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Librettist '''William Schwenck Gilbert''' (1836 – 1911) and composer '''Arthur Sullivan''' (1842 – 1900) collaborated on a series of fourteen comic operas in Victorian England between 1871 and 1896. Their works have become known as the Savoy Operas, after the Savoy Theatre in London, which was built in 1881 by their producer, Richard D'Oyly Carte, to present their operas. For over a century, until it closed in 1982, the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company performed the operas. Every summer, there is a three-week-long International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival in Buxton

'''''Thespis''''' or The Gods Grown Old (1871)

The first Gilbert and Sullivan collaboration was ''Thespis'', produced at the large Gaiety Theatre, an extravaganza in which the gods of the classical world, who have become elderly and ineffective, are temporarily replaced by a troupe of actors and actresses. The piece mocked Offenbach's ''Orpheus in the Underworld'' and ''La Belle Hélène'', which (in translation) then dominated the English musical stage. ''Thespis'' opened at the Gaiety Theatre on Boxing Day in 1871 and ran for 63 performances

Characters

Jupiter

Apollo

Mars

Diana

Venus

Mercury

Thespis, manager of a travelling theatrical company

'''''Trial by Jury''''' (1875)

''Trial by Jury'' is the only Gilbert and Sullivan opera played in one act, and the only one with no spoken dialogue. As it is only about 30 minutes long, it is usually coupled with another work — often one of the shorter two-act Savoy Operas, such as ''The Sorcerer'' or ''H.M.S. Pinafore'', or presented as a triple bill with ''Cox and Box'' and ''The Zoo''. As with all the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, the plot of ''Trial'' is ludicrous, but by behaving as if everything were perfectly reasonable, the characters in this satire of the legal system (a favorite target of Gilbert's, who had a brief legal career) reveal truths about common foibles and follies of men, women and society at large

Characters

The Learned Judge

The Plaintiff

The Defendant

Counsel for the Plaintiff

Usher

Foreman of the Jury

'''''The Sorcerer''''' (1877)

Gilbert expanded on his own short story, ''The Elixir of Love'' and also used ideas from his earlier Bab Ballads, creating a plot about a magic love potion that – as often occurs in opera – causes everyone to fall in love with the wrong partner

Characters

Sir Marmaduke Poindextre, an Elderly Baronet

Alexis, of the Grenadier Guards, his son

Dr. Daly, Vicar of Ploverleigh

John Wellington Wells, of J.W. Wells & Co., Family Sorcerers

Lady Sangazure, a Lady of Ancient Lineage

'''''H.M.S. Pinafore''''' or The Lass That Loved a Sailor (1878)

The plot revolves around a middle-class naval captain's daughter who is in love with a lower-class foremast hand (a common sailor, well below officer rank), even though she is betrothed to the upper-class First Lord of the Admiralty, the government official in charge of the Royal Navy

Mrs Cripps is known as Little Buttercup in ''H.M.S. Pinafore''

Characters

The Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Porter, KCB, First Lord of the Admiralty

Captain Corcoran, Commander of the H.M.S. Pinafore

Ralph Rackstraw, Able Seaman

Dick Deadeye, Able Seaman

'''''The Pirates of Penzanze''''' or The Slave of Duty (1879)

The work's title is a multi-layered joke. On the one hand, Penzance was a docile seaside resort at the time, and not the place where one would expect to encounter pirates. On the other hand, the title was also a jab at the theatrical pirates who had staged unlicensed productions of ''H.M.S. Pinafore'' in America. ''The Pirates of Penzance'' was the only Gilbert and Sullivan opera to have its official premiere in New York, although the world premiere in was Paignton

''A Policeman’s Lot is not a Happy one'' – from ''The Pirates of Penzance''

''I am the Very Model of a Modern Major-General'' – from ''The Pirates of Penzance''

Characters

Major-General Stanley

The Pirate King

Samuel, his Lieutenant

Frederic, the Pirate Apprentice

'''''Patience''''' or Bunthorne's Bride (1881)

The opera is a satire on the aesthetic movement of the 1870s and '80s in England. This artistic movement was so popular, and also so easy to ridicule as a meaningless fad, that it made ''Patience'' a big hit. A popular myth holds that the central character, Bunthorne, a ‘Fleshly Poet’, was intended to satirize Oscar Wilde

Characters

Colonel Calverly, Officer of Dragoon Guards

Major Murgatroyd, Officer of Dragoon Guards

Lieut. The Duke of Dunstable, Officer of Dragoon Guards

Reginald Bunthorne, a Fleshly Poet

Archibald Grosvenor, an Idyllic Poet

'''''Iolanthe''''' or The Peer and the Peri (1882)

The Savoy Theatre was the first theatre in the world to be wired for electricity, and such stunning special effects as sparkling fairy wands were possible. Captain (later Sir) Eyre Massey Shaw, to whom the Fairy Queen refers in the second act, was head of the Metropolitan Fire Brigade. He was present at the first night of ''Iolanthe'', and the words were directed at him by Alice Barnett as the Fairy Queen. Much of Sullivan's ‘fairy’ music pays deliberate homage to the incidental music written by Felix Mendelssohn for a production of Shakespeare's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream''. Iolanthe – banished to the bottom of a stream for marrying a mortal

Characters

The Lord Chancellor

Earl of Mountararat

Earl Tolloller

Private Willis, of the Grenadier Guards

Strephon, an Arcadian Shepherd

Queen of the Fairies

Iolanthe, a Fairy, Strephon's mother

'''''Princess Ida''''' or Castle Adamant (1884)

''Princess Ida'' is based on Tennyson's poem ''The Princess'', and is the only Gilbert and Sullivan work with dialogue entirely in blank verse. It is also the only one of their works in three acts. The opera satirizes feminism, women's education, and Darwinian evolution. It is partly set in a women-only university

Characters

King Hildebrand

Hilarion, King Hildebrand's Son

Cyril, Hilarion's Friend

Florian, Hilarion's Friend

King Gama

'''''The Mikado''''' or The Town of Titipu (1885)

''The Mikado'' is a comedy that deals with themes of death and cruelty. To the extent that the opera is inspired by, and purports to portray, Japanese culture, style, and government, it draws on Victorian notions of the subject, gleaned from the general British fascination with Japanese fashion and art

''Three Little Maids from School are we'' – from ''The Mikado''

''A Wandering Minstrel I'' – from ''The Mikado''

''On a tree by a river'' ("''Willow, tit-willow''") – from ''The Mikado''

“Short sharp shock” – phrase in ''The Mikado''

“I’ve got a little list” – phrase in ''The Mikado''

Characters

The Mikado of Japan

Nanki-Poo, his Son, disguised as a wandering minstrel, and in love with Yum-Yum

Ko-Ko, the Lord High Executioner of Titipu

Pooh-Bah, Lord High Everything Else

Pish-Tush, a Noble Lord

Yum-Yum, Pitti-Sing, and Peep-Bo, three Sisters, Wards of Ko-Ko

'''''Ruddigore''''' or The Witch's Curse (1887)

The Baronets of the castle of Ruddigore have been cursed by a witch. Each Baronet, in his turn, must commit a crime a day – or die in torture. To escape his dreadful fate, the latest Baronet, Sir Ruthven Murgatroyd, disguises himself as Robin Oakapple, a farmer. Only two people know his true identity – his faithful servant, Old Adam Goodheart, and his adopted brother, Richard Dauntless, a seaman. Robin Oakapple is in love with the beautiful Rose Maybud and wants to marry her - but his future plans appear doomed when his true identity is revealed

Characters

Sir Ruthven Murgatroyd disguised as Robin Oakapple, a Young Farmer

Richard Dauntless his Foster-Brother, a Man-o'-war's-man

Sir Despard Murgatroyd of Ruddigore, a Wicked Baronet

Old Adam Goodheart, Robin's Faithful Servant

Rose Maybud, a Village Maiden

'''''The Yeomen of the Guard''''' or The Merryman and his Maid (1888)

The opera is set in the Tower of London, during the 16th century, and is the darkest, and perhaps most emotionally engaging, of the Savoy Operas, ending with a broken-hearted main character and two very reluctant engagements, rather than the usual numerous marriages

Characters

Sir Richard Cholmondeley, Lieutenant of the Tower

Colonel Fairfax, under sentence of death

Sergeant Meryll of the Yeomen of the Guard

Jack Point, a jester

'''''The Gondoliers''''' or The King of Barataria (1889)

Gilbert returns to the satire of class distinctions figuring in many of his earlier librettos. The libretto also reflects Gilbert's fascination with the ‘Stock Company Act’, highlighting the absurd convergence of natural persons and legal entities

Characters

The Duke of Plaza-Toro, a Grandee of Spain

Luiz, his Attendant

Don Alhambra del Bolero, the Grand Inquisitor

Marco Palmieri, Venetian Gondolier

Giuseppe Palmieri, Venetian Gondolier

'''''Utopia, Limited''''' or The Flowers of Progress (1893)

Gilbert's libretto satirizes limited liability companies, and particularly the idea that a bankrupt company could leave creditors unpaid without any liability to its owners

'''''The Grand Duke''''' or The Statutory Duel (1896)

Gilbert and Sullivan come full circle, back to the theme of their first collaboration, Thespis: a troupe of actors taking political power. The plot hinges on the mis-interpretation of a 100 year-old law regarding statutory duels (decided by drawing cards). The baffled central character, Ludwig, becomes engaged to four different women before the plot is resolved

The Bab Ballads are a collection of light verse by W. S. Gilbert, illustrated with his own comic drawings

WS Gilbert’s last libretto – ''Fallen Fairies'', by Edward Germany, in 1909

''Cox and Box'' – a one-act comic opera with a libretto by F. C. Burnand and music by Arthur Sullivan

''The Zoo'' is a one-act comic opera, with music by Arthur Sullivan and a libretto by B. C. Stephenson, writing under the pen name of Bolton Rowe

''Pineapple Poll'' is a Gilbert and Sullivan-inspired comic ballet, created by choreographer John Cranko with arranger Sir Charles Mackerras. ''Pineapple Poll'' is based on The ''Bumboat Woman's Story'', one of W. S. Gilbert's Bab Ballads, written in 1870. ''H.M.S. Pinafore'' was also based, in part, on this story

''Ivanhoe'' – Arthur Sullivan’s only grand opera

Sullivan composed 23 operas, 13 major orchestral works, eight choral works and oratorios, two ballets, incidental music to several plays, and numerous hymns and other church pieces, songs, and piano and chamber pieces. The best known of his hymns and songs include ''Onward Christian Soldiers'' and ''The Lost Chord''

''Irish Symphony'' – Arthur Sullivan

''The Golden Legend'' is a cantata by Arthur Sullivan based on the 1851 poem of the same name by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Entertainment/Gilbert and Sullivan - Revision history

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