Physical World/Biology - Revision history

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Admin: Created page with "Biochemistry Adenosine – a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) – an important organic compound in metabolism and is essen..."

2021-04-18T21:46:49Z

Created page with "Biochemistry Adenosine – a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) – an important organic compound in metabolism and is essen..."

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 Carpel – the outer, often visible part of the female reproductive organ of a flower. The parts of the carpel are: stigma, usually the terminal (end) portion that has no epidermis and is fitted to receive pollen (male gametes); style, a stalk connecting the stigma with the ovary below containing the transmitting tract, which facilitates the growth of the pollen tube and hence the movement of the male gamete to the ovule; and ovary containing the female reproductive cell or ovule
-[[File:Mature flower diagram.svg|none|thumb|520x520px]]
+[[File:Mature flower diagram.svg|none|thumb|400x400px|alt=]]
 Cellulose – a carbohydrate that is insoluble in water and is the main component of cell walls in plants

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 Nitrogen cycle – the continuous circulation of nitrogen and its compounds between the Earth and its atmosphere, resulting from the activity of living organisms.  Involves nitrogen fixation, decay, nitrification and denitrification
+[[File:Nitrogen Cycle.svg|none|thumb|467x467px]]
 Nitrogen fixation – the process by which nitrogen is taken from its relatively inert molecular form (N<sub>2</sub>) in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds (such as, notably, ammonia, nitrate and nitrogen dioxide) useful for other chemical processes

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 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) – an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells
-Amino acids – organic compounds containing an amine group and a carboxylic acid group. 20 in total, 8 of which are essential: isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine
+Amino acids – organic compounds that combine to form proteins. They contain an amine group and a carboxylic acid group. There are 20 in total, 9 of which are essential (cannot be produced fast enough to meet demand), 6 are conditionally essential (may be required during the course of an illness, or in children), and 5 are nonessential (can be produced in sufficient quantities in the body)
+{| class="wikitable"
 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – an adenosine-derived nucleotide that contains high-energy phosphate bonds and is used to transport energy to cells for biochemical processes. Energy can be stored by adding a phosphate group onto an ADP molecule, turning it into ATP. Energy is released by breaking down ATP into ADP
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 Domain – classification above Kingdom, includes some bacteria. There are several modern alternative domain classifications of life. Among them are: The two-empire system, the six-kingdom system (including fungi and protista), and the most recent, the three-domain system of Carl Woese (1990) that divides cellular life forms into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote domains. In particular, it emphasizes the separation of prokaryotes into two groups, originally called Eubacteria (now Bacteria) and Archaebacteria (now Archaea)
+[[File:Biological classification L Pengo vflip.svg|none|thumb|400x400px]]
 Ecdysis – shedding skin
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 Carpel – the outer, often visible part of the female reproductive organ of a flower. The parts of the carpel are: stigma, usually the terminal (end) portion that has no epidermis and is fitted to receive pollen (male gametes); style, a stalk connecting the stigma with the ovary below containing the transmitting tract, which facilitates the growth of the pollen tube and hence the movement of the male gamete to the ovule; and ovary containing the female reproductive cell or ovule
+[[File:Mature flower diagram.svg|none|thumb|520x520px]]
 Cellulose – a carbohydrate that is insoluble in water and is the main component of cell walls in plants
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 Herbaceous – a plant lacking a permanent woody stem
-In addition to pigmentation, there may be a second major component to leaf colour, '''structural colour'''. Leaves may appear lighter in colour, i.e., gray, silver, white, blue, copper, or gold, so that the green is not easily observed. This modification of color is due primarily to structures formed on the leaf surface that increase reflectance
+In addition to pigmentation, there may be a second major component to leaf colour, structural colour. Leaves may appear lighter in colour, i.e., grey, silver, white, blue, copper, or gold, so that the green is not easily observed. This modification of colour is due primarily to structures formed on the leaf surface that increase reflectance
 Meristem – the tissue in most plants consisting of undifferentiated cells, found in zones of the plant where growth can take place
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 Photosynthesis – begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside chloroplasts, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane
+[[File:Photosynthesis equation.svg|none|thumb|520x520px]]
 Phototaxis – a kind of taxis that occurs when a whole organism moves in response to the stimulus light
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 Trichomes – fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, e.g. stings on nettles
+[[File:Leaf Structure.svg|none|thumb|600x600px]]
 Urticating bristles – i.e. irritating bristles, are one of the primary defence mechanisms used by numerous plants, some New World tarantulas, and various caterpillars. Urtica is Latin for ‘nettle’

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 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – has a backbone made of alternating sugars (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups (related to phosphoric acid), with the nucleobases (Guanine, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine) attached to the sugars. Double helix structure
+[[File:DNA chemical structure.svg|none|thumb]]
 DNA ligase – a specific type of enzyme, a ligase, that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together
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 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) – a nucleic acid polymer that acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes, and that is also responsible for making proteins out of amino acids. RNA polynucleotides contain ribose sugars and predominantly uracil, unlike DNA, which contains deoxyribose and predominantly thymine. It is transcribed (synthesized) from DNA by enzymes called RNA polymerases. RNA serves as the template for translation of genes into proteins, transferring amino acids to the ribosome to form proteins, and also translating the transcript into proteins
+[[File:Difference DNA RNA.svg|none|thumb]]
 RNA interference (RNAi) – a process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules

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 Transport – transfer of materials through the cell membrane occurs by one of three processes – diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport
 == Zoology, Ecology and Taxonomy ==
 Acidophiles – species that live in areas of low pH

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-Biochemistry
+== Biochemistry ==
 Adenosine – a molecule of adenine attached to a ribose sugar molecule
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 Zymogen – (or proenzyme) is an inactive enzyme precursor. A zymogen requires a biochemical change for it to become an active enzyme
+== Zoology, Ecology and Taxonomy ==
 Acidophiles – species that live in areas of low pH
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 Zygodactyly – an arrangement of digits in birds, with two toes facing forward (digits 2 and 3) and two back (digits 1 and 4). This arrangement is most common in arboreal species, e.g. parrots and woodpeckers
+== Botany ==
 Accessory fruit (sometimes called pseudocarp) – a fruit in which some of the flesh is derived not from the ovary but from some adjacent tissue exterior to the carpel. Examples of accessory tissue are the receptacle of the strawberry and pineapple
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 Zygomorphic – (‘yoke shaped’, ‘bilateral’) flowers can be divided by only a single plane into two mirror-image halves, e.g. orchids
+== Viruses ==
 Bacteriophage – a virus that infects bacteria
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 Virus – a complete virus particle, known as a virion, consists of nucleic acid surrounded by a protective coat of protein called a capsid. These are formed from identical protein subunits called capsomeres. All viruses have genes made from either DNA or RNA; all have a protein coat that protects these genes; and some have an envelope of fat that surrounds them when they are outside a cell. The vast majority of viruses have RNA genomes
+== Genetics ==
 Acquired character – a change in a part of an animal’s body that occurs during its lifetime, as distinct from an inherited characteristic
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 Zygote – a diploid cell formed as a result of fusion of two haploid nuclei during sexual reproduction
+== Evolution ==
 Adaptation – a trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection
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 Transmutation of species – a term used by Lamarck in 1809 for his theory that described the altering of one species into another, and the term is often used to describe 19th century evolutionary ideas that preceded Darwin's theory of natural selection
+== Glossary ==
-Biologists
+Actinobiology – the study of effects of radiation upon living organisms
 Adduction – a movement which brings a part of the anatomy closer to the middle sagittal plane of the body. It is opposed to abduction