Civilisation/World Geography - Oceania and Antarctica - Revision history

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2022-05-22T16:42:34Z

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2022-05-07T16:05:57Z

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2022-05-03T15:27:10Z

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QRNeditor: Added map of Oceania

2021-07-20T12:59:54Z

Added map of Oceania

@@ Line 859: / Line 859: @@
 Australia has the largest territorial claim by area in Antarctica
-Until the discovery belief by Europeans in the existence of a Terra Australis – a vast continent in the far south of the globe to balance the northern lands of Europe, Asia and North Africa – had existed as an intellectual concept since classical antiquity
+Belief by Europeans in the existence of a Terra Australis – a vast continent in the far south of the globe to balance the northern lands of Europe, Asia and North Africa – had existed as an intellectual concept since classical antiquity
 Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm along the coast and far less inland
@@ Line 887: / Line 887: @@
 Queen Maud Land is claimed by Norway as a dependent territory. Named after the Norwegian queen Maud of Wales
-Onyx River is the longest river in Antarctica
+Marie Byrd Land is the largest unclaimed territory on Earth. It was named after the wife of American naval officer and explorer Richard E. Byrd
 McMurdo Dry Valleys are a row of largely snow-free valleys, located within Victoria Land
-Argentina and Chile have civilian settlements on Antarctica
+Argentina and Chile have civilian settlements
@@ Line 900: / Line 903: @@
 The three largest mountain ranges on the Antarctic continent are the Transantarctic Mountains, the West Antarctica Ranges, and the East Antarctica Ranges
-Highest mountains in Antarctica – Vinson Massif, Mount Tyree, Mount Shinn
+Highest mountains – Vinson Massif, Mount Tyree, Mount Shinn
 Vinson Massif lies in the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains, which stand above the Ronne Ice Shelf near the base of the Antarctic Peninsula
-Mount Erebus in Antarctica is the southernmost active volcano on Earth. With a summit elevation of 3795 m, it is located on Ross Island. Mount Erebus was first climbed (to the rim) by members of Sir Ernest Shackleton's party in 1908. Mount Erebus was discovered in1841 by polar explorer James Clark Ross who named it Mount Erebus after his ships, ''Erebus'' and ''Terror''. Erebus was a primordial Greek god of darkness, the son of Chaos
+Mount Erebus is the southernmost active volcano on Earth. With a summit elevation of 3795 m, it is located on Ross Island. Mount Erebus was first climbed (to the rim) by members of Sir Ernest Shackleton's party in 1908. Mount Erebus was discovered in1841 by polar explorer James Clark Ross who named it Mount Erebus after his ships, ''Erebus'' and ''Terror''. Erebus was a primordial Greek god of darkness, the son of Chaos
@@ Line 913: / Line 918: @@
 Lake Ellsworth is a subglacial lake located in West Antarctica under approximately 3.4 km of ice
-Lake Vida is a hypersaline lake on the continent of Antarctica. It came to public attention in 2002 when microbes frozen in its ice cover for more than 2,800 years were successfully thawed and reanimated
+Lake Vida is a hypersaline lake. It came to public attention in 2002 when microbes frozen in its ice cover for more than 2,800 years were successfully thawed and reanimated
@@ Line 926: / Line 932: @@
 Alexander Island is the largest island of Antarctica. It lies in the Bellingshausen Sea
-Amundsen Sea lies to the south of Bellingshausen Sea
+Amundsen Sea lies to the south of the Bellingshausen Sea
-Ross Sea is a deep bay of the Southern Ocean in Antarctica between Victoria Land and Marie Byrd Land
+Ross Sea is a deep bay of the Southern Ocean between Victoria Land and Marie Byrd Land
 McMurdo Sound opens into the Ross Sea to the north
@@ Line 935: / Line 941: @@
 Shackleton Ice Shelf is an extensive ice shelf fronting the coast of East Antarctica
@@ Line 941: / Line 948: @@
 Lambert Glacier is in East Antarctica. At about 60 miles wide, over 250 miles long, and about 2,500 m deep, it is the world's largest glacier
-Beardmore Glacier in Antarctica has a length exceeding 160 km. The glacier is one of the main passages from the Ross Ice Shelf through the Queen Alexandra and Commonwealth ranges of the Transantarctic Mountains to the Antarctic Plateau, and was one of the early routes to the South Pole. The glacier was discovered by Ernest Shackleton during his Nimrod Antarctic expedition of 1908
+Beardmore Glacier has a length exceeding 160 km. The glacier is one of the main passages from the Ross Ice Shelf through the Queen Alexandra and Commonwealth ranges of the Transantarctic Mountains to the Antarctic Plateau, and was one of the early routes to the South Pole. The glacier was discovered by Ernest Shackleton during his Nimrod Antarctic expedition of 1908

@@ Line 448: / Line 448: @@
 Nauru is the smallest republic in the world
 == New Zealand ==
@@ Line 500: / Line 502: @@
 Baldwin Street in Dunedin claims to be the world’s steepest residential street, although this is challenged by Ffordd Pen Llech in Harlech, Wales
 Bay of Islands is on North Island. Home of the first Maori settlers, and site of the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi
@@ Line 533: / Line 537: @@
 ==== Cook Islands ====
 [[File:Flag of the Cook Islands.png|center|thumb]]
 The stars on the flag of the Cook Islands represent the fifteen islands that make up the Cook Islands
-The Cook Islands' defence and foreign affairs are the responsibility of New Zealand. Main population centres are on the island of Rarotonga. Avarua is the capital
+The Cook Islands' defence and foreign affairs are the responsibility of New Zealand.
 ==== Niue ====
 [[File:Flag of Niue.png|center|thumb]]
-Niue is the largest coral island in the world. Known as the “Rock of Polynesia”. Though self-governing, Niue lacks full sovereignty. In 2003, Niue became the world's first ‘WiFi nation’, in which free wireless Internet access is provided throughout the country. Alofi is the capital
+Niue is the largest coral island in the world. Known as the “Rock of Polynesia”. Though self-governing, Niue lacks full sovereignty. In 2003, Niue became the world's first ‘WiFi nation’, in which free wireless Internet access is provided throughout the country
 === Dependent territories of New Zealand ===
 ==== Tokelau ====
-A dependent territory of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean that consists of three tropical coral atolls
+Tokelau is a dependent territory of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean that consists of three tropical coral atolls
+New Zealand outlying islands are nine offshore island groups that are part of New Zealand. The islands are all uninhabited except the Chatham Islands
 <u>Chatham Islands</u>
-Have officially belonged to New Zealand since 1842. They cover a total of 966 km², most of which is in the two main islands, Chatham Island and Pitt Island. Chatham Island is the fourth largest island of New Zealand. Chatham Islands observe their own time, 45 minutes ahead of New Zealand time. They include New Zealand's easternmost point, the Forty-Fours
+Have officially belonged to New Zealand since 1842. They cover a total of 966 km², most of which is in the two main islands, Chatham Island and Pitt Island. Chatham Island is the fourth largest island of New Zealand. Chatham Islands observe their own time, 45 minutes ahead of New Zealand time. The islands include New Zealand's easternmost point, the Forty-Fours
 == Palau ==
@@ Line 609: / Line 613: @@
 Bismarck Range is a mountain range in the central highlands of Papua New Guinea; the highest point is Mount Wilhelm
-Carteret Islands are Papua New Guinea islands located near Bougainville in the South Pacific. The atoll is a scattering of low lying islands in a horseshoe shape. The islands have progressively become uninhabitable, due to flooding
+Carteret Islands are located near Bougainville in the South Pacific. The atoll is a scattering of low lying islands in a horseshoe shape. The islands have progressively become uninhabitable, due to flooding
 New Britain is the largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago (named after Otto von Bismarck) of Papua New Guinea. The island was part of German New Guinea
@@ Line 615: / Line 619: @@
 languages are listed for the country
-Sepik and Fly are the longest rivers. Fly has the largest river by discharge in Oceania
+Sepik and Fly are the longest rivers. Fly is the largest river by discharge in Oceania
 Trobriand Islands are an archipelago of coral atolls off the east coast of New Guinea
 == Samoa ==
@@ Line 668: / Line 674: @@
 Named after the biblical king Solomon
-Queen Elizabeth II is the Monarch of the Solomon Islands and the head of state; she is represented by the Governor-General
+King Charles III is the Monarch of the Solomon Islands and the head of state; he is represented by the Governor-General
 == Tonga ==
@@ Line 719: / Line 725: @@
 The capital of Tuvalu is sometimes given as Fongafale or Vaiaku, but the entire atoll of Funafuti is officially the capital
-The ".tv" domain name generates around $2.2 million each year from royalties, which is about ten per cent of the government's total revenue
+The ".tv" domain name generates around 8% of the government’s total revenue each year from royalties
 Niulakita is 4.6m above sea level
@@ Line 741: / Line 747: @@
 In the 1880s, France and the United Kingdom claimed parts of the archipelago, and in 1906 they agreed on a framework for jointly managing the archipelago as the New Hebrides through a British–French Condominium. An independence movement arose in the 1970s, and the Republic of Vanuatu was founded in 1980
-Port Vila is the capital and largest city of Vanuatu and is located on the island of Efate
+Port Vila is located on the island of Efate
-Tanna is an island of Vanuatu, and is at the centre of the Jon Frum cargo cult which worships Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh
+Tanna is an island of Vanuatu, and is at the centre of the Jon Frum cargo cult which worshipped Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh
 Mount Yasur is an active volcano on Tanna
@@ Line 764: / Line 770: @@
 Louis-Antoine de Bougainville's name is given to Bougainville which is geographically part of the Solomon Islands, but politically Papua New Guinea; and to the strait which divides it from the island of Choiseul
-In a 2019 referendum Bougainville voted for independence from Papua New Guinea
+In a 2019 referendum Bougainville voted for independence from Papua New Guinea. As a result, the regional authorities intend to become independent between 2025 and 2027, pending ratification by the Papua New Guinean government
 <u>Caroline Islands</u>
@@ Line 786: / Line 792: @@
 Papeete, on Tahiti, is the capital of French Polynesia
-Bora Bora is in the Society Islands
+Bora Bora and Moorea are islands in the Society Islands archipelago
 Society Islands are divided into Leeward Islands and Windward Islands
@@ Line 798: / Line 804: @@
 Mariana Islands are an arc-shaped archipelago made up by the summits of fifteen volcanic mountains in the Pacific Ocean. They are composed of two administrative units, Guam, a US territory, and the Northern Mariana Islands (including the islands of Saipan, Tinian and Rota) which make up a Commonwealth of the United States
-Guam was discovered by Magellan, and was formerly a Spanish territory
+Guam was discovered by Ferdinand Magellan, and was formerly a Spanish territory
-Guam is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands
+Guam is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands. The capital is Hagatna
 Challenger Deep is the deepest known point in the Earth's sea floor hydrosphere, with a depth of 10,898 m. It is in the Pacific Ocean, at the southern end of the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands group
@@ Line 845: / Line 851: @@
 == Antarctica ==
-[[File:Antarctica.svg|center|thumb|500x500px]]
+[[File:Antarctica.svg|center|thumb|600x600px|alt=]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Opinions of what constitutes Oceania range from its three subregions of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia to, more broadly, the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas, including Australasia and the Malay Archipelago. The term is often used more specifically to denote a continent comprising Australia and proximate islands
-[[File:Oceania UN Geoscheme - Map with Zones.svg|none|thumb|500x500px|link=Special:FilePath/Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_with_Zones.svg]]
+[[File:Oceania UN Geoscheme - Map with Zones.svg|none|thumb|800x800px|link=Special:FilePath/Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_with_Zones.svg|alt=]]
-'''Melanesia''' consists of the four countries of: Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Fiji, and Papua New Guinea
+'''Melanesia''' consists of the four countries of Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Fiji, and Papua New Guinea
 '''Micronesia''' region encompasses the country Micronesia, the four other sovereign, independent nations – Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, and Palau – as well as three U.S. territories – Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and Wake Island
@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 ·       Heard Island and McDonald Islands
 ·       Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales
@@ Line 67: / Line 69: @@
 Ove Arup were the structural engineers on Sydney Opera House, designed by Jorn Utzon
-Parramatta River is an arm of Sydney harbour
+Taronga Zoo is in Sydney
 Wagga Wagga straddles the Murrumbidgee River
@@ Line 109: / Line 115: @@
 Kuranda Scenic Railway runs from Cairns into the tropical rainforest
-Daintree rainforest is a region on the northeast coast of Queensland
+Daintree Rainforest is a part of the Wet Tropics of Queensland Rainforest, that spans across the Cairns Region
 Whitsunday Islands are a collection of continental islands of various sizes off the central coast of Queensland
@@ Line 150: / Line 156: @@
 Capital – Melbourne
 Tullamarine airport serves Melbourne
@@ Line 157: / Line 165: @@
 Melbourne is named after the Prime Minister Lord Melbourne
-Melbourne was capital of Australia until 1927
+Melbourne was the capital of Australia until 1927
 Ballarat and Geelong are towns in Victoria
@@ Line 170: / Line 180: @@
 Great Ocean Road (known as the Surfcoast Highway) stretches along the southeastern coast of Australia between the Victorian cities of Torquay and Warrnambool. After Apollo Bay the road passes through the Great Otway National Park, which includes some of the last surviving rain forests in the south of Australia
 '''Western Australia'''
@@ Line 191: / Line 197: @@
 Rudall River National Park and Karijini National Park are in Western Australia
-Bibbulmun Track is a long distance walk trail in Western Australia. It runs from Perth to Albany and is almost 1000 km long
+Bibbulmun Track is a long distance walk trail. It runs from Perth to Albany and is almost 1000 km long
-Kimberley in the northern part of Western Australia. The region was named after John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley. One third of the world's annual production of diamonds is mined at the Argyle and the Ellendale diamond mines
+Kimberley is the northernmost of the nine regions of Western Australia. The region was named after John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley. One third of the world's annual production of diamonds is mined at the Argyle and the Ellendale diamond mines
 Bradshaw rock paintings are rock art found in the north-west Kimberley region
 Mandurah is second largest city in Western Australia
@@ Line 211: / Line 215: @@
 Ningaloo Reef fringes the Ningaloo Coast
-Shark Bay is a World Heritage Site
+Shark Bay is on the westernmost point of the Australian continent and is a World Heritage Site
 '''Tasmania'''
@@ Line 261: / Line 267: @@
 The territory was transferred to the Commonwealth by the state of New South Wales in 1911, two years prior to the naming of Canberra as the national capital in 1913
-The Lodge is the residence of the prime minister, in Canberra
+The Lodge is the residence of the prime minister
 Lake Burley Griffin is an artificial lake in Canberra. It is named after Walter Burley Griffin, the American architect who won the competition to design the city of Canberra
-Telstra Tower is a telecommunications tower that is situated above the summit of Black Mountain in Canberra
+Telstra Tower is a telecommunications tower that is situated above the summit of Black Mountain
 <u>Deserts</u>
@@ Line 291: / Line 297: @@
-Norfolk Island is in the Pacific Ocean, located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia. The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia, and enjoys a large degree of self-governance
+Norfolk Island is in the Pacific Ocean, located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia. The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia, and enjoys a large degree of self-governance. Capital – Kingston. Largest town – Burnt Pine
-Lord Howe Island is a small island in the Pacific Ocean 600 km east of the Australian mainland administered by New South Wales
+Lord Howe Island is a small island in the Pacific Ocean 600 km east of the Australian mainland. It is administered by New South Wales
-Macquarie Island lies in the southwest Pacific Ocean, half way between New Zealand and Antarctica. It is administered by Tasmania
+Macquarie Island lies in the southwest Pacific Ocean, halfway between New Zealand and Antarctica. It is administered by Tasmania
 Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 km. The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland. The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms
-Bass Strait separates Tasmania from the Australian mainland, specifically the state of Victoria. Named by Matthew Flinders (after George Bass)
+Bass Strait separates Tasmania from the Australian mainland, specifically the state of Victoria. Named after George Bass, by Matthew Flinders
 Flinders Island lies in the Bass Strait
@@ Line 305: / Line 311: @@
 Great Australian Bight is a large bight, or open bay, off the central and western portions of the southern coastline of mainland Australia. It was once joined to Antarctica
-Cape Howe is a coastal headland in Australia, forming the border of New South Wales and Victoria. The point was named by Captain Cook when he passed it in 1770, honouring Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe who was Treasurer of the Navy at that time
+Cape Howe is a coastal headland in Australia, forming the border of New South Wales and Victoria. The point was named by Captain Cook when he passed it in 1770, honouring Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe, who was Treasurer of the Navy at that time
 Nullarbor Plain is a vast area of flat, almost treeless, arid or semi-arid country immediately north of the Great Australian Bight. It is the world's largest single piece of limestone, and occupies an area of about 200,000 km². Nullarbor means “no tree”
@@ Line 315: / Line 321: @@
 Indian Pacific is a weekly passenger rail service running between Sydney and Perth. The route includes the world's longest straight stretch of railway track, a 478 kilometre stretch over the Nullarbor Plain
-First railway line linking North and South Australia opened in 2004, between Adelaide and Darwin. The passenger train known as 'The Ghan' operates on the railway
+The first railway line linking North and South Australia opened in 2004, between Adelaide and Darwin. The passenger train known as 'The Ghan' operates on the railway
 Stuart Highway runs from Darwin, in the Northern Territory, to Port Augusta in South Australia

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Opinions of what constitutes Oceania range from its three subregions of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia to, more broadly, the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas, including Australasia and the Malay Archipelago. The term is often used more specifically to denote a continent comprising Australia and proximate islands
-[[File:Oceania UN Geoscheme - Map with Zones.svg|none|thumb|alt=|500x500px]]
+[[File:Oceania UN Geoscheme - Map with Zones.svg|none|thumb|500x500px|link=Special:FilePath/Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_with_Zones.svg]]
 '''Melanesia''' consists of the four countries of: Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Fiji, and Papua New Guinea
@@ Line 316: / Line 316: @@
 First railway line linking North and South Australia opened in 2004, between Adelaide and Darwin. The passenger train known as 'The Ghan' operates on the railway
 Stuart Highway runs from Darwin, in the Northern Territory, to Port Augusta in South Australia
@@ Line 389: / Line 387: @@
 Marshall Islands are part of the larger island group of Micronesia
 The most populous atoll is Majuro, which also acts as the capital
@@ Line 566: / Line 554: @@
 <u>Chatham Islands</u>
-Have officially belonged to New Zealand since 1842. They cover a total of 966 km², most of which is in the two main islands, Chatham Island and Pitt Island. Chatham Island is the fourth largest island of New Zealand. Chatham Islands observe their own time, 45 minutes ahead of New Zealand time
+Have officially belonged to New Zealand since 1842. They cover a total of 966 km², most of which is in the two main islands, Chatham Island and Pitt Island. Chatham Island is the fourth largest island of New Zealand. Chatham Islands observe their own time, 45 minutes ahead of New Zealand time. They include New Zealand's easternmost point, the Forty-Fours
 == Palau ==
@@ Line 870: / Line 858: @@
 Ross Dependency is a region of Antarctica defined by a sector originating at the South Pole, passing along longitudes 160° east to 150° west, and terminating at latitude 60° south. It is claimed by New Zealand
 Graham Land and Palmer Land are the northern and southern portions of the Antarctic Peninsula

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 Opinions of what constitutes Oceania range from its three subregions of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia to, more broadly, the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas, including Australasia and the Malay Archipelago. The term is often used more specifically to denote a continent comprising Australia and proximate islands
-[[File:Oceania UN Geoscheme - Map with Zones.svg|none|thumb]]
+[[File:Oceania UN Geoscheme - Map with Zones.svg|none|thumb|alt=|500x500px]]
 '''Melanesia''' consists of the four countries of: Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Fiji, and Papua New Guinea
@@ Line 538: / Line 538: @@
 ==== Cook Islands ====
-Cook Islands comprises 15 islands. The Cook Islands' defence and foreign affairs are the responsibility of New Zealand. Main population centres are on the island of Rarotonga. Avarua is the capital
+[[File:Flag of the Cook Islands.png|center|thumb]]
 ==== Niue ====
 Niue is the largest coral island in the world. Known as the “Rock of Polynesia”. Though self-governing, Niue lacks full sovereignty. In 2003, Niue became the world's first ‘WiFi nation’, in which free wireless Internet access is provided throughout the country. Alofi is the capital

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:05, 7 May 2022
Line 801:		Line 801:

	Guam is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands		Guam is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands
		+
		+	Challenger Deep is the deepest known point in the Earth's sea floor hydrosphere, with a depth of 10,898 m. It is in the Pacific Ocean, at the southern end of the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands group
		+
		+	Mariana Trench belongs jointly to a commonwealth of the United States and Federated States of Micronesia

	<u>Pitcairn Islands</u>		<u>Pitcairn Islands</u>

@@ Line 842: / Line 842: @@
 == Antarctica ==
 [[File:Antarctica.svg|center|thumb|500x500px]]
@@ Line 859: / Line 860: @@
 Ross Dependency is a region of Antarctica defined by a sector originating at the South Pole, passing along longitudes 160° east to 150° west, and terminating at latitude 60° south. It is claimed by New Zealand
 Graham Land and Palmer Land are the northern and southern portions of the Antarctic Peninsula
@@ Line 873: / Line 876: @@
 Halley Research Station, run by the British Antarctic Survey, is located on the Brunt Ice Shelf floating on the Weddell Sea. It is the first fully relocatable research station in the world
 <u>Mountains</u>
@@ Line 880: / Line 894: @@
 Highest mountains in Antarctica – Vinson Massif, Mount Tyree, Mount Shinn
-Vinson Massif is the highest mountain of Antarctica, lying in the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains, which stand above the Ronne Ice Shelf near the base of the Antarctic Peninsula
+Vinson Massif lies in the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains, which stand above the Ronne Ice Shelf near the base of the Antarctic Peninsula
 Mount Erebus in Antarctica is the southernmost active volcano on Earth. With a summit elevation of 3795 m, it is located on Ross Island. Mount Erebus was first climbed (to the rim) by members of Sir Ernest Shackleton's party in 1908. Mount Erebus was discovered in1841 by polar explorer James Clark Ross who named it Mount Erebus after his ships, ''Erebus'' and ''Terror''. Erebus was a primordial Greek god of darkness, the son of Chaos
 <u>Lakes</u>
@@ Line 892: / Line 907: @@
 Lake Vida is a hypersaline lake on the continent of Antarctica. It came to public attention in 2002 when microbes frozen in its ice cover for more than 2,800 years were successfully thawed and reanimated
 <u>Seas</u>
-Weddell Sea is an area along the east side of the Antarctic Peninsula
+Weddell Sea is an area along the east side of the Antarctic Peninsula. Named after British sailor James Weddell
 Larsen Ice Shelf is a long ice shelf in the northwest part of the Weddell Sea
@@ Line 916: / Line 926: @@
 Wilkins Sound is largely occupied by the Wilkins Ice Shelf. In 2009 the thin bridge of ice to the Wilkins Ice Shelf off the coast of Antarctica splintered, and scientists expect it could cause the collapse of the Shelf
-Queen Maud Land is claimed by Norway as a dependent territory. Named after the Norwegian queen Maud of Wales
+Shackleton Ice Shelf is an extensive ice shelf fronting the coast of East Antarctica
-McMurdo Dry Valleys are a row of largely snow-free valleys, located within Victoria Land
+<u>Glaciers</u>
-Argentina and Chile have civilian settlements on Antarctica
+Beardmore Glacier in Antarctica has a length exceeding 160 km. The glacier is one of the main passages from the Ross Ice Shelf through the Queen Alexandra and Commonwealth ranges of the Transantarctic Mountains to the Antarctic Plateau, and was one of the early routes to the South Pole. The glacier was discovered by Ernest Shackleton during his Nimrod Antarctic expedition of 1908