Physical World/Astronomy - Revision history

QRNeditor: Added diagram of black hole

2022-12-03T20:49:20Z

Added diagram of black hole

QRNeditor: Added eclipse diagrams

2022-05-14T20:36:04Z

Added eclipse diagrams

QRNeditor: Fixed typographical errors

2022-05-14T16:05:40Z

Fixed typographical errors

QRNeditor: Added tables of planetary data

2022-05-14T16:01:48Z

Added tables of planetary data

QRNeditor: Added tables of planetary data

2022-05-14T15:59:44Z

Added tables of planetary data

QRNeditor: Added tables of planetary data

2022-05-14T15:58:08Z

Added tables of planetary data

QRNeditor: Added tables of planetary data

2022-05-14T15:54:39Z

Added tables of planetary data

QRNeditor: Added tables of planetary data

2022-05-14T15:52:45Z

Added tables of planetary data

QRNeditor: Added tables of planetary data

2022-05-14T15:50:36Z

Added tables of planetary data

QRNeditor: Added tables of planetary data

2022-05-14T15:49:03Z

Added tables of planetary data

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 == Black holes ==
 John Wheeler is widely credited with coining the term black hole in 1967. Originally a black hole was known as a frozen star. John Wheeler also worked with Niels Bohr in explaining the basic principles behind nuclear fission
 Event horizon – boundary of a black hole
 Singularity – the zero-volume, infinitely dense region at the centre of a black hole, where matter is crushed to infinite density, the pull of gravity is infinitely strong, and spacetime has infinite curvature
 Rotating black holes have an ergosphere, a region bounded by: on the outside, an oblate spheroid which coincides with the event horizon at the poles and is noticeably wider around the ‘equator’. This boundary is sometimes called the ‘ergosurface’, but it is just a boundary and has no more solidity than the event horizon. At points exactly on the ergosurface, space-time is dragged around at the speed of light
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 Cygnus X-1 was the first X-ray source widely accepted to be a black hole candidate. Discovered by Paul Murdin
 Accretion disc – a structure formed by diffuse material in orbital motion around a central body. The central body is typically a young star, a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole. Gravity causes material in the disc to spiral inward towards the central body

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 The Sun's distance from the Earth is about 390 times the Moon's distance, and the Sun's diameter is about 400 times the Moon's diameter. Because these ratios are approximately the same, the Sun and the Moon as seen from Earth appear to be approximately the same size in a solar eclipse
-A total eclipse occurs when the Sun is completely obscured by the Moon. The intensely bright disk of the Sun is replaced by the dark outline of the Moon, and the much fainter corona is visible. During any one eclipse, totality is visible only from at most a narrow track on the surface of the Earth.
+A total eclipse occurs when the Sun is completely obscured by the Moon. The intensely bright disk of the Sun is replaced by the dark outline of the Moon, and the much fainter corona is visible. During any one eclipse, totality is visible only from at most a narrow track on the surface of the Earth
 Next UK total eclipse will be in 2090
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 Total lunar eclipse occurs when Moon passes into Earth's shadow
 Danjon Scale of lunar eclipse brightness is a five-point scale useful for measuring the appearance and luminosity of the Moon during a lunar eclipse. An eclipse's rating on the Danjon Scale is denoted by the letter L (0 to 4)

@@ Line 505: / Line 505: @@
 Jet stream of Saturn is a persisting hexagonal wave pattern around the north polar vortex
-Moons
+<u>Moons</u>
 Moons of Saturn are named after mythological Greek titans, and giants from Inuit, Norse and Gallic mythology
@@ Line 566: / Line 566: @@
 |-
 |Largest moons
-|Titania, Oberon,  Umbriel, Ariel, Miranda
+|Titania, Oberon, Umbriel, Ariel, Miranda
 |}
@@ Line 586: / Line 587: @@
 Ring system confirmed around Uranus in 1977 using the Kuiper Airborne Observatory
-Moons
+<u>Moons</u>
 Moons of Uranus are all named after characters from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope
@@ Line 629: / Line 630: @@
 |-
 |Largest moons
-|Triton, Proteus,  Nereid
+|Triton, Proteus, Nereid
 |}
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 Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings of Neptune consist primarily of five principal rings and were first discovered in 1984. Neptune's rings are named after astronomers who contributed important work on the planet: Galle, Le Verrier, Lassell, Arago, and Adams
-Moons
+<u>Moons</u>
 Moons of Neptune are named after water nymphs

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:01, 14 May 2022
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	=== Neptune ===		=== Neptune ===
		+	{\| class="wikitable"
		+	\|Name
		+	\|Neptune
		+	\|-
		+	\|Diameter
		+	\|49,528 km
		+	\|-
		+	\|Mass
		+	\|1.02 x 10<sup>26</sup> kg
		+	\|-
		+	\|Density
		+	\|1,638 kg/m<sup>3</sup>
		+	\|-
		+	\|Average distance from Sun
		+	\|4,498.4 million km (30.1 AU)
		+	\|-
		+	\|Orbital period (year)
		+	\|60,190 days (164.8 years)
		+	\|-
		+	\|Sidereal rotation period
		+	\|16.1 hours
		+	\|-
		+	\|Average temperature
		+	\|<nowiki>-201</nowiki><sup>o</sup>C
		+	\|-
		+	\|Atmosphere
		+	\|Hydrogen 79.5% Helium 18.5%
		+	\|-
		+	\|Number of moons
		+	\|14
		+	\|-
		+	\|Largest moons
		+	\|Triton, Proteus, Nereid
		+	\|}
		+
		+
		+	Urbain Le Verrier predicted the existence of the then unknown planet Neptune, using only mathematics and astronomical observations of the known planet Uranus. At the same time, but unknown to Le Verrier, similar calculations were made by John Couch Adams in Cambridge. Le Verrier transmitted his own prediction in a letter to Johann Galle of the Berlin Observatory, and the planet was found with the Berlin Fraunhofer refractor that same evening, 23 September 1846, by Galle and Heinrich d'Arrest
		+
		+	Methane in the atmosphere absorbs red light, which makes the planet appear blue
		+
		+	Neptune has the strongest sustained winds of any planet in the Solar System
		+
		+	Great Dark Spot is a dark spot on Neptune similar in appearance to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. It was detected in 1989 by NASA’s Voyager 2 probe. When the spot was to be photographed again in 1994 by the Hubble Space Telescope, the spot had disappeared completely. However, an almost identical spot emerged in Neptune's northern hemisphere. This new spot is called the Northern Great Dark Spot
		+
		+	Neptune has a planetary ring system, though one much less substantial than that of Saturn. The rings of Neptune consist primarily of five principal rings and were first discovered in 1984. Neptune's rings are named after astronomers who contributed important work on the planet: Galle, Le Verrier, Lassell, Arago, and Adams
		+
		+	Moons
		+
		+	Moons of Neptune are named after water nymphs
		+
		+	Triton was discovered by British brewer William Lassell
		+
		+	Triton has an atmosphere containing nitrogen
		+
		+	Triton is unique among all large moons in the solar system for its retrograde orbit around the planet (i.e., it orbits in a direction opposite to the planet's rotation). Most of the outer moons of Jupiter and Saturn also have retrograde orbits, as do some of Uranus' outer moons. But all of those other retrograde moons are quite small; the largest of them (Phoebe, a moon of Saturn) has only 8% of the diameter (and 0.03% of the mass) of Triton
		+
		+	Cryovolcano (ice volcano) is a volcano that erupts volatiles such as water, ammonia or methane, instead of molten rock. Collectively referred to as cryomagma or ice-volcanic melt, these substances are usually liquids and form plumes, but can also be in vapour form. First observed on Triton
		+

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 |Titan, Rhea,  Iapetus, Dione, Tethys
 |}
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 === Uranus ===
 === Neptune ===

@@ Line 332: / Line 332: @@
 |Phobos, Deimos
 |}
@@ Line 393: / Line 394: @@
 |Ganymede,  Callisto, Io, Europa
 |}
@@ Line 436: / Line 438: @@
 === Saturn ===
 === Uranus ===

@@ Line 359: / Line 359: @@
 === Jupiter ===
 <u>Moons</u>
-Moons of Jupiter are named after figures who figured in the life of Zeus[[File:Galilean Moons Infographic (16459663809).jpg|none|thumb|alt=|450x450px]]
+Moons of Jupiter are named after figures who figured in the life of Zeus[[File:Galilean Moons Infographic (16459663809).jpg|none|thumb|alt=|450x450px]]Moons of Jupiter are named after figures who figured in the life of Zeus
 === Saturn ===

@@ Line 206: / Line 206: @@
 |Moon
 |}
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 South Atlantic Anomaly – refers to the area where the Earth's inner Van Allen radiation belt comes closest to the Earth's surface. This leads to an increased flux of energetic particles in this region and exposes orbiting satellites to higher than usual levels of radiation
 ==== Moon ====
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 === Mars ===
 === Jupiter ===

@@ Line 132: / Line 132: @@
+|
 |}
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 === Earth ===

@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
+|
 |}
@@ Line 97: / Line 98: @@
 === Venus ===
 === Earth ===