neanderthals c. 25000 years ago
+Gorham's Cave is a natural sea cave in Gibraltar, and is considered to be one of the last known habitations of the Neanderthals c. 25,000 years ago
 North Front airport serves Gibraltar
 GX11 1AA is the postcode for Gibraltar
 == Vatican City ==
@@ Line 3,620: / Line 3,626: @@
 |Vatican Hill
 |}
-Vatican City is a walled enclave within the city of Rome. With an area of approximately 44 hectares (110 acres), and a population of 842, it is the smallest internationally recognized independent state in the world by both area and population
+Vatican City is a walled enclave within the city of Rome. With an area of approximately 44 hectares (110 acres), and a population of around 450, it is the smallest internationally recognized independent state in the world by both area and population
-The name "Vatican" predates Christianity and comes from the Latin Mons Vaticanus, meaning Vatican Mount
+The name ‘Vatican’ predates Christianity and comes from the Latin Mons Vaticanus, meaning Vatican Mount
-Vatican City is currently the only widely recognized independent state that has not become a member of the United Nations. The Holy See, which is distinct from Vatican City State, has permanent observer status
+Vatican City is one of a few widely recognized independent states that has not become a member of the United Nations. The Holy See, which is distinct from Vatican City State, has permanent observer status
 Sistine Chapel is in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope. Originally known as the Cappella Magna, the chapel takes its name from Pope Sixtus IV, who restored it between 1477 and 1480. There are five sibyls on the roof of the Sistine Chapel
@@ Line 3,630: / Line 3,636: @@
 St. Peter's Basilica is a Late Renaissance church located within Vatican City. It is the largest church in the world. Designed principally by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini
-Belvedere Torso is a fragment of a nude male statue, signed prominently on the front of the base by "Apollonios, son of Nestor, Athenian", who is unmentioned in ancient literature. It is now in the Vatican Museums. It is a marble torso
+Saint Peter's Square is a large plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica. At the centre of the square is an ancient Egyptian obelisk
 == States with limited recognition ==

@@ Line 3,441: / Line 3,441: @@
 Galata Tower is a medieval stone tower in Istanbul
@@ Line 3,518: / Line 3,519: @@
 |Hoverla
 |}
-Ukraine is is the largest wholly European country
+Ukraine is the largest wholly European country
 Ukraine’s only mountains are the Carpathian Mountains in the west
@@ Line 3,524: / Line 3,525: @@
 Kyiv is also known as Kiev
-Kyiv is on the Dnieper River
+Kyiv is on the Dnieper river
 Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, also known as the Kyiv Monastery of the Caves, is a historic Orthodox Christian monastery. Since its foundation as the cave monastery in 1015 the Lavra has been a preeminent centre of the Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Eastern Europe
@@ Line 3,538: / Line 3,539: @@
 Donetsk Sergei Prokofiev International Airport is a former airport that was destroyed in 2014 during the war in Donbas
-Crimea has a large Tatar population
+Odesa is also known as Odessa
-Livadia Palace was a summer retreat of the last Russian tsar, Nicholas II, and his family in Livadiya. The Yalta Conference was held there in 1945, when the palace housed the apartments of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and other members of the American delegation
+Dnipro, formerly Dnipropetrovsk, is located in the eastern part of Ukraine on the Dnieper River
 Pripyat is a ghost town near the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the Kyiv Oblast of northern Ukraine, near the border with Belarus
-Slavutych was built for the evacuated personnel of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
+Slavutych was built for the evacuated personnel of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant following the 1986 disaster
 Duga woodpecker was an over-the-horizon radar sited near Chernobyl
 Lviv was previously known as Lemberg and Lwow. It has been occupied by Poland, Germany, and the Soviet Union
 Isthmus of Perekop connects Crimea to the mainland of Ukraine
 == United Kingdom ==

@@ Line 3,428: / Line 3,428: @@
 Turkey is the only country to border the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, and has the longest border to the Black Sea
-Istanbul in most populous city in Europe
+Istanbul is the most populous city in Europe
-Hagia Sophia (‘holy wisdom’), now known as the Ayasofia Museum, was an early Christian Church, and later an Eastern Orthodox Church which was transformed into a mosque in 1453 by the Turks, and converted into a museum in 1935. It is located in Istanbul. It was constructed from 532 to 537, at the orders of Emperor Justinian I and designed by Isidore of Miletus. Famous in particular for its massive dome, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture. It was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the Medieval Seville Cathedral in 1520
+Istanbul straddles the Bosporus Strait, which provides the only passage from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean via the Sea of Marmara
 Taksim Square is considered the heart of modern Istanbul. Taksim is Arabic for ’division’ or ‘distribution’. The Taksim square was originally the point where the main water lines from the north of Istanbul were collected and branched off to other parts of the city (hence the name)
 Grand Bazaar in Istanbul is among the world's most-visited tourist attractions
 Golden Horn is a fresh-water estuary in Istanbul dividing the city of Istanbul. Crossed by several bridges, most notably the Galata Bridge. Galata was a colony of the Republic of Genoa between 1273 and 1453
@@ Line 3,456: / Line 3,449: @@
 Hisarlik (‘Place of Fortresses’), is the modern Turkish name for the ancient site of Troy, also known as Ilion, and is located in Turkey (known throughout history as Anatolia)
-Topkapi Palace museum – Istanbul. Includes the Court of Janissary and the Black Eunuchs dormitory
+Trabzon is a city on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey, located on the Silk Road
-Trabzon is a city on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey, located on the Silk Road
+Cappadocia region is largely underlain by sedimentary rocks formed in lakes and streams, and ignimbrite deposits erupted from ancient volcanoes approximately 9 to 3 million years ago
-Canakkale Bridge, the first bridge over the Dardanelles and the world's longest suspension bridge, opened in 2022
+Goreme is a town in Cappadocia, located among the ‘fairy chimney’ volcanic tuff formations. Early homes were carved straight into the rock formations
-Cappadocia region is largely underlain by sedimentary rocks formed in lakes and streams, and ignimbrite deposits erupted from ancient volcanoes approximately 9 to 3 million years ago. The rocks of Cappadocia near Göreme eroded into hundreds of spectacular pillars and minaret-like forms
+Edirne is a city in Thrace, the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. Edirne served as the capital city of the Ottoman Empire from 1365 to 1457, when Constantinople (Istanbul) became the empire's new capital. Founded by the Romans as Adrianople
-Goreme is a town in Cappadocia, located among the ‘fairy chimney’volcanic tuff formations. Early homes were carved straight into the rock formations
+The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne was commissioned by Sultan Selim II and was built by architect Mimar Sinan between 1568 and 1574. It was considered by Sinan to be his masterpiece and is one of the highest achievements of Islamic architecture
-The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne, Turkey, was commissioned by Sultan Selim II and was built by architect Mimar Sinan between 1568 and 1574. It was considered by Sinan to be his masterpiece and is one of the highest achievements of Islamic architecture
+Sardis was an ancient city at the location of modern Sart in Turkey. Sardis was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia, one of the important cities of the Persian Empire, the seat of a proconsul under the Roman Empire, and the metropolis of the province Lydia in later Roman and Byzantine times
-Edirne is a city in Thrace, the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. Edirne served as the capital city of the Ottoman Empire from 1365 to 1457, when Constantinople (Istanbul) became the empire's new capital. Founded by the Romans as Adrianople
+Gobekli Tepe (‘Potbelly Hill’) is a Neolithic (stone-age) hilltop sanctuary erected at the top of a mountain ridge in southeastern Anatolia. It is the oldest known human-made religious structure. This is where modern wheat was first domesticated
-Sardis was an ancient city at the location of modern Sart in Turkey. Sardis was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia, one of the important cities of the Persian Empire, the seat of a proconsul under the Roman Empire, and the metropolis of the province Lydia in later Roman and Byzantine times
+Catalhoyuk (‘Fork tumulus’) was a large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 6400 BC. The site was first excavated by James Mellaart in 1958
-Gobekli Tepe is a Neolithic (stone-age) hilltop sanctuary erected at the top of a mountain ridge in southeastern Anatolia. It is the oldest known human-made religious structure. This is where modern wheat was first domesticated
+Library of Celsus is an ancient Roman building in Ephesus, Anatolia, now part of Selcuk. It was built in honour of the Roman Senator Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus
-Catalhoyuk was a large Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 6400 BC. The site was first excavated by James Mellaart in 1958
+The site of the temple of Artemis at Ephesus was discovered by John Turtle Wood in 1869
-Library of Celsus is an ancient Roman building in Ephesus, Anatolia, now part of Selcuk, Turkey. It was built in honour of the Roman Senator Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus
+Batman is a Kurdish-majority city
 Rize is a tea producing province in Turkey
@@ Line 3,484: / Line 3,477: @@
 Antakya, historically known as Antioch, is the capital of Hatay Province
-Bosphorus connects Black Sea to Sea of Marmara, It is the world's narrowest strait used for international navigation
+Bosphorus connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara. It is the world's narrowest strait used for international navigation
-Dardanelles link Aegean and Sea of Marmara. Formerly known as Hellespont
+Canakkale Bridge, the first bridge over the Dardanelles and the world's longest suspension bridge, opened in 2022
-Marmaray is an undersea rail tunnel being constructed to link the European and Asian sections of Istanbul, running under the Bosphorus strait. When completed, it will be the world's deepest undersea immersed tube tunnel
+Marmaray is an undersea rail tunnel that links the European and Asian sections of Istanbul, running under the Bosphorus strait. Completed in 2019, it is the world's deepest undersea immersed tube tunnel
 Lycia was a geopolitical region in Anatolia in what are now the provinces of Antalya and Mugla on the southern coast of Turkey
@@ Line 3,501: / Line 3,496: @@
 Mount Ararat overlooks the city of Yerevan
 Lake Van is the largest lake in Turkey

@@ Line 3,163: / Line 3,163: @@
 Galicia takes its name from the Gallaeci, the Celtic peoples living north of the Douro river
-Way of St James (Camino de Santiago) is the pilgrimage route to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia, where tradition has it that the remains of the apostle Saint James are buried. The scallop shell, often found on the shores in Galicia, has long been the symbol of the pilgrimage route
+Way of St James (Camino de Santiago) is the pilgrimage route to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, where tradition has it that the remains of the apostle Saint James are buried. The scallop shell, often found on the shores in Galicia, has long been the symbol of the pilgrimage route
 Vigo is a city in Galicia
@@ Line 3,281: / Line 3,281: @@
 Together with Copenhagen, Malmo constitutes the transnational Oresund Region
 The Oresund Bridge is a combined two-track rail and four-lane road bridge across the Oresund strait. The bridge-tunnel is the longest combined road and rail bridge in Europe and connects Copenhagen and Malmo. The bridge ends in the middle of Oresund, on an artificially built island, called Peberholm. The connection between Peberholm and the nearest populated part of Denmark is through the Drogden Tunnel. Opened in 2000
@@ Line 3,329: / Line 3,327: @@
 [[File:Swiss cantons.png|center|thumb|600x600px|alt=]]
-Graubunden is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland
+Graubunden is the largest and easternmost canton of Switzerland. Also known as Grisons
-Jura is the newest (created in 1979) of the Swiss cantons
+Graubunden is the only canton where Romansh, Switzerland's fourth national language, has official status
 Appenzell Innerrhoden is the smallest canton by population and the second smallest by area, with Basel-City being the smallest. It was the last Swiss canton to grant women the vote on local issues, in 1991
@@ Line 3,353: / Line 3,353: @@
 Palais des Nations in Geneva was built between 1929 and 1936 to serve as the headquarters of the League of Nations
-Basle is on the Rhine, where Swiss, French, and German borders meet
+Basel is on the Rhine, where the Swiss, French, and German borders meet
 Basel has Switzerland’s only cargo port
@@ Line 3,365: / Line 3,365: @@
 Lausanne is a city in Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland, and is the capital of the canton of Vaud. The city is situated on the shores of Lake Geneva
-Kapellbrucke (Chapel Bridge) is a covered wooden footbridge spanning the river Reuss in Lucerne. The bridge was originally built in the14th century
+Kapellbrucke (Chapel Bridge) is a covered wooden footbridge spanning the river Reuss in Lucerne. The bridge was originally built in the 14th century
 Lugano is in the canton of Ticino. It is the largest Italian-speaking city in Switzerland
@@ Line 3,373: / Line 3,373: @@
 Vevey is the site of the world headquarters of the food giant Nestle, founded in 1867
-Suisse romande or Romandie is the French-speaking parts of western Switzerland
+Suisse romande or Romandie is the area of French-speaking parts of western Switzerland
 Interlaken is located between Lake Brienz to the east and Lake Thun to the west. The Aare River flows through the town connecting the lakes
 Vindonissa was a Roman camp in Switzerland
@@ Line 3,381: / Line 3,385: @@
 Charles Kuonen Suspension Bridge is the longest hanging bridge for pedestrian use in the world. It is located in Randa and opened in 2017
-Lotschberg Base Tunnel is a 21.5 mile long new railway tunnel cutting through the Alps of Switzerland some 400 m below the existing Lotschberg Tunnel. It is the longest land tunnel in the world
+Lotschberg Base Tunnel is a 21.5 mile long railway tunnel cutting through the Alps of Switzerland some 400 m below the existing Lotschberg Tunnel. It is the longest land tunnel in the world
-Reichenbach Falls are near Meiringen
+Reichenbach Falls are near Meiringen. The falls are the location where Sherlock Holmes fights to the death with Professor Moriarty
-Bernese Oberland is the higher part of the canton of Bern
+Bernese Oberland is the higher part of the canton of Berne
 Eiger is near Grindelwald in the Bernese Alps
-Aletsch Glacier in the Bernese Alps is the largest in the Alps
+Aletsch Glacier in the Bernese Alps is the largest Alpine glacier
 Lake Neuchatel is the largest lake entirely in Switzerland, as the larger Lake Geneva (Lac Leman) is shared with France, and Lake Constance (German: Bodensee) with Germany and Austria
@@ Line 3,399: / Line 3,403: @@
 Jungfrau is one of the main summits in the Bernese Alps. Together with the Eiger and Monch, the Jungfrau forms a massive wall overlooking the Bernese Oberland
-Jungfrau – German for maiden/virgin
+Jungfrau is German for maiden/virgin
 Rhine Falls is the largest plain waterfall in Europe. The falls are located on the Upper Rhine near the town of Schaffhausen in northern Switzerland. Most powerful waterfall in Europe
@@ Line 3,406: / Line 3,410: @@
 Monte Rosa is the highest mountain in Switzerland. Its main summit is named Dufourspitze
 == Turkey ==

@@ Line 3,163: / Line 3,163: @@
 Galicia takes its name from the Gallaeci, the Celtic peoples living north of the Douro river
-Way of St. James is the pilgrimage route to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia, where tradition has it that the remains of the apostle Saint James are buried. The scallop shell, often found on the shores in Galicia, has long been the symbol of the Camino de Santiago
+Way of St James (Camino de Santiago) is the pilgrimage route to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia, where tradition has it that the remains of the apostle Saint James are buried. The scallop shell, often found on the shores in Galicia, has long been the symbol of the pilgrimage route
 Vigo is a city in Galicia
 Lugo is the only city in the world to be surrounded by completely intact Roman walls
@@ Line 3,174: / Line 3,176: @@
 Capital – Logrono
 '''Madrid'''
@@ Line 3,180: / Line 3,184: @@
 Madrid is the highest capital city in Europe
 Philip II named Madrid as the capital of Spain in 1561
 Puerta del Sol is a square in Madrid
@@ Line 3,197: / Line 3,197: @@
 Terminal 4 at Madrid-Barajas Airport was designed by Richard Rogers
-Ciudad Real International Airport, previously known as Don Quijote Airport, was constructed at a cost of €1.1 billion. It was opened in 2009, but closed in 2012 when the management company filed for bankruptcy
+Ciudad Real International Airport, previously known as Don Quixote Airport, was constructed at a cost of €1.1 billion. It was opened in 2009, but closed in 2012 when the management company filed for bankruptcy
-Sobrino de Botin, founded in 1725, is the oldest restaurant in the world in continuous operation
+Las Ventas in Madrid is the largest bullring in Spain
-Gate of Europe towers are twin office buildings. Each building is 115 metres tall with an inclination of 15°, making them the first inclined skyscrapers in the world. Designed by the American architects Philip Johnson and John Burgee
+'''Murcia'''
-Las Ventas, in Madrid, is the largest bullring in Spain
+Capital – Murcia
-Golden Triangle of Art in Madrid comprises the Prado, Reina Sofia, and Thyssen-Bornemisza museums
+Murcia is the largest city
-Valley of the Fallen (Spanish: Valle de los Caídos) is a Catholic basilica and a monumental memorial in the municipality of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, near Madrid, conceived by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco to honour and bury those who fell during the Spanish Civil War
+Cartagena is the second largest city
 '''Navarre'''
@@ Line 3,227: / Line 3,221: @@
 La Tomatina is a festival that is held in the Valencian town of Bunol, in which participants throw tomatoes at each other
-Costa Blanca (English: White Coast) refers to the over 200 kilometres of coastline belonging to the Province of Alicante. The name Costa Blanca was devised as a promotional name used by BEA when they launched their air service (for £38.16s.-) between London and Valencia in 1957. It includes the major tourist destinations of Benidorm and Alicante
+Costa Blanca (English: White Coast) refers to the over 200 km of coastline belonging to the Province of Alicante. The name Costa Blanca was devised as a promotional name used by BEA when they launched their air service (for £38.16s.-) between London and Valencia in 1957. It includes the major tourist destinations of Benidorm and Alicante
 Benidorm has the most high-rise buildings per capita in the world
 Lladro is a company based in Valencia that produces high quality porcelain figurines
@@ Line 3,237: / Line 3,233: @@
 Penon de Velez de la Gomera is a Spanish rock in North Africa off the Moroccan coast
-Ebro is the longest river in Spain
+Ebro is the longest river entirely in Spain
-Río Tinto river is notable for being very acidic (pH 2) and its deep reddish hue is due to iron dissolved in the water
+Rio Tinto river is notable for being very acidic (pH 2) and its deep reddish hue is due to iron dissolved in the water
 Mulhacen is the highest mountain in continental Spain and in the Iberian Peninsula. It is part of the Sierra Nevada range
@@ Line 3,245: / Line 3,241: @@
 Picos de Europa is a mountain range in Spain
-Faisans (Pheasant Island) in the Bidasoa river is a condominium that is formally controlled by Spain between 1 February and 31 July each year and by France for the following six months
+Faisans (Pheasant Island) in the Bidasoa river is an uninhabited river island that is formally controlled by Spain between 1 February and 31 July each year and by France for the following six months
 === Autonomous cities ===
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 The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is well known for its decoration of the stations; it has been called the longest art gallery in the world
 Museum of World Culture is in Gothenburg
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 Together with Copenhagen, Malmo constitutes the transnational Oresund Region
-HSB Turning Torso is the tallest skyscraper in Sweden and the Nordic countries, situated in Malmo. The project was designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava
+Turning Torso is situated in Malmo. The project was designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava. It was the tallest skyscraper in Sweden and the Nordic countries until September 2022, when it was surpassed by Karlatornet in Gothenburg, which is still under construction
 The Oresund Bridge is a combined two-track rail and four-lane road bridge across the Oresund strait. The bridge-tunnel is the longest combined road and rail bridge in Europe and connects Copenhagen and Malmo. The bridge ends in the middle of Oresund, on an artificially built island, called Peberholm. The connection between Peberholm and the nearest populated part of Denmark is through the Drogden Tunnel. Opened in 2000
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 Kiruna is the northernmost town in Sweden, situated in the province of Lapland. The city's vicinity shares a long history with the indigenous Sami people. The town of Kiruna is being moved as an iron ore mine undermines the current town centre
-ICEHOTEL near the village of Jukkasjärvi, Kiruna is the first and most famous of the ice hotels
+ICEHOTEL near the village of Jukkasjarvi, Kiruna is the first and most famous of the ice hotels
 Visby is main town of Gotland, which is Sweden’s largest island