Physical World/Plants and other lifeforms - Revision history

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Lichens

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Admin: Created page with "'''Bryophyta''' – mosses, liverworts, and hornworts Bryophyte life cycle – a haploid gametophyte, each of whose cells contains a fixed number of unpaired chromosomes, giv..."

2021-04-18T22:04:07Z

Created page with "'''Bryophyta''' – mosses, liverworts, and hornworts Bryophyte life cycle – a haploid gametophyte, each of whose cells contains a fixed number of unpaired chromosomes, giv..."

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← Older revision		Revision as of 17:21, 6 May 2021
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	''Xanthoria parietina'' is a foliose lichen. It has many common names such as common orange lichen, yellow scale, maritime sunburst lichen and shore lichen. It can be found near the shore on rocks or walls		''Xanthoria parietina'' is a foliose lichen. It has many common names such as common orange lichen, yellow scale, maritime sunburst lichen and shore lichen. It can be found near the shore on rocks or walls
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−	'''Lichen''' – a composite organism consisting of a symbiotic relationship between a fungus (the mycobiont) and a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont or phycobiont), usually either a green alga or cyanobacterium. The algal partner provides nutrients through photosynthesis, while the fungal partner aids the alga by retaining water and capturing mineral nutrients. Lichens broadly fall into three types: foliose lichens, which have leaves; crustose lichens, which form a crust; and fruticose lichens, which have branches
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−	When growing on mineral surfaces, some lichens slowly decompose their substrate by chemically degrading and physically disrupting the minerals, contributing to the process of weathering by which rocks are gradually turned into soil
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−	~~Many lichens reproduce asexually, either by vegetative reproduction or through the dispersal of diaspores containing algal and fungal cells~~
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−	Lichenometry – a geomorphic method of geochronologic dating that uses lichen growth to determine the age of exposed rock, based on a presumed specific rate of increase in radial size over time. The map lichen (''Rhizocarpon geographicum'') is the lichen most used in lichenometry
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−	Lichens are named based on the fungal component, which plays the primary role in determining the lichen's form. The fungus typically comprises the majority of a lichen’s bulk. The lichen fungus is typically a member of the Ascomycota – rarely a member of the Basidiomycota, and then termed basidiolichens to differentiate them from the more common ascolichens. Formerly, some lichen taxonomists placed lichens in their own division, the Mycophycophyta. Includes –
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−	~~''Cladonia rangiferina'', also known as reindeer moss, is a light-coluored, fruticose lichen~~
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−	''Xanthoria parietina'' is a foliose lichen. It has many common names such as common orange lichen, yellow scale, maritime sunburst lichen and shore lichen. It can be found near the shore on rocks or walls
−

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:19, 6 May 2021
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	''Xanthoria parietina'' is a foliose lichen. It has many common names such as common orange lichen, yellow scale, maritime sunburst lichen and shore lichen. It can be found near the shore on rocks or walls		''Xanthoria parietina'' is a foliose lichen. It has many common names such as common orange lichen, yellow scale, maritime sunburst lichen and shore lichen. It can be found near the shore on rocks or walls

−	~~=== Lichens ===~~
	'''Lichen''' – a composite organism consisting of a symbiotic relationship between a fungus (the mycobiont) and a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont or phycobiont), usually either a green alga or cyanobacterium. The algal partner provides nutrients through photosynthesis, while the fungal partner aids the alga by retaining water and capturing mineral nutrients. Lichens broadly fall into three types: foliose lichens, which have leaves; crustose lichens, which form a crust; and fruticose lichens, which have branches		'''Lichen''' – a composite organism consisting of a symbiotic relationship between a fungus (the mycobiont) and a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont or phycobiont), usually either a green alga or cyanobacterium. The algal partner provides nutrients through photosynthesis, while the fungal partner aids the alga by retaining water and capturing mineral nutrients. Lichens broadly fall into three types: foliose lichens, which have leaves; crustose lichens, which form a crust; and fruticose lichens, which have branches

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 ''Pilobolus crystallinus'', commonly known as the ‘Dung Cannon’ or ‘Hat Thrower’, is a species of fungus belonging to the '''''Mucorales''''' order in the phylum '''Zygomycota'''. It is unique in that it adheres its spores to vegetation, so as to be eaten by grazing animals. They can shoot their sporangium, containing their spores, up to two metres away
-== Lichens ==
+=== Lichens ===
 '''Lichen''' – a composite organism consisting of a symbiotic relationship between a fungus (the mycobiont) and a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont or phycobiont), usually either a green alga or cyanobacterium. The algal partner provides nutrients through photosynthesis, while the fungal partner aids the alga by retaining water and capturing mineral nutrients. Lichens broadly fall into three types: foliose lichens, which have leaves; crustose lichens, which form a crust; and fruticose lichens, which have branches

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 ''Guaiacum'' is a genus of of slow-growing shrubs and trees commonly known as lignum-vitae in the order '''''Zygophyllalaes'''''
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 Ginkgo – Maidenhair tree, is a living fossil
-Gnetophytes – three genera of woody plants
+Gnetophytes – three genera of woody plant
 == Fungi ==
@@ Line 1,238: / Line 1,237: @@
 ''Ophiostoma ulmi'' is a species of fungus in the order '''''Ophiostomatales'''''. It is one of the causative agents of Dutch elm disease
-''Pilobolus crystallinus'', commonly known as the ‘Dung Cannon’ or ‘Hat Thrower’, is a species of fungus belonging to the '''''Mucorales''''' order in the phylum '''Zygomycota'''. It is unique in that it adheres its spores to vegetation, so as to be eaten by grazing animals. They can shoot their sporangium, containing their spores, up to two metres away
+When growing on mineral surfaces, some lichens slowly decompose their substrate by chemically degrading and physically disrupting the minerals, contributing to the process of weathering by which rocks are gradually turned into soil
-'''Yeasts''' do not form a single taxonomic or phylogenetic grouping. The term ‘yeast’ is often taken as a synonym for ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'', but the phylogenetic diversity of yeasts is shown by their placement in two separate phyla: the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota. The budding yeasts (‘true yeasts’) are classified in the order Saccharomycetales in the Ascomycota phylum
+Lichens are named based on the fungal component, which plays the primary role in determining the lichen's form. The fungus typically comprises the majority of a lichen’s bulk. The lichen fungus is typically a member of the Ascomycota – rarely a member of the Basidiomycota, and then termed basidiolichens to differentiate them from the more common ascolichens. Formerly, some lichen taxonomists placed lichens in their own division, the Mycophycophyta. Includes –
-'''Mildew''' is defined as a thin, superficial, usually whitish growth consisting of minute fungal hyphae (filaments,) produced especially on living plants or organic matter. In horticulture, mildew is fungus in the order Erysiphales
+''Cladonia rangiferina'', also known as reindeer moss, is a light-coluored, fruticose lichen
-A '''mold''' or mould is a fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae. Molds are considered to be microbes and do not form a specific taxonomic or phylogenetic grouping
+''Xanthoria parietina'' is a foliose lichen. It has many common names such as common orange lichen, yellow scale, maritime sunburst lichen and shore lichen. It can be found near the shore on rocks or walls
-Oomycete – lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, known as water moulds. ''Phytophthora infestans'' is an oomycete that causes the serious potato disease known as late blight or potato blight
+=== Lichens ===
 '''Lichen''' – a composite organism consisting of a symbiotic relationship between a fungus (the mycobiont) and a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont or phycobiont), usually either a green alga or cyanobacterium. The algal partner provides nutrients through photosynthesis, while the fungal partner aids the alga by retaining water and capturing mineral nutrients. Lichens broadly fall into three types: foliose lichens, which have leaves; crustose lichens, which form a crust; and fruticose lichens, which have branches
@@ Line 1,266: / Line 1,268: @@
 ''Xanthoria parietina'' is a foliose lichen. It has many common names such as common orange lichen, yellow scale, maritime sunburst lichen and shore lichen. It can be found near the shore on rocks or walls
 == Protists ==

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 Half-hardy annuals can be grown outdoors, but not until the last frost has gone
 '''Basal angiosperms''' are the flowering plants which diverged from the lineage leading to most flowering plants. Five orders, including Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales
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 Star anise is a member of the order '''''Austrobaileyales'''''
 '''Magnoliids''' are a group of about 9000 species of flowering plants, including magnolias, nutmeg, bay laurel, cinnamon, avocado, pawpaw, black pepper, tulip tree and many others. In botanical terms they are between basal angiosperms and monocotyledons
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 ''Cananga odorata'', commonly called ylang-ylang, is a tropical tree which originates from the Philippines and is valued for its perfume
+=== Monocotyledons ===
 '''Monocotyledons''' include grasses and palms, plus lilies, orchids, and many other ornamental plants
@@ Line 208: / Line 210: @@
 Jipijapa palm, known as the Panama hat plant
+=== Eudicotyledons ===
 '''Eudicotyledons''' evolved over 125 million years ago. Over 75% of the world’s flowering plants are classified as eudicots

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 == Fungi ==
 '''Basidiomycota''' is one of two large phyla that, together with the Ascomycota, comprise the subkingdom Dikarya within the kingdom '''Fungi'''
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 '''''Pucciniales''''' order contains a number of rust fungi
+=== Ascomycota ===
 '''Ascomycota''' – phylum whose members are commonly known as the '''sac fungi'''. They are the largest phylum of fungi, with over 64,000 species. The defining feature of this fungal group is the ‘ascus’, plural ‘asci’ (from Greek: meaning ‘skin bag’), a microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores, are formed. Includes many cup- and saucer-shaped species
@@ Line 1,233: / Line 1,235: @@
 ''Ophiostoma ulmi'' is a species of fungus in the order '''''Ophiostomatales'''''. It is one of the causative agents of Dutch elm disease
 ''Pilobolus crystallinus'', commonly known as the ‘Dung Cannon’ or ‘Hat Thrower’, is a species of fungus belonging to the '''''Mucorales''''' order in the phylum '''Zygomycota'''. It is unique in that it adheres its spores to vegetation, so as to be eaten by grazing animals. They can shoot their sporangium, containing their spores, up to two metres away
@@ Line 1,246: / Line 1,250: @@
 Oomycete – lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, known as water moulds. ''Phytophthora infestans'' is an oomycete that causes the serious potato disease known as late blight or potato blight
+== Lichens ==
 '''Lichen''' – a composite organism consisting of a symbiotic relationship between a fungus (the mycobiont) and a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont or phycobiont), usually either a green alga or cyanobacterium. The algal partner provides nutrients through photosynthesis, while the fungal partner aids the alga by retaining water and capturing mineral nutrients. Lichens broadly fall into three types: foliose lichens, which have leaves; crustose lichens, which form a crust; and fruticose lichens, which have branches
@@ Line 1,261: / Line 1,265: @@
 ''Xanthoria parietina'' is a foliose lichen. It has many common names such as common orange lichen, yellow scale, maritime sunburst lichen and shore lichen. It can be found near the shore on rocks or walls
+== Protists ==
 '''Protists''' are a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms. Historically, protists were treated as the kingdom Protista, which includes mostly unicellular organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms, but this group is contested in modern taxonomy. The use of Protoctista is also preferred by various organisations and institutions. The term protista was first used by Ernst Haeckel in 1866
@@ Line 1,291: / Line 1,295: @@
 '''Protozoa''' – a diverse group of unicellular eukaryotic organisms, many of which are motile. Historically, protozoa were defined as unicellular protists with animal-like behaviour. Today, protozoan are usually single-celled and heterotrophic eukaryotes containing non filamentous structures that belong to any of the major lineages of protists
+== Bacteria ==
 '''Bacteria''' constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms

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 == Flowering plants ==
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 Ulmus                            Elm
 '''Basidiomycota''' is one of two large phyla that, together with the Ascomycota, comprise the subkingdom Dikarya within the kingdom '''Fungi'''