Civilisation/World Politics - Revision history

QRNeditor: Added links for UK and USA

2023-04-12T11:49:34Z

Added links for UK and USA

QRNeditor: Added new content

2023-04-07T13:47:49Z

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QRNeditor: Added new content

2023-04-07T13:40:13Z

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QRNeditor: Added new version

2023-04-07T13:35:00Z

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QRNeditor: Deleted old content

2023-04-07T13:30:31Z

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QRNeditor: Brought up to date

2023-03-09T22:23:05Z

Brought up to date

QRNeditor: Brought up to date

2023-03-09T22:07:22Z

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QRNeditor: G8 reverts to G7

2021-07-05T15:53:19Z

G8 reverts to G7

QRNeditor: Added EU leaders

2021-05-31T14:49:55Z

Added EU leaders

QRNeditor: Added PMs / Presidents lists

2021-05-28T16:17:52Z

Added PMs / Presidents lists

@@ Line 2,246: / Line 2,246: @@
 '''United Kingdom'''
-See British Isles Politics
+See [[Civilisation/United Kingdom Politics|United Kingdom Politics]]
 '''Vatican City'''
@@ Line 2,549: / Line 2,549: @@
 '''United States'''
-See USA Politics
+See [[Civilisation/USA Politics|USA Politics]]
 == South America ==

@@ Line 416: / Line 416: @@
 Jean-Claude Duvalier (nicknamed ‘Baby Doc’) succeeded his father, ‘Papa Doc’ Duvalier as the ruler of Haiti from his father's death in 1971 until his overthrow by a popular uprising in 1986
 Althing is the parliament of '''Iceland'''. Oldest parliament in Europe, founded in 930
@@ Line 423: / Line 425: @@
 In 1980, Icelanders elected Vigdís Finnbogadottir as president, the world's first directly elected female head of state
-Olafur Ragnar Grimsson has been president of Iceland since 1996
+Johanna Siguroardottir  became Iceland's first female Prime Minister and the world's first openly lesbian head of government in 2009
-Johanna Siguroardottir  became Iceland's first female Prime Minister and the world's first openly lesbian head of government in 2009
+Katrin Jakobsdottir has been prime minister since 2017
 Parliament of '''India''' consists of two houses: The Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
@@ Line 700: / Line 702: @@
 Rodrigo Duterte succeeded Benigno Aquino III as President of the Philippines in 2017
 Sejm is the lower house of the parliament of '''Poland'''
@@ Line 722: / Line 726: @@
 Anibal Silva was President of Portugal from 2006 to 2016. He was previously Prime Minister of Portugal from1985 to 1995. His tenure of ten years was the longest of any Prime Minister since Salazar
 Iron Guard was a far-right movement and political party in '''Romania''' in the period from 1927 into the early part of World War II
@@ Line 862: / Line 868: @@
 Stefan Lofven succeeded Fredrik Reinfeldt as Prime Minister of Sweden in 2014
 Federal Council is the seven-member executive council which constitutes the federal government of '''Switzerland''' and serves as the Swiss collective head of state
@@ Line 876: / Line 884: @@
 Tunisia gained independence from France in 1956
 Milton Obote, Prime Minister of '''Uganda''' from 1962 to 1966 and President of Uganda from 1966 to 1971 and from 1980 to 1985, was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to independence from the British colonial administration in 1962
 Idi Amin was President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. He died in Saudi Arabia in 2003
 In 1828 the Treaty of Montevideo, fostered by the United Kingdom, gave birth to '''Uruguay''' as an independent state. The nation's first constitution was adopted in 1830
 Tabere Vasquez succeeded Jose Mujica as President of Uruguay in 2015
 On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of '''Vietnam'''

@@ Line 1,101: / Line 1,101: @@
 |}
-== G8 ==
+== Group of Seven (G7) ==
 The forum originated with a 1975 summit hosted by France that brought together representatives of six governments: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, thus leading to the name Group of Six or G6. The summit became known as the Group of Seven or G7 in 1976 with the addition of Canada. Russia was added to the group from 1998 to 2014, which then became known as the G8. The European Union was represented within the G8 since the 1980s but could not host or chair summits

@@ Line 963: / Line 963: @@
 Copenhagen criteria are the rules that define whether a nation is eligible to join the European Union
-Walter Hallstein was the first president of the European Commission
+=== President of the European Commission ===
 European Court of Justice is in Luxembourg
@@ Line 1,007: / Line 1,074: @@
 Commonwealth Secretary-General is the head of the Commonwealth Secretariat, the central body which has served the Commonwealth of Nations since its establishment in 1965, and responsible for representing the Commonwealth publicly
-'''Commonwealth Secretary-General'''
+=== Commonwealth Secretary-General ===
 {| class="wikitable"
 |1965-1975

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 General Council of the Valleys – legislative body of '''Andorra'''
@@ Line 871: / Line 872: @@
 Emmerson Mnangagwa replaced Robert Mugabe as President of Zimbabwe in 2017
-United Nations
+== United Nations ==
 United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization established in 1945 to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was created following the Second World War to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the United Nations is in Manhattan, New York City
-'''Secretary-General of the United Nations'''
+=== Secretary-General of the United Nations ===
 {| class="wikitable"
 |1945–1946
@@ Line 931: / Line 931: @@
 Alexander Cadogan was Britain's representative to the United Nations from 1946 to 1950
-Revolutions
+== Revolutions ==
 Colour revolutions or Flower revolutions are the names given collectively to a series of related movements that developed in post-communist societies in Central and Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. So far these movements have been successful in Serbia (the 2000 Bulldozer Revolution), Georgia (the 2003 Rose Revolution), Ukraine (the 2004 Orange Revolution), and (though more violent than the previous ones) Kyrgyzstan (the 2005 Tulip Revolution). The Cedar Revolution in Lebanon, unlike the revolutions in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, followed not a disputed election, but rather the assassination of opposition leader Rafik Hariri in 2005.
@@ Line 943: / Line 942: @@
 Jasmine Revolution was an intensive campaign of civil resistance, including a series of street demonstrations taking place in Tunisia. The events began in December 2010 and led to the ousting of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in January 2011
-Europe
+== Europe ==
 The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in Strasbourg was set up under the European Convention on Human Rights of 1950 in order to monitor compliance by Signatory Parties. The European Convention on Human Rights is one of the most important conventions adopted by the Council of Europe. All 47 member states of the Council of Europe are signatories of the Convention
@@ Line 983: / Line 981: @@
 Dublin Regulation is an EU law that determines the EU Member State responsible to examine an application for asylum seekers seeking international protection under the Geneva Convention and the EU Qualification Directive, within the European Union
-Africa
+== Africa ==
 The African Union (AU) is an organization consisting of fifty-three African states. Established in 2001, the AU was formed as a successor to the amalgamated African Economic Community (AEC) and the Organization of African Unity (OAU)
@@ Line 991: / Line 988: @@
 The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is a government in exile founded by the Polisario Front in 1976. It does not currently control the majority of its claimed territory, the former Spanish colony of Western Sahara. Currently, Morocco administers the majority of the territory as its Southern Provinces, called 'Occupied Territory' by the Polisario; the SADR claims to control the rest as what it describes as the Free Zone, seen as a buffer zone by Morocco
-Middle East
+== Middle East ==
 The term Green Line is used to refer to the 1949 Armistice lines established between Israel and its neighbours (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria) after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The Green Line separates Israel not only from these countries but from territories Israel would later capture in the 1967 Six-Day War, including the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and Sinai Peninsula (the latter has since been returned to Egypt). Its name is derived from the green pencil used to draw the line on the map during the talks
@@ Line 1,001: / Line 997: @@
 Fatah is a leading secular Palestinian political party and the largest faction of the confederated multi-party Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
-South America
+== South America ==
 Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) is an intergovernmental union integrating two existing customs unions: Mercosur and the Andean Community of Nations, as part of a continuing process of South American integration. It is modelled on the European Union
 Mercosur is composed of five sovereign member states: Argentina; Brazil; Paraguay; Uruguay; and Venezuela
-Commonwealth
+== Commonwealth ==
 Commonwealth of Nations is a political association of 54 member states, most of which are former territories of the British Empire
@@ Line 1,039: / Line 1,033: @@
 |Dominica/UK
 |}
 The forum originated with a 1975 summit hosted by France that brought together representatives of six governments: France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, thus leading to the name Group of Six or G6. The summit became known as the Group of Seven or G7 in 1976 with the addition of Canada. Russia was added to the group from 1998 to 2014, which then became known as the G8. The European Union was represented within the G8 since the 1980s but could not host or chair summits