Art and Culture/Artists

Ai Weiwei (born 1957) is a Chinese artist who has been critical of the government’s stance on human rights and democracy. He collaborated with Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron as the artistic consultant on the Beijing National Stadium for the 2008 Olympics

S.A.C.R.E.D installation – a six-part work composed of six iron boxes depicting scenes from Ai’s 81-day incarceration in 2011

Sunflower Seeds – 100 million handmade and painted porcelain sunflower seeds displayed at Tate Modern in 2010

Josef Albers (1888 – 1976). Born in Germany

Homage to the Square

Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1836 – 1912), a British artist born in the Netherlands. A classical-subject painter, Alma-Tadema became famous for his depictions of the luxury and decadence of the Roman Empire, with languorous figures set in fabulous marbled interiors or against a backdrop of dazzling blue Mediterranean Sea and sky

The Roses of Heliogabalus

A Favourite Custom – painting at Tate Britain

A Foregone Conclusion – painting at Tate Britain

Albrecht Altdorfer (1480 – 1538), the leader of the Danube School

Battle of Issus (or of Alexander)

Fra Angelico (1395–1455) was called Il Beato (the Blessed), in reference to his skills in painting religious subjects. In 1982 Pope John Paul II conferred beatification. Fra Angelico was born Guido di Pietro

San Marco Altarpiece

Fiesole Altarpiece

Alexander Archipenko (1887 – 1964) was a Ukrainian avant-garde artist, sculptor, and graphic artist. Associated with the cubist movement

Giuseppe Arcimboldo (1527 – 1593) was an Italian painter best known for creating imaginative portrait heads made entirely of such objects as fruits, vegetables, flowers, fish, and books. In 1562, Arcimboldo became court portraitist to Ferdinand I at the Habsburg court in Vienna, and later, to Maximilian II and his son Rudolf II at the court in Prague

The Librarian

Vertumnus

Winter, Spring, Summer, Autumn – ‘Four Seasons’ paintings

Air, Fire, Earth, Water – ‘Four elements’ paintings

Jean Arp or Hans Arp (1886 – 1966) was a French/German painter and sculptor, born in Strasbourg. He was a founding member of the Dada group

Frank Auerbach (born 1931) is a German-born British painter. His work typically portrays either one of a small group of mainly female models, or scenes around London, especially the Mornington Crescent studio he has occupied since 1954

Francis Bacon (1909–1992) was born in Dublin, the son of a racehorse trainer. His lover, George Dyer, died of an overdose of barbiturates in Paris

Francis Bacon created several variations of Velazquez’s Pope Innocent X, and was inspired by his Screaming Popes paintings

Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion is a 1944 triptych painted by Francis Bacon. The work is based on the Eumenides, or Furies, of Aeschylus' The Oresteia, and depicts three writhing anthropomorphic creatures set against a flat orange background

Triptych Inspired by T. S. Eliot’s Poem Sweeney Agonistes

Three Studies of Lucian Freud

Leon Bakst (1866 – 1924) was a Russian painter and scene and costume designer. He was a member of the Sergei Diaghilev circle and the Ballets Russes, for which he designed exotic, richly coloured sets and costumes

Giacomo Balla (1871 – 1958) was a Futurist painter who taught Boccioni

Balthus (1908 – 2001) was a Polish/French modern artist whose work was ultimately anti-modern

Francis Barraud (1856 – 1924)

His Master’s Voice – painting of Nipper (the Jack Russel terrier in the HMV image)

Jennifer Bartlett (born 1941) is an American artist best known for paintings combining abstract and representational styles

Georg Baselitz (born 1938) studied in the former East Germany. Baselitz's style is interpreted by the Northern American as Neo-Expressionist, but from a European perspective, it is more seen as postmodern. His career was kick-started in the 1960s after police action against one of his paintings, because of its provocative, offending sexual nature

Jean-Michel Basquiat (1960 – 1988) began as a graffiti artist in New York in the late 1970s and in the 1980s produced Neo-expressionist painting. Basquiat died of a heroin overdose aged 27. Basquiet – known as SAMO as a graffiti artist. Collaborations with Andy Warhol

Frederic Bazille (1841 – 1870) was illed in Franco-Prussian War. Helped Monet before he became famous

Summer Scene

The Pink Dress

Family Reunion

Aubrey Beardsley (1872 – 1898) produced drawings, done in black ink and influenced by the style of Japanese woodcuts, which emphasized the grotesque, the decadent, and the erotic. His most famous erotic illustrations concerned themes of history and mythology; these include his illustrations for a privately printed edition of Aristophanes' Lysistrata, and his drawings for Oscar Wilde's play Salome. Died aged 25

Max Beckmann (1884 – 1950) was associated with the New Objectivity movement

The Lion Tamer

Scene from the Earthquake in Messina

The Night

Vanessa Bell (1879 – 1961) was an English painter and interior designer, a member of the Bloomsbury group, and the sister of Virginia Woolf. She is considered one of the major contributors to British portrait drawing and landscape art in the 20th century

Giovanni Bellini (c. 1430 – 1516) was an Italian Renaissance painter, probably the best known of the Bellini family of Venetian painters. His father was Jacopo Bellini. Through the use of clear, slow-drying oil paints, Giovanni created deep, rich tints and detailed shadings

George Bellows (1882 – 1925) was an American realist painter, known for his bold depictions of urban life in New York City and a series of paintings depicting boxing

Joachim Beuckelaer (1533 – 1573)

Four Elements series – hung in the National Gallery

Joseph Beuys (1921 – 1986) work is grounded in concepts of humanism, social philosophy and anthroposophy; it culminates in his ‘extended definition of art’ and the idea of social sculpture. Always wore a felt hat

Elizabeth Blackadder (born 1931) is a Scottish painter and printmaker. She is the first woman to be elected to both the Royal Scottish Academy and the Royal Academy. Her work has appeared on a series of Royal Mail stamps

Peter Blake (born 1932) designed the sleeve for Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band

The Toy Shop – collage

On the Balcony is a significant early work which remains an iconic piece of British Pop Art

Babe Rainbow

Kate – collage

William Blake (1757 – 1827)

The Ancient of Days

Newton – Isaac Newton is shown sitting naked and crouched on a rocky outcropping covered with algae, apparently at the bottom of the sea. His attention is focused upon diagrams he draws with a compass upon a scroll that appears to unravel from his mouth

Umberto Boccioni (1882 – 1916) Futurist. Work centered on the portrayal of movement (dynamism), speed, and technology

Arnold Bocklin (1827 – 1901). Swiss symbolist painter

Isle of the Dead

The Island of Life

Alighiero Boetti (1940 – 1994) was a member of the Arte Povera movement. He is most famous for a series of embroidered maps of the world, Mappa, created between 1971 and his death in 1994. Boetti's work was typified by his notion of 'twinning', leading him to add 'e' (and) between his names

David Bomberg (1890 – 1957) painted a series of complex geometric compositions combining the influences of cubism and futurism in the years immediately preceding World War I. Bomberg was one of the most audacious of the exceptional generation of artists who studied at the Slade School of Art under Henry Tonks. He travelled to Palestine, and Ronda in Spain. Fought at The Battle of the Somme

In the Hold

The Mud Bath

Pierre Bonnard (1867 – 1947) was a French painter and printmaker, as well as a founding member of Les Nabis. Bonnard is known for his intense use of colour. His wife Marthe was an ever-present subject over the course of several decades

In the Washroom

Rosa Bonheur (1822 – 1899)

Ploughing in the Nivernais

The Horse Fair

Hieronymus Bosch (1450 – 1516) real name Jheronimus (or Jeroen) van Aken

Bosch

The Garden of Earthly Delights (1505) is the centre panel of a triptych and depicts the creation of earth. The leftmost panel features the Garden of Eden, and the rightmost panel illustrates Hell. Housed in the Museo del Prado

The Ship of Fools, Allegory of Gluttony and Lust, and Death of the Miser - triptych

The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things is a painting attributed to Hieronymus Bosch. The painting is oil on wood panels and is presented in a series of circular images

The Temptation of St Anthony – triptych

Sandro Botticelli (1445 – 1510) – means ‘little barrel’. Full name – Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi. Worked for Medici family. Painted using egg tempera. Botticelli was apprenticed to Fra Filippo Lippi. Patronage of Lorenzo de Medici. He is buried at the feet of his model Simonetta Vespucci in Florence

Primavera – features Venus, Cupid, The Three Graces, Mercury, Zepher, Chloris, and Flora. Hung in Uffizi. Also known as Allegory of Spring

The Birth of Venus – hung in The Uffizi. On the left of the picture, are the wind god Zephyr and his wife Chloris, known as Flora, goddess of flowers and blooms. On the right is Hora the goddess of summer welcoming Venus

The Mystical Nativity – only painting signed by Botticelli

Francois Boucher (1703 – 1770) was a French painter, a proponent of Rococo taste, known for his idyllic and voluptuous paintings on classical themes. He also painted several portraits of his illustrious patroness, Madame de Pompadour. Influenced by the work of Watteau

The Rape of Europa – in the Wallace Collection

Portrait of Marie-Louise O’Murphy

Eugene Boudin (1824 – 1898) was one of the first French landscape painters to paint outdoors (en plein air). Many paintings of Trouville

Marie Bracquemond (1840 – 1916) was a French Impressionist artist described by Gustave Geffroy in 1894 as one of the “le trois grandes dames” of Impressionism alongside Berthe Morisot and Mary Cassatt

Frank Brangwyn (1857 – 1956) was an Anglo-Welsh artist, born in Bruges

British Empire Panels

Georges Braque (1882 – 1963) was influenced by the Fauves and Cezanne. Braque’s work between 1908 and 1912 is closely associated with that of his colleague Pablo Picasso. Their respective Cubist works were indistinguishable for many years. Braque was the first living artist to have exhibition at The Louvre

Violin and Candlestick

Fruit Dish and Glass

John Bratby (1928 – 1992) was an English painter who founded the ‘kitchen sink realism’ style of art that was influential in the late 1950s

Bronzino (1503 – 1572), born Agnolo di Cosimo, was an Italian Mannerist painter from Florence. Terry Gilliam famously used Cupid's right foot from Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time for crushing down the titles on Monty Python's Flying Circus

Portrait of Cosimo de’ Medici

Pieter Brueghel the Elder (1525 – 1569) low-life paintings in the Netherlands. Many works of Brueghel are in Kunsthistoriches in Vienna

Hunters in the Snow

Peasant Wedding

Landscape with the Fall of Icarus

The Triumph of Death – Dulle Griet, also known as Mad Meg, is a figure of Flemish folklore who is the subject of a 1563 oil-on-panel

Pieter Brueghel the Younger (1565 – 1638), son of Pieter Brueghel the Elder

Satire on Tulip Mania – monkeys in contemporary 17th century Dutch dress are shown dealing in tulips

Jan Brueghel the Elder (1568 – 1625) – son of Pieter Brueghel the Elder. Many floral still lifes and paradise landscapes

The Five Senses is a set of allegorical paintings created by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Peter Paul Rubens, with Brueghel being responsible for the settings and Rubens for the figures. They are now in the Prado Museum

Edward Burne-Jones (1833 – 1898) was a friend of William Morris and was associated with the Pre-Raphaelite movement. Burne-Jones was closely involved in the rejuvenation of the tradition of stained glass art in Britain Stanley Baldwin and Rudyard Kipling were nephews of Edward Burne-Jones

Love Among the Ruins

Perseus series

Edward Burra (1905 – 1976) was an English painter, best known for his depictions of the urban underworld, black culture and the Harlem scene of the 1930s

Gustave Caillebotte (1848 – 1894). Impressionist painter

The Floor Scrapers

Heinrich Campendonk (1889 – 1957). Member of the Der Blaue Reiter group

Red Picture with Horses

Canaletto (1697 – 1768), Giovanni Canal, best known for his paintings of Venice, worked in London from1746 to 1755. Many paintings of London bridges, including Westminster Bridge and Old Walton Bridge. Also painted Warwick Castle

Vittore Carpaccio (1465 – 1525) was a painter of the Venetian school, who studied under Gentile Bellini

The Legend of Saint Ursula – cycle of nine paintings

St. George and the Dragon

Emily Carr (1871 – 1945) was a Canadian artist and writer heavily inspired by the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. One of the first painters in Canada to adopt a modernist and post-impressionist painting style

Annibale Carracci (1560 – 1609) was an Italian Baroque painter born in Bologna. Carracci painted frescos on the ceiling of Palazzo Farnese in Rome

Leonora Carrington (1917 – 2011) was a British-born Mexican artist, a surrealist painter and a novelist. She lived most of her life in Mexico City. Lived with Max Ernst

Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571 – 1610). First representative of the Baroque school. Caravaggio fled Rome for Naples in 1606 when charged with the murder of Ranuccio Tomassoni, during a furious brawl over a disputed score in a game of tennis. Credited with the invention of tenebrism

The Martyrdom of Saint Matthew

The Inspiration of Saint Matthew

The Calling of Saint Matthew

Saint Jerome Writing, also called Saint Jerome in His Study or simply Saint Jerome, is hung in the Galleria Borghese in Rome

Judith Beheading Holofernes

Cardsharps

Basket of Fruit – first still life painting. Hung in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan

The Beheading of Saint John the Baptist is the only work signed by Caravaggio

Mary Cassatt (1844 – 1926) was a friend of Degas. Cassatt often created images of the social and private lives of women, with particular emphasis on the intimate bonds between mothers and children

George Catlin (1796 – 1872) specialized in portraits of Native Americans in the Old West

Patrick Caulfield (1936 – 2005) was a painter and printmaker known for his bold canvases, which often incorporated elements of Photorealism within a pared down scene

Paul Cezanne (1839 – 1906) grew up with Emile Zola, in Aix-en-Provence. A Post-Impressionist painter, Cezanne formed a bridge between Impressionism and Cubism

Many paintings of Mont Sainte-Victoire in Provence

The Card Players

The Bathers

Auvers-sur-Oise was stolen from Ashmolean Museum in Oxford in 2000

Marc Chagall (1887 – 1985) was a French painter of Russian-Jewish origin who was born in Belarus. In 1963, Chagall was commissioned to paint the new ceiling for the Paris Opera (Palais Garnier). Chagall designed costumes for a production of The Firebird by Stravinsky. He designed a stained glass memorial window to Dag Hammarskjold in the United Nations in New York

I and the Village

Homage to Apollinaire

The Green Violinist

The Bible Series

Self-Portrait with Seven Fingers

Jake Chapman (born 1966) and Dinos Chapman (born 1962) are brothers and English conceptual artists who work almost exclusively in collaboration with each other. They came to prominence as part of the Young British Artists movement promoted by Charles Saatchi. The brothers have often made pieces with plastic models or fibreglass mannequins of people. Their mother was an orthodox Greek Cypriot

Hell – 10,000 tiny Nazi soldiers. Destroyed in Momart warehouse fire in East London

Disasters of War by Goya was rendered into small 3D plastic models by Jake and Dinos Chapman

Jean-Baptiste-Simeon Chardin (1699 – 1779) was a master of still life and is also noted for his genre paintings which depict kitchen maids, children, and domestic activities

The Ray

Judy Chicago (born 1939) was a feminist artist

The Dinner Party – depicts place settings for 39 mythical and historical famous women throughout history

Georgio de Chirico (1888 – 1978) was born in Volos, Greece, to a Genovese mother and a Sicilian father. He founded the ‘scuola metafisica’ art movement, which influenced the surrealists. Many paintings of mannequins

The Song of Love

Melancholy and Mystery of a Street

Frederic Church (1826 – 1900) was a central figure in the Hudson River School of American landscape painters, perhaps best known for painting large panoramic landscapes

Cimabue (c. 1240 – 1302) is generally regarded as the last great Italian painter working in the Byzantine tradition. The art of this period comprised scenes and forms that appeared relatively flat and highly stylized. He is also well known for his student Giotto, considered the first great artist of the Italian Renaissance

Chuck Close (born 1940) is an American portrait painter known for his massive-scale portraits

Thomas Cole (1801 – 1848) was born in Bolton. In 1818 his family emigrated to the United States. Landscape painter. He is regarded as the founder of the Hudson River School

The Course of Empire – series of five paintings depicting the growth and fall of an imaginary city

John Constable (1776 – 1837) was born in East Bergholt, Suffolk

The Haywain – features the River Stour. Alternative name is Landscape Noon

Flatford Mill

Dedham Mill

Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows

The Leaping Horse

Sky Study with a Shaft of Sunlight

The Opening of Waterloo Bridge

John Singleton Copley (1738 – 1815) is famous for his portrait paintings of important figures in colonial New England

The Death of the Earl of Chatham

The Death of Major Peirson

Lovis Corinth (1858 – 1925). German expressionist painter who joined the Berlin Secession group

The Red Christ

Joseph Cornell (1903 – 1972) was an American artist and sculptor, one of the pioneers and most celebrated exponents of assemblage. He was also an experimental filmmaker

Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot (1796 – 1875) was a French landscape painter and printmaker in etching

Ville d’Avray

Macbeth and the Witches

The Bridge at Narni

Antonio Allegri da Correggio (1489 – 1534) was the foremost painter of the Parma school of the Italian Renaissance

Correggio conceived a set of paintings depicting the Loves of Jupiter as described in Ovid's Metamorphoses. The voluptuous series was commissioned by Federico II Gonzaga of Mantua

Juan Sanchez Cotan (1560 – 1627) was a Spanish Baroque painter, a pioneer of realism in Spain. His still life – also called bodegones – were painted in an austere style

John Cotman (1782 – 1842) was an English marine and landscape painter, etcher, illustrator and author, a leading member of the Norwich school of artists

Gustave Courbet (1819 – 1877) led the Realist movement in 19th century French painting

L'Origine du Monde – picture of a hirsute lady

A Burial at Ornans

The Artist’s Studio

David Cox (1783 – 1859) was one of the most important members of the Birmingham School of landscape artists and an early precursor of impressionism. He is considered one of the greatest English landscape painters, and a major figure of the Golden age of English watercolour

Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472 – 1553) was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving. He was court painter to the Electors of Saxony for most of his career

Cupid Complaining to Venus

Adam and Eve

paintings of Martin Luther

Lucas Cranach the Younger (1515 – 1586) was known for his woodcuts and paintings. Son of Lucas Cranach the Elder

Walter Crane (1845 – 1915). He is considered to be the most influential, and among the most prolific, children’s book creator of his generation

The Horses of Neptune

Henri-Edmond Cross (1856 – 1910) was a master of Neo-impressionism, and played an important role in shaping the second phase of that movement. He was very influential to Henri Matisse and his work was an instrumental influence in the development of Fauvism

Aelbert Cuyp (1620 – 1691) was one of the leading Dutch landscape painters of the Dutch Golden Age. He is especially known for his large views of the Dutch countryside

Richard Dadd (1817 – 1886), an English painter of the Victorian era, noted for his depictions of fairies and other supernatural subjects. Painted while Dadd was confined in Bedlam psychiatric hospital. Richard Dadd formed the group of British artists known as The Clique

The Fairy Feller's Master-Stroke

Johan Christian Dahl (1788 – 1857) was a Norwegian artist who is considered the first great romantic painter in Norway, the founder of the "golden age" of Norwegian painting. He is often described as "the father of Norwegian landscape painting"

Salvador Dali (1904 – 1989) was inspired by the shock of Hiroshima and the dawning of the atomic age, and labeled this period ‘Nuclear Mysticism’. Dali’s wife Gali was previously married to surrealist poet Paul Eluard. Dali lived in St Petersburg, Florida. Dali returned from USA to Spain after WWII and became a catholic. Published Mystical Manifesto. Between 1941 and 1970, Dali created an ensemble of 39 jewels. The most famous jewel, The Royal Heart, is made of gold and is encrusted with 46 rubies, 42 diamonds, and four emeralds and is created in such a way that the centre ‘beats’ much like a real heart

The Persistence of Memory

Leda Atomica

Christ of Saint John of the Cross – in 1993, the painting was moved to Glasgow's St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art but returned to Kelvingrove for its reopening in 2006. Yellow boat at Port Lligat at bottom of painting

Soft Construction with Boiled Beans: Premonition of Civil War

The Great Masturbator

Mae West Lips Sofa (1937) is a surrealist sofa

Lobster Telephone

Francis Danby (1793 – 1861) was an Irish painter of the Romantic era. His imaginative, dramatic landscapes were comparable to those of John Martin

The Shipwreck

The Deluge

Charles-Francois Daubigny (1817 – 1878) was one of the painters of the Barbizon school, and is considered an important precursor of Impressionism

Honore Daumier (1808 – 1879) was a French printmaker, caricaturist, painter, and sculptor, whose many works offer commentary on social and political life in France in the 19th century. He is known for his caricatures of political figures and satires on the behavior of his countrymen

Jacques-Louis David (1748 – 1825) became an active supporter of the French Revolution and friend of Robespierre, and was effectively a dictator of the arts under the French Republic. Imprisoned after Robespierre's fall from power, he aligned himself with Napoleon I. It was at this time that he developed his Empire style, notable for its use of warm Venetian colours

The Death of Marat – 1793 painting of Jean-Paul Marat lying dead in his bath after being murdered by Charlotte Corday

The Death of Socrates

Napoleon Crossing the Alps – idealized view of the real crossing that Napoleon and his army made across the Alps through the Great St. Bernard Pass in May 1800

Oath of the Horatii – fathers giving swords to Roman sons

The Intervention of the Sabine Women

The Coronation of Napoleon

Oath of the Tennis Court

The Lictors Bringing to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons

Stuart Davis (1892 – 1964) was an early American modernist painter. He was well known for his jazz-influenced, proto pop art paintings of the 1940s and 1950s, bold, brash, and colorful, as well as his ashcan pictures in the early years of the 20th century

Edgar Degas (1834 – 1917) is regarded as one of the founders of Impressionism, although he rejected the term, preferring to be called a realist. He was a superb draftsman, and particularly masterly in depicting movement, as can be seen in his renditions of dancers, racecourse subjects and female nudes. He was born in Paris, the son of a banker. Degas is also famous for bronze sculptures of dancers

Rehearsal

L’Absinthe

Eugene Delacroix (1798 – 1863)

Liberty Leading the People – hung in the Louvre. Celebrates July Revolution of 1830 against Charles X. Liberty wears a Phyrgian bonnet and is on a barricade

Massacre at Chios

The Death of Sardanapalus

Paul Delaroche (1797 – 1856)

The Execution of Lady Jane Grey

Hemicycle – a mural 27m long. Also known as The Artists of All Times

Robert Delaunay (1885 – 1941) was a French artist who, with his wife Sonia Delaunay and others, cofounded the Orphism art movement, noted for its use of strong colours and geometric shapes. The movement also aimed to express the ideals of Simultanism: the existence of an infinitude of interrelated states of being

Eiffel Tower series

City of Paris series

Window series

Cardiff Team series

Circular Forms series

Sonia Delaunay (1885 – 1979) was born Sonia Terk in Russia. Her work extends to painting, textile design and stage set design. She was the first living female artist to have a retrospective exhibition at the Louvre in 1964

Jeremy Deller (born 1966) is an English conceptual, video and installation artist. Won the Turner Prize in 2004

Battle of Orgreave

It Is What It Is – a car destroyed by a car bomb in Iraq

Charles Demuth (1883 – 1935) was an American watercolorist who turned to oils late in his career, developing a style of painting known as Precisionism

I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold

Maurice Denis (1870 – 1943) was a member of the Symbolist and Les Nabis movements. His theories contributed to the foundations of cubism, fauvism, and abstract art

Andre Derain (1888 – 1954) was the co-founder of Fauvism with Matisse

Charing Cross Bridge

Jim Dine (born 1935) is an American pop artist. He is sometimes considered to be a part of the Neo-Dada movement. Known for his Happenings series of performance art

Otto Dix (1891 – 1969) represented his traumatic experiences in World War I in many subsequent works, including a portfolio of fifty etchings called Der Krieg, published in 1924

Prager Strasse

Skat Players

William Dobson (1611 – 1646) was a portraitist and one of the first notable English painters. Dobson was based at the Royalist centre of Oxford and painted many leading Cavaliers

Peter Doig (born 1959) is a Scottish painter. Since 2002 he has lived in Trinidad

White Canoe – sold at Sotheby's in 2007 for $11.3 million, then an auction record for a living European artist

The Architect's Home in the Ravine

Gustave Dore (1832 – 1883) was a French artist, engraver, illustrator and sculptor. Dore worked primarily with wood engraving and steel engraving. Provided illustrations for the English Bible (1866). His engravings illustrated The Divine Comedy

Jean Dubuffet (1901 – 1985) coined the term Art Brut (meaning ‘raw art’, sometimes referred to as ‘outsider art’) for art produced by non-professionals working outside aesthetic norms

Marcel Duchamp (1887 – 1968) The readymades of Marcel Duchamp are ordinary manufactured objects that the artist selected and modified, e.g. Fountain (1917) signed R. Mutt

Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2

The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even, most often called The Large Glass

L.H.O.O.Q. is a cheap postcard reproduction of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa onto which Duchamp drew a moustache and beard in pencil

Raoul Dufy (1877 – 1953) was a French Fauvist painter. He developed a colourful, decorative style that became fashionable for designs for ceramics, textiles and decorative schemes for public buildings. He is noted for scenes of open-air social events

Homage to Mozart

Regatta at Cowes

Albrecht Durer (1471 – 1528) was born and died in Nuremberg and is best known for his prints, often executed in series

Apocalypse

Great Passion

Little Passion

Knight, Death, and the Devil – engravings

Saint Jerome in his Study

Melencolia I

Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse – woodcuts

Rhinoceros

Triumphal Arch

Triumphs of Maximilian – huge woodcut project by Durer, commissioned by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Revelation of St John

Praying Hands

Christoffer Eckersberg (1783 – 1853) laid the foundation for the period of art known as the Golden Age of Danish Painting, and is referred to as the Father of Danish painting

Tracey Emin (born 1963) is one of the Young British Artists. She was appointed Professor of Drawing at the Royal Academy in 2011

Everyone I Have Ever Slept With 1963–1995, a tent appliquéd with names, was shown at Charles Saatchi's Sensation exhibition held at the Royal Academy. Destroyed in the 2004 Momart warehouse fire

My Bed

James Ensor (1860 – 1949) was a Belgian painter and printmaker, an important influence on expressionism and surrealism who lived in Ostend for almost his entire life. He was associated with the artistic group Les XX

Christ’s Entry into Brussels in 1889

Max Ernst (1891 – 1976) was born in Germany. Ernst was one of the primary pioneers of the Dada movement and Surrealism. Buried at the Pere Lachaise Cemetery

The Elephant Celebes

Europe after the Rain

Man Shall Know Nothing of This

Carel Fabritius (1622 – 1654) was a pupil of Rembrandt and a member of the Delft School

A View of Delft

The Goldfinch

The Sentry

Lyonel Feininger (1871 – 1956) designed the cover for the Bauhaus 1919 manifesto: an expressionist woodcut 'cathedral'. He taught at the Bauhaus for several years

Market Church in Halle

Jean Fouquet (1420 – 1481) was a French painter of the 15th century, a master of both panel painting and manuscript illumination, and the apparent inventor of the portrait miniature

Melun Diptych

Jean-Honore Fragonard (1732 – 1806) was a French rococo painter

The Swing – hung in the Wallace Collection

A Young Girl Reading

Piero della Francesca (1415 – 1492)

The Resurrection – is in the city of Sancepolcro in Tuscany. Aldous Huxley called The Resurrection ‘the best picture in the world’. True fresco technique. Christ carries a white flag with a red cross. Anthony Clarke stopped shelling in WWII to save the picture, even though he had never seen it

The History of the True Cross – is in the church of San Francesco in the Tuscan town of Arezzo

The Baptism of Christ – hung in the National Gallery

Helen Frankenthaler (1928 – 2011) was an American abstract expressionist painter. She was a major contributor to the history of postwar American painting

Lucian Freud (1922 – 2011) was born in Berlin. Grandson of Sigmund Freud. Married Kitty Garman, then Caroline Blackwood. Painted with Cremnitz white

Portrait of the Queen

Benefits Supervisor Sleeping – portrait of Sue Tilley

Caspar David Friedrich (1774 – 1840) was a German Romantic landscape painter, generally considered the most important of the movement. He is best known for his mid-period allegorical landscapes which typically feature contemplative figures silhouetted against night skies, morning mists, barren trees or Gothic ruins. Friedrich’s wife Caroline Bommer was his model in a number of paintings

Wanderer above the Sea of Fog

Moonrise over the Sea

The Abbey in the Oakwood

Chalk Cliffs on Rugen

William Powell Frith (1819 – 1909) has been described as the “greatest British painter of the social scene since Hogarth”

The Derby Day

Henry Fuseli (1741 – 1825) was born in Zurich. He favoured portraying the supernatural

The Nightmare – depicts a sleeping woman with an incubus on her stomach

Lady Macbeth Seizing the Daggers

Thomas Gainsborough (1727 – 1788) was born in Suffolk. Gainsborough painted portraits of his daughters, and did a number of paintings of David Garrick

Mr and Mrs Andrews

Mrs Sarah Siddons

The Blue Boy – portrait of Jonathan Buttall

Mr and Mrs William Hallett (The Morning Walk)

Paul Gauguin (1848 – 1903) was a Parisian stockbroker, and a Post-Impressionist artist. In 1873, Gauguin married a Danish woman, Mette-Sophie Gad. Paul Gauguin spent his last years on the Marquesas Islands, in French Polynesia. Many paintings of Tahitian women. Gauguin was also an influential proponent of wood engraving and woodcuts as art forms

Jacob Wrestling with the Angel

The Green Christ and The Yellow Christ are considered to the key-works of Symbolism in painting

Nevermore

Artemisia Gentileschi (1593 – 1656) was an Italian Early Baroque painter, today considered one of the most accomplished painters in the generation influenced by Caravaggio. In an era when women painters were not easily accepted by the artistic community, she was the first female painter to become a member of the Accademia di Arte del Disegno in Florence

Judith Slaying Holofernes

Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting

Francois Gerard (1770 – 1837)

Portrait of the Empress Josephine

Theodore Gericault (1791 – 1824)

The Raft of the Medusa – Medusa was a frigate that set sail from France for Senegal in 1816. Displayed in the Louvre

Marcus Gheeraerts (1561 – 1636)

Ditchley Portrait – a 1592 portrait of Elizabeth I displayed in the National Portrait Gallery

Gilbert & George – Gilbert Proesch (born 1943 in Italy) and George Passmore (born 1942 in Plymouth). The two first met in 1967 while studying sculpture at St Martin’s School of Art. For many years, Gilbert & George have been residents of Spitalfields. The pair are perhaps best known for their large-scale photo works, known as The Pictures

Francoise Gilot (born 1921) is a French born painter. She is also known as the lover and artistic muse of Pablo Picasso from 1944 to 1953, and the mother of his children, Claude Picasso and Paloma Picasso. The film Surviving Picasso is seen through the eyes of Gilot

Giorgione (c. 1477 – 1510) was an Italian painter of the High Renaissance in Venice. Pupil of Giovanni Bellini. Giorgione is known for the elusive poetic quality of his work. Born Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco

Sleeping Venus

The Tempest

Giotto di Bondone (1267 – 1337) was a shepherd, born in Tuscany. was a student of Cimabue. He drew a perfect circle when the Pope wanted to see his work

Arena Chapel cycle of the Cappella degli Scrovegni in Padua depicting the life of the Virgin and the passion of Christ

Ognissanti Madonna

Thomas Girtin (1775 – 1802) was a friend and rival of J. M. W. Turner, and played a key role in establishing watercolour as a reputable art form

Albert Gleizes (1881 – 1953) was a founder of Cubism and an influence on the School of Paris. Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger wrote the first major treatise on Cubism, Du Cubisme, in 1912

Natalia Goncharova (1881 – 1962) was a Russian avant-garde artist (Cubo-Futurism). Together with her husband Mikhail Larionov she first developed Rayonism. They were the main progenitors of the pre-Revolution Russian avant-garde organising the Donkey's Tail exhibition of 1912. She was also a set and costume designed for the Ballet Russes

The Flowers – sold in 2008 for $10.8 million

Cyclist

Arshile Gorky (1905 – 1948) was an Armenian-born American painter who had a seminal influence on Abstract Expressionism. As such, his works were often speculated to have been informed by the suffering and loss he experienced of the Armenian genocide

The Artist and his Mother

Francisco Goya (1746 – 1828), full name Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes. Goya was court painter to Charles IV. Many of Goya's works are on display in the Museo del Prado in Madrid. Goya became deaf

Black Paintings – a group of 14 paintings that portray intense, haunting themes

Saturn Devouring His Son – one of the Black Paintings

The Disasters of War – depicts scenes from the Peninsular War

The Second of May 1808 – also known as The Charge of the Mamelukes is hung in the Prado

The Third of May 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid – depicts a scene from the Spanish war of liberation when many innocent citizens were shot by Napoleon's troops the morning following a popular uprising in Madrid. Hung in the Prado

The Nude Maja (La maja desnuda) and The Clothed Maja (La maja vestida) – depict the same woman in the same pose, naked and clothed, respectively

El Coloso

Portrait of the Duke of Wellington – was stolen from the National Gallery in 1961 and recovered in 1965

Los Caprichos – a set of 80 aquatint prints created. The work was an enlightened, tour-de-force critique of 18th-century Spain, and humanity in general

Duncan Grant (1885 – 1978) was a member of the Bloomsbury Group. He often worked with, and was influenced by, Roger Fry. As well as painting landscapes and portraits, Fry designed textiles and ceramics

El Greco (1541 – 1614) was born in Crete, real name Domenikos Theotokopoulos. Lived in Toledo. He is best known for tortuously elongated figures and often fantastic or phantasmagorical pigmentation

The Burial of the Count of Orgaz – is widely considered to be his best-known work

The Disrobing of Christ – hung in Toledo Cathedral

Opening of the Fifth Seal

Juan Gris (1888 – 1927) was known as ‘the third cubist’. Born in Madrid

George Grosz (1893 – 1959). He was a prominent member of the Berlin Dada and New Objectivity group during the Weimar Republic before he emigrated to the United States in 1933

The Pillars of Society

Dedicated to Oskar Panizza

Matthias Grunewald (c. 1470 – 1528)

Isenheim Altarpiece – on display at the Unterlinden Museum at Colmar, Alsace

Francesco Guardi (1712 – 1793) was a Venetian painter of veduta, a member of the Venetian School. He is considered to be among the last practitioners of the classic Venetian school of painting

Renato Guttuso (1912 – 1987). Italian painter and anti-Fascist

Flight from Etna

Crucifixion

La Vucciria

Frans Hals (1580 – 1666) was born in Antwerp. Frans Hals museum is in Haarlem. Franz Hals painted large group portraits, for local civic guards and for the regents of local hospitals

Laughing Cavalier – painted in 1624, is displayed at the Wallace Collection

Young Man with a Skull – Franz Hals

Richard Hamilton (1922 – 2011)

Just What Is It that Makes Today's Homes So Different, So Appealing – is considered by critics and historians to be one of the early works of Pop Art

Hommage a Chrysler Corp – Richard Hamilton

Marcus Harvey (born 1963).

Myra – portrayal of Moors murderer Myra Hindley, created from handprints taken from a plaster cast of a child’s hand, and shown in the Sensation exhibition at the Royal Academy of Art in 1997. The painting had to be temporarily removed from display for repair after it was attacked in two separate incidents on the opening day

Childe Hassam (1859 – 1935) was a prolific American Impressionist painter, noted for his urban and coastal scenes. Hassam was instrumental in promulgating Impressionism to American collectors

Mona Hatoum (born 1952 in Beirut) is a Palestinian video artist and installation artist

The Entire World as a Foreign Land – was at the inaugural launch of the Tate Britain

Erich Heckel (1883 – 1970). Heckel was a founding member of the Die Brucke group. In 1937 the Nazi Party declared his work "degenerate"

Glass Day

Patrick Heron (1920 – 1999) was an abstract artist born in Leeds and based in St Ives

Nicholas Hilliard (c. 1547 – 1619) was an English goldsmith best known for his portrait miniatures of members of the courts of Elizabeth I and James I. He mostly painted small oval miniatures

Hiroshige (1797 – 1858) was a Japanese ukiyo-e artist. Series of works

The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō

The Sixty-nine Stations of the Kisokaidō

One Hundred Famous Views of Edo

Damien Hirst (born 1945) was born in Bristol and grew up in Leeds. was one of the Young British Artists. Graduated from Goldsmiths College. Organiser of the Freeze exhibition in 1988. He won the Turner Prize in 1995. He is reportedly the United Kingdom's richest living artist

The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living – a 14’ tiger shark immersed in formaldehyde in a display case became the iconic work of British art in the 1990s

Away from the Flock – a dead sheep in a glass tank of formaldehyde

Mother and Child Divided – a cow and a calf sliced in half in a glass tank of formaldehyde

For the Love of God – a platinum cast of an 18th century skull covered in 8,601 diamonds

Hannah Hoch (1889 – 1978) was a German Dada artist. She is best known for her work of the Weimar period, when she was one of the originators of photomontage

David Hockney (born in 1937 in Bradford) was important contributor to the Pop art movement of the 1960s

Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy (1970) is a picture of fashion designers Celia Birtwell and Ossie Clark. Percy is a white cat

A Bigger Splash (1967) – David Hockney

Howard Hodgkin (born 1932) is an abstract artist. In 1984, Hodgkin represented Britain at the Venice Biennale, in 1985 he won the Turner Prize, and in 1992 he was knighted

William Hogarth (1697 – 1764) was an English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic, and editorial cartoonist. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called "modern moral subjects"

The Shrimp Girl – William Hogarth

A Rakes Progress – set of eight pictures by William Hogarth

Marriage a-la-Mode – set of six pictures by William Hogarth

A Harlot’s Progress – series of six plates by William Hogarth

Gin Lane – Hogarth

The Beggar’s Opera – Hogarth

The Four Stages of Cruelty is a series of four printed engravings published by William Hogarth in 1751. Each print depicts a different stage in the life of the fictional Tom Nero

Hogarth's House in Chiswick is now a museum

36 Views of Mount Fuji, is an ukiyo-e series of 36 large, color woodblock prints by the Japanese artist Katsushika Hokusai (c. 1760 – 1849). Includes The Great Wave off Kanagawa, which has three rowing boats under the pyramidal wave

Hans Holbein (1497 – 1543) painted many portraits at the court of Henry VIII

The Ambassadors (1533) is a painting by Hans Holbein in the National Gallery. The sitters, both Frenchmen, were Jean de Dinteville, who was ambassador to England and Georges de Selve. Contains a skull, rendered in anamorphic perspective, which is meant to be nearly subliminal as the viewer must approach the painting nearly from the side of the painting to see the form morph into a completely accurate rendering of a human skull

1523 portrait of Erasmus – Holbein

Holbein painted Christina of Denmark, who turned down Henry VIII’s proposal, before he painted Anne of Cleves in 1539

Portrait of a Lady with a Squirrel and a Starling – Holbein

Winslow Homer (1836 – 1910) was an American painter who lived in Northumberland from 1881to1882. Many paintings of sea views

Pieter de Hooch (1629 – 1684) was a genre painter during the Dutch Golden Age. He was a contemporary and archrival of Dutch Master Jan Vermeer, with whom his work shared themes and style

Edward Hopper (1882 – 1967) was an American realist painter and printmaker

Nighthawks is a 1942 painting by Edward Hopper that portrays four people in a downtown diner late at night. Displayed at the Art Institute of Chicago

House by the Railroad – Edward Hopper. First painting purchased by MOMA

Edward Hopper always used his wife, Jo, as his model

Madonna and Husband – painting by Peter Howson (born 1958). He was the British official war artist in the 1993 Bosnian Civil War

One of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, William Holman Hunt (1827 – 1910) travelled to the Holy Land in the 1850s

The Light of the World is an allegorical painting by William Holman Hunt representing the figure of Jesus preparing to knock on an overgrown and long-unopened door

The Awakening Conscience – William Holman Hunt. Annie Miller was the model

The Scapegoat, The Hireling Shepherd – William Holman Hunt

Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne – Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres (1780 – 1867)

Odalisque with a Slave, The Turkish Bath – Ingres

La Source – Ingres

Alexei von Jawlensky (1864 – 1941) was a Russian expressionist painter active in Germany. He was a member of the Blue Rider group

Portrait of Alexander Sakharoff – Alexei von Jawlensky

Augustus John (1878 – 1961) was born in Tenby. He was married to Dorothy ‘Dorelia’ McNeill

Gwen John (1876 – 1939) was a Welsh artist who worked in France for most of her career. She was a mistress of Rodin. Brother of Augustus John

Jasper Johns (born 1930) is best known for his painting Flag, a 1954 painting of the US flag (with 48 stars). It is an encaustic painting, using heated beeswax to which coloured pigments are added

Target with Four Faces – Jasper Johns

White Flag, Three Flags – Jasper Johns

Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenburg were long term lovers

General Gordon’s Last Stand – George W. Joy (1844 – 1925)

Wassily Kandinsky (1866 – 1944) was a Russian artist. Member of the Blaue Reiter group

From 1909 onward, Kandinsky began to divide his more important works into three categories: Impressions, Improvisations, and Compositions

Kandinsky taught at the Bauhaus from 1922 to 1933

Portrait of Sir Joshua Reynolds – Angelica Kauffman (1741 – 1807). Kauffman was a Swiss-Austrian Neoclassical painter

Frida Kahlo (1907 – 1954) was a Mexican painter married to artist Diego Rivera. Many self-portraits

Still Life Painting of Watermelon with the words ‘Viva La Vida’ – Frida Kahlo

Ellsworth Kelly (born 1923) is associated with hard-edge painting, Color Field painting and the Minimalist school

Blue Green Red – Ellsworth Kelly

Artiste (Marcella), Potsdamer Platz – Ernst Kirchner (1880 – 1938). Kirchner was a founding member of the Die Brucke group

Berlin Street Scene, Self-Portrait as a Soldier – Kirchner

R.B. Kitaj (1932 – 2007) was an American artist with Jewish roots who spent much of his life in England. Kitaj had a significant influence on British Pop art

Paul Klee (1879 – 1940) was born in Switzerland. Affiliated to the Blaue Reiter. Taught at the Bauhaus with Kandinsky

Twittering Machine, Fish Magic, Red Balloon – Paul Klee

Yves Klein (1928 – 1962) was the leading member of the French artistic movement of Nouveau realisme founded in 1960. Klein was a pioneer in the development of Performance art

International Klein Blue (IKB) is a deep blue hue first mixed by Yves Klein. IKB's visual impact comes from its heavy reliance on Ultramarine

Gustav Klimt (1862 – 1918) was an Austrian Symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Art Nouveau (Vienna Secession) movement

The Kiss – Klimt. Hung in Belvedere Gallery, Vienna. Painted in 1908. Originally called The Lovers

Danae – Klimt

Beethoven Frieze – Klimt. Based on ninth symphony. Contains an image of Mahler. Now on permanent display in the Vienna Secession Building

Klimt used gold leaf in a number of paintings in his ‘Golden Phase’

Judith and the Head of Holofernes – Klimt

Hilma af Klint (1862 – 1944) was a Swedish artist and mystic whose paintings were amongst the first abstract art

Christen Kobke (1810 – 1848) is one of the best known artists belonging to the Golden Age of Danish Painting

Oskar Kokoschka (1886 – 1980) was an Austrian artist and poet of Czech origin, best known for his intense expressionistic portraits and landscapes

The Bride of the Wind or The Tempest – Oskar Kokoschka. Picture of Kokoschka and his lover Alma Mahler

Kathe Kollwitz (1867 – 1945) was a German painter, printmaker, and sculptor whose work offered an eloquent and often searing account of the human condition in the first half of the 20th century. Her work embraced the victims of poverty, hunger, and war

Willem de Kooning (1904 – 1997) was born in Rotterdam. Married abstract expressionist painter Elaine Marie Fried, later known as Elaine de Kooning, in 1943

Woman series – Willem de Kooning

Lee Krasner (1908 – 1984) was an influential American abstract expressionist painter in the second half of the 20th century. In 1945, she married artist Jackson Pollock

Utagawa Kuniyoshi (1797 – 1861) was one of the great masters of the ‘floating world’, or ukiyo-e, school of Japanese art, that depicted the entertainment district (or floating world) of Edo, now Tokyo

Yayoi Kusama (born 1929) is a Japanese artist and writer. Throughout her career she has worked in a wide variety of mediums, including painting, collage, sculpture, performance art and environmental installations, most of which exhibit her thematic interest in psychedelic colours, repetition and pattern. Known as the “Princess of polka dots”. A major retrospective of her work was held at Tate Modern in 2012

Dignity and Impudence – dogs in a Edwin Henry Landseer (1802 – 1873) painting

Laying Down the Law, Monarch of the Glen – Landseer

Laying Down the Law satirizes the legal profession. It depicts dogs in the roles of members of the court with a French poodle centre stage as the judge

Man Proposes, God Disposes – Landseer. Features two polar bears eating dead men from the Franklin expedition

Michael Landy (born 1963) is best known for the performance piece installation Break Down (2001), in which he destroyed all his possessions, and for the Art Bin project at the South London Gallery

Thomas Lawrence (1769 – 1830) was a leading English portrait painter and president of the Royal Academy. He is particularly remembered as the Romantic portraitist of the Regency

Mark Leckey (born 1964) won the 2008 Turner Prize for his exhibition Industrial Lights and Magic, which included Felix the Cat

Fernand Leger (1881 – 1955) was a French painter, sculptor, and filmmaker. In his early works he created a personal form of Cubism which he gradually modified into a more figurative, populist style. Forerunner of pop art

The Three Women – Leger

Flaming June – Frederic Leighton (1830 – 1896). Leighton was the first painter to be given a peerage, in the New Year Honours List of 1896, becoming Baron Leighton, of Stretton in Shropshire. Leighton died the next day

Peter Lely (1618 – 1680) was a painter of Dutch origin. Portrait artist to Charles I. His talent ensured that his career was not interrupted by Charles's execution, and he served Oliver Cromwell, whom he painted "warts and all", and Richard Cromwell

Tamara de Lempicka (1898 – 1980) was born Maria Gorska in a wealthy family in Warsaw, and died in Mexico. Influenced by Cubism, Lempicka became the leading representative of the Art Deco style across two continents, and a favourite artist of many Hollywood stars

The Musician – Lempicka

In 1925, Lempicka painted her iconic work Auto-Portrait (Tamara in the Green Bugatti) for the cover of the German fashion magazine Die Dame

Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) was born in Vinci, Tuscany

Mona Lisa – short for ‘Madonna Lisa’, portrait of Lisa Gerardini, the wife of a Florence cloth merchant. Painted c. 1503. First owned by Francis I. Stolen in 1911 by Vincenzo Peruga. Painted in oil on a panel made from poplar

Georgio Vasari gave the name Mona Lisa to the painting known as La Giaconda

Vitruvian Man – Leonardo da Vinci. The drawing, which is in pen and ink on paper, depicts a male figure in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart and simultaneously inscribed in a circle and square. The drawing is based on the correlations of ideal human proportions with geometry described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in Book III of his treatise De Architectura

The Last Supper – painted by Leonardo da Vinci onto the walls of the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie near Milan, Commissioned by Ludovico Sforza, also known as Ludovico the Moor

Il Cenacolo – The Last Supper

Jesus and the 12 apostles are in da Vinci’s The Last Supper

The Virgin of the Rocks (sometimes the Madonna of the Rocks) is the usual title used for both of two different paintings with almost identical compositions, which are at least largely by Leonardo da Vinci. They are in the Louvre and the National Gallery, London. The Louvre version features in The Da Vinci Code

Adoration of the Magi by Leonardo da Vinci (1481), was unfinished

The Lady with an Ermine – Leonardo da Vinci

Christ as Salvator Mundi – Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci was court painter to Francis I of France in the last few years of his life

Madonna Litta – Da Vinci painting in the Hermitage

Washington Crossing the Delaware is an 1851 painting by German American Artist Emanuel Leutze (1816 – 1868). It is in commemoration of Washington's crossing of the Delaware on 25 December 1776 before the Battle of Trenton

The Crowd – Wyndham Lewis (1882 – 1957). He was a co-founder of the Vorticist movement, and edited the literary magazine of the Vorticists, BLAST

Little Big Painting – Roy Lichtenstein (1923 – 1997)

Whaam! (1963) – Roy Lichtenstein. Displayed at Tate Modern

Look Mickey (1961) is regarded as the bridge between Roy Lichtenstein’s abstract expressionism and pop art works

Drowning Girl – Roy Lichtenstein

Lichtenstein paintings based on DC Comics’ Secret Hearts magazine and All-American Men of War

Max Liebermann (1847 – 1935) was a German-Jewish painter and printmaker, and one of the leading proponents of Impressionism in Germany

Filippo Lippi (1406 – 1469) was an Early Renaissance Italian artist

Filippino Lippi (1459 – 1504) was the illegitimate son of Filippo Lippi

Apparition of the Virgin to St. Bernard – Filippino Lippi

El Lissitsky (1890 – 1941) was an important figure of the Russian avant garde, helping develop suprematism with his mentor, Kazimir Malevich, and designing numerous exhibition displays and propaganda works for the former Soviet Union. His work greatly influenced the Bauhaus and constructivist movements, and he experimented with production techniques and stylistic devices that would dominate 20th century graphic design

Liu Bolin (born 1973) is a Chinese artist. He makes photographs of himself camouflage-painted to blend in with the background. One series is called Hiding In The City

Richard Long (born 1945) is an English sculptor, photographer and painter, one of the best known British land artists

A Line Made by Walking – first Richard Long work

Richard Long is the only artist to be shortlisted for the Turner Prize four times, and he is reputed to have refused the prize in 1984. He was nominated in 1984, 1987, 1988 and he then won the award in 1989 for White Water Line

Pietro Longhi (1701 – 1785) was a Venetian painter of contemporary scenes of life

Clara the rhinoceros – Pietro Longhi. This rhinoceros was exhibited in Venice in 1751

View of Carthage with Dido and Aeneas, Coast View, Landscape with Apollo and Mercury – Claude Lorrain (1600 – 1682), French landscape painter who inspired Turner. Born Claude Gellee, known as Claude. Many paintings in pairs – seascapes are paired with landscapes, and sunsets with sunrises

Seaport with the Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba – Claude Lorrain

LS Lowry (1887 – 1976) was a rent collector. Lowry is famous for painting scenes of life in the industrial districts of North West England. Many of his drawings and paintings depict Pendlebury, where he lived and worked for more than 40 years and also Salford and its surrounding areas

Lowry turned down a knighthood, an OBE and a CBE. Painted many portraits of ‘Ann’

Pauline Bunny – Sarah Lucas (born 1962). Her works frequently employ visual puns and bawdy humour

The White Rose and the Red Rose – Margaret MacDonald (1864 – 1933), wife of Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Her design work became one of the defining features of the “Glasgow Style” during the 1890s

August Macke (1887 – 1914) was a member of Der Blaue Reiter. He visited Tunisia with Paul Klee. Macke's career was cut short by his early death at the front in Champagne in September 1914

Daniel Maclise (1806 – 1870) was an Irish history, literary and portrait painter, and illustrator, who worked for most of his life in London. In 1858, Maclise commenced one of the two great monumental works of his life, The Meeting of Wellington and Blücher, on the walls of Westminster Palace. The companion work is The Death of Nelson

The Hayfield – Ford Madox Brown (1821 – 1893)

Work, The Last of England – Ford Madox Brown

Ford Madox Brown was a teacher to Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Grandfather of Ford Madox Ford

Rene Magritte (1898 – 1967) was a surrealist artist born in Belgium

Le Viol (The Rape) – Rene Magritte. Female face with body parts

The Treachery of Images is subtitled ‘This is not a pipe’ – Magritte

Golconda – painting of men with bowler hats in the sky by Magritte

The Reckless Sleeper – Magritte

The Son of Man – Magritte. A man’s face is obscured by a green apple

Time Transfixed – Magritte. The painting depicts a locomotive jutting out of a fireplace, at full steam, in an empty room

Kazimir Malevich (1879 – 1935) was a Russian painter. He was a pioneer of geometric abstract art and the originator of the avant-garde, Suprematist movement

Black Square – Malevich. First Suprematist painting

Malevich – self-portrait wearing red hat. Signed late paintings with a black square. Involved with cubo-futurism. Organised 0.10 exhibition

Masked Ball at the Opera – Edouard Manet (1832 – 1883)

A Bar at the Folies-Bergere – Manet

The Execution of the Emperor Maximilian – Manet, 1867. Banned by censors. Parts of one painting were probably cut off by Manet

Olympia – pose based on Titian’s Venus of Urbino. The model, Victorine Meurent, went on to become an accomplished painter in her own right

Manet married Suzanne Leenhoff

Manet painted Berthe Morisot 11 times

Le déjeuner sur l'herbe was originally titled Le Bain (The Bath). Shown at Salon des Refuses in 1863. Model – Victorine Meurend. Hung in Musee d’Orsay

The Surprised Nymph – Manet

Olympia appears in background of Manet’s painting Portrait of Emile Zola

The Fifer or Young Flautist – Manet

Music in the Tuileries – Manet

Manet fought a sword duel with Durante

Andrea Mantegna (c. 1431 – 1506) was an Italian painter, a student of Roman archeology, and son in law of Jacopo Bellini. Like other artists of the time, Mantegna experimented with perspective

The Agony in the Garden – Mantegna. Housed in National Gallery

Presentation at the Temple, Calvary – paintings by Mantegna

Mantegna painted many frescoes in the Palazzo Ducale in Mantua

Artist’s Shit – Piero Manzoni (1933 – 1963)

Franz Marc (1880 – 1916) was a founder of Der Blaue Reiter. Many abstract paintings of brightly coloured animals. Killed at the Battle of Verdun in 1916

The Great Day of His Wrath, The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah – apocalyptic paintings by John Martin (1789 – 1854)

Simone Martini (c. 1284 – 1344) was an Italian painter born in Siena. He was a major figure in the development of early Italian painting and greatly influenced the development of the International Gothic style

Masaccio (1401 – 1428) was the first great painter of the Quattrocento (15th century) period of the Italian Renaissance. He was one of the first to use Linear perspective in his painting, employing techniques such as vanishing point in art for the first time

Henri Matisse (1869 – 1954) lived and died in Nice

Music, The Dance, The Snail, Icarus, Woman with a Hat, The Dessert: Harmony in Red, Odalisque with Arms Raised – Matisse

Jazz (1947) is an artist's book of about one hundred prints based on paper cutouts by Henri Matisse

Oceania, Zulma, Creole Dancer, Blue Nudes, The Parakeet and the Mermaid – Matisse

Luxe, Calme et Volupte – Henri Matisse. It was painted in 1904, after a summer spent working in St. Tropez on the French Riviera alongside the neo-Impressionist painters Paul Signac and Henri Edmond Cross. The painting is Matisse's most important work in which he used the Divisionist technique advocated by Signac

Matisse decorated the Chapel of the Rosary at Vence

A number of works by Matisse were purchased by Sergei Schukin, and are now displayed in The Hermitage

Quentin Matsys (1466 – 1530) was a founder of the Antwerp School. Born in Leuven

A Grotesque Old Woman (or The Ugly Duchess) is the best-known work by Quentin Matsys. It served as a basis for John Tenniel's depiction of the Duchess in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. It is likely a depiction of a real person with Paget's disease

Steve McQueen (born 1969) went to Iraq as an official war artist in 2006. The following year he presented Queen and Country, a piece which commemorated the deaths of British soldiers who died in the Iraq War by presenting their portraits as a sheet of stamps. Won the Turner Prize in 1999

William McTaggart (1835 – 1910) was a landscape painter known as the “Scottish impressionist”

Hans Memling (1430 – 1494) was a German-born painter who moved to Flanders and worked in the tradition of Early Netherlandish painting, becoming one of the leading artists from the 1460s

Adolph Menzel (1815 – 1905) was noted for his drawings, etchings, and paintings. Along with Caspar David Friedrich, he is considered one of the two most prominent German artists of the 19th century

Jean Metzinger (1883 – 1956) was a major 20th century French painter, theorist, writer, critic and poet, who, along with Albert Gleizes developed the theoretical foundations of Cubism

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475 – 1564) painted scenes from Genesis on the Sistine Chapel from 1509 to 1512

Michelangelo studied at the Medici Academy in Florence. Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, which interrupted his building the tomb of Pope Julius II. The fresco of The Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel was commissioned by Pope Clement VII, who died shortly after assigning the commission. St Bartholomew holds his flayed skin

The Madonna and Child with St John and Angels (c. 1497), also known as The Manchester Madonna, is an unfinished painting by Michelangelo in the National Gallery

While both were apprenticed to Bertoldo di Giovanni, Pietro Torrigiano struck the 17 year old on the nose, and thus caused that disfigurement which is so conspicuous in all the portraits of Michelangelo

Bubbles – John Everett Millais (1829 – 1896), bought by Pears to advertise their soap. William Milbourne James was the child model for Bubbles

Lorenzo and Isabella – Millais’s first pre-Raphaelite work, 1849. Signed PRB

The Boyhood of Raleigh – Millais. The painting depicts the young Sir Walter Raleigh

By the seawall at Budleigh Salterton

Christ in the House of His Parents – Millais

Mariana – Millais. Taken from Shakespeare’s play Measure for Measure

Millais's image of the tragic death of Ophelia, as she falls into the stream and drowns, is one of the best-known illustrations from Shakespeare's play Hamlet

Millais was granted a baronetcy by Gladstone in 1885, the first artist to be honoured with a hereditary title. After the death of Frederic Leighton in 1896, Millais was elected President of the Royal Academy

Jean-Francois Millet (1814 – 1875) was one of the founders of the Barbizon school in rural France. He is noted for his scenes of peasant farmers

One of the most well known of Millet's paintings is The Gleaners (1857), depicting women stooping in the fields to glean the leftovers from the harvest

1917 exhibition of nudes by Amedeo Modigliani (1884 – 1920) in Paris was closed down for obscenity. He destroyed practically all of his own early work

Modigliani’s lover, Jeanne Hebuterne, committed suicide two days after his death in 1920. He previously had an affair with Beatrice Hastings, and both were models

Joan Miro (1893 – 1983) was a Surrealist born in Barcelona

The Tilled Field, The Harlequin’s Carnival – Joan Miro

Piet Mondrian (1872 – 1944) was an important contributor to the De Stijl art movement and group, which was founded by Theo van Doesburg. He evolved a non-representational form which he termed Neo-Plasticism. This consisted of white ground, upon which was painted a grid of vertical and horizontal black lines and the three primary colors

Compositions, Victory Boogie Woogie – Mondrian

Claude Monet (1840 – 1926) served in Algeria with French Army, returning home with typhoid. Monet has cataracts in later life. Died at Giverny

Impression, Sunrise – Monet, led to Louis Leroy coining the term ‘impressionism’. Picture of Le Havre harbour

Monet did many paintings of rock arches at Etretat and Gare Saint Lazare in Paris

Monet presented water lilies paintings to the state in 1918. Hung in the Musée de l'Orangerie

Monet fled to London at start of Franco-Prussian war, and studied the works of Constable and Turner

Monet painted an unfinished version of Le déjeuner sur l'herbe in 1865

Hesiod and the Muse, Salome – Gustave Moreau (1826 – 1898). French symbolist artist

Berthe Morisot (1841 – 1895) was Manet’s sister-in-law, and also an impressionist painter

Malcolm Morley (born 1931) is best known as a photorealist. He won the inaugural Turner Prize in 1984

Anna Mary Moses, better known as Grandma Moses (1860 – 1961), was a renowned American folk artist

Koloman Moser (1868 – 1918) was an Austrian artist who exerted considerable influence on twentieth-century graphic art and one of the foremost artists of the Vienna Secession movement and a co-founder of Wiener Werkstatte

Robert Motherwell (1915 – 1991) was one of the youngest of the New York School. Many black and white abstract expressionist paintings. Married to Helen Frankenthaler

Alphonse Mucha (1860 – 1939) was a Czech Art Nouveau painter

The Slav Epic – Alphonse Mucha. A series of twenty huge paintings depicting the history of the Czech and the Slavic people in general

Mucha produced many advertisements, including an advertising poster for a play featuring Sarah Bernhardt

Edvard Munch (1863 – 1944) was a Norwegian Symbolist painter, printmaker and an important forerunner of expressionistic art. His best-known composition, The Scream, is part of a series The Frieze of Life, in which Munch explored the themes of life, love, fear, death, and melancholia. 105 versions of The Scream, five are painted. Landscape in the background is the Oslofjord, viewed from the hill of Ekeberg, in Oslo (then Kristiania). Originally known as Despair

Between the Clock and the Bed – Munch

Alfred Munnings (1878 – 1959) was known as one of England's finest painters of horses, and as an outspoken enemy of Modernism. War artist to the Canadian Cavalry Brigade in World War I

Gabrielle Munter (1877 – 1962) was a companion of Kandinsky. Bought a house in Murnau, where she died

Bartolome Murillo (1617 – 1692) was a Spanish Baroque painter. Although he is best known for his religious works, Murillo also produced a considerable number of paintings of poor women and children

John Nash (1893 – 1977) was the younger brother of Paul Nash. Fought in World War I in the Artists Rifles

Paul Nash (1889 – 1946) co-founded the Unit One art group with Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth. Unit One was active from 1933 to 1935. Official war artist in World War I and World War II. Surrealist paintings of Avebury. Many paintings displayed at Imperial War Museum in London

Paul Nash illustrated the Shell Guide to Dorset

The Menin Road, We Are Making a New World – Paul Nash

Wittenham Clumps in Oxfordshire were repeatedly painted by Paul Nash

Christopher R. W. Nevinson (1889 – 1946) was an official war artist in World War I and a futurist artist

Paths of Glory, La Mitrailleuse, The Arrival – Christopher Nevinson

Barnett Newman (1905 – 1970) was one of the major figures in abstract expressionism and one of the foremost of the color field painters. Newman was born in New York City, the son of Jewish immigrants from Poland. Early works characterized by areas of colour separated by thin vertical lines, or "zips" as Newman called them

Ben Nicholson (1894 – 1982) was a British painter of abstract compositions (sometimes in low relief), landscape and still-life. Influenced by Picasso and Mondrian. Married to Barbara Hepworth

Sidney Nolan (1917 – 1992) was born in Australia. His most famous work is a series of stylized descriptions of the bushranger Ned Kelly in the Australian Outback

Emil Nolde (1867 – 1956) adopted his birthplace as a pseudonym. Emil Nolde was was one of the first Expressionists, and was a member of Die Brucke

Cow’s Skull: Red, White and Blue – Georgia O’Keeffe (1887 – 1986). She is best known for her paintings of enlarged flowers, New York skyscrapers, and New Mexico landscapes. Georgia O’Keeffe Museum is in Santa Fe

Georgia O’Keeffe was married to photographer Alfred Steiglitz

John Opie (1761 – 1807) was known as the “Cornish wonder”. He painted many great men and women of his day

Jean-Baptiste Oudry (1686 – 1755) was a French Rococo painter. He is particularly well known for his naturalistic pictures of animals and his hunt pieces depicting game

Clara the Rhinoceros – Oudry

Samuel Palmer (1805 – 1881) was an English landscape painter, etcher and printmaker. He was also a prolific writer. Palmer was a key figure in English Romanticism and produced visionary pastoral paintings

Parmigianino (1503 – 1540) “the little one from Parma”. was an Italian Mannerist painter. His work includes Vision of Saint Jerome and the Madonna with the Long Neck

Victor Pasmore (1908 – 1998) was an artist and architect who pioneered the development of abstract art in Britain in the 1940s and 1950s

Palau Triptych – Max Pechstein (1881 – 1955). Member of the Die Brucke group

Walthamstow Tapestry – Grayson Perry (born 1960). Won the Turner Prize in 2003.

Map of Nowhere – Grayson Perry. Inspired by the Hereford Mappa Mundi

The Vanity of Small Differences – Grayson Perry work based on A Rake’s Progress

Pietro Perugino (c. 1460 – 1523) was the leading painter of the Umbrian school, who developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance. Raphael was his most famous pupil

Francis Picabia (1879 – 1953) was a French painter and poet, associated with both the Dada and Surrealist art movements

Pablo Picasso (1881 – 1973) took his mother’s surname. His father’s surname was Ruiz. In 1918, Picasso married Olga Khokhlova, a ballerina with Sergei Diaghilev’s troupe

Jacqueline Roque was the second wife of Pablo Picasso and his frequent model

Blue Period (1901 – 1904) influenced by the suicide of his friend Carlos Casagemas

Rose Period (1904 – 1906) influenced by his relationship with Fernande Olivier

The Absinthe Drinker – Picasso. Portrait of Angel Fernandez De Soto

Picasso had a long affair with Marie-Therese Walter

The Three Dancers, Three Musicians – Picasso

Guernica (1937) is exhibited at the Museo Reina Sofia in Madrid

Guernica was exhibited at the Whitechapel Art Gallery in 1938. In 1939, Manchester Foodship For Spain, a group of artists and activists engaged in sending aid to the people of Spain, exhibited the painting in the HE Nunn & Co Ford automobile showroom in Manchester

Sylvette David – Picasso’s ‘Girl with the Ponytail’

Picasso painted a dachshund called Lump 40 times

In 1944 Picasso joined the French Communist Party, and in 1950 received the Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviet government

A dove drawn by Picasso is used as a peace symbol

Picasso made many drawings of Le déjeuner sur l'herbe

Gertrude Stein became Picasso's principal patron, acquiring his drawings and paintings and exhibiting them in her informal Salon at her home in Paris. At one of her gatherings in 1905, he met Henri Matisse, who was to become a lifelong friend and rival

Desmoiselles – hung in Moma. Painted in 1907. Five prostitutes. Picasso referred to the painting as his Brothel painting calling it Le Bordel d'Avignon but André Salmon retitled it Les Demoiselles d'Avignon so as to lessen its scandalous impact on the public

Picasso came to Britain in 1919 with Sergei Diaghilev to design sets and costumes for The Three-Cornered Hat

Bull's Head is a found object artwork by Pablo Picasso, created in 1942 from seat and handlebars of a bicycle

Vollard Suite is a set of 100 etchings in the neoclassical style by Pablo Picasso, produced from 1930–1937

Picasso designed the set and costumes for Parade, a ballet with music by Erik Satie and a one-act scenario by Jean Cocteau

Cezanne and Gauguin were taught by Picasso

Dora Maar is most widely known as Pablo Picasso's muse of nearly a decade (beginning late 1930s), including for Guernica and The Weeping Woman. Maar painted some minor elements of Guernica, and she became better known in the art world via her photographs of the stages of Picasso's painting of Guernica

John Piper (1903 – 1992) designed the stained glass windows for Coventry Cathedral. Official war artist in World War II. Many pictures at Renishaw Hall

John Piper was primarily a painter, but collaborated with many others including the poet and author John Betjeman (on the Shell Guides series of guidebooks on the British Isles), the potter Geoffrey Eastop and the artist Ben Nicholson

Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1720 – 1778) was an Italian artist famous for his etchings of Rome and of fictitious and atmospheric ‘prisons’

Camille Pissarro (1830 – 1903) painted a view of Dulwich College in 1877

Camille Pissarro was born in the Virgin Islands, then a Danish colony, where his father was of Portuguese Jewish descent and his mother was native Creole. Pissarro is the only artist to have shown his work at all eight Paris Impressionist exhibitions, from 1874 to 1886. After the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 – 1871, having only Danish nationality and being unable to join the army, he moved his family to Norwood, near London

Jackson Pollock (1912 – 1956) was taught by Thomas Hart-Benton. Born in Wyoming. Married Lee Krasner. Died in a car crash

Mural – Jackson Pollock. First Abstract Expressionist painting by Pollock

Full Fathom Five – Jackson Pollock, takes its name from The Tempest

Autumn Rhythm – Jackson Pollock

Moon Woman – Jackson Pollock

Lyubov Popova (1889 – 1924) was a female Russian avant-garde artist (Cubist, Suprematist and Constructivist), painter and designer. Contributed to two Knave of Diamonds exhibitions

Painterly Architectonic – Lyubov Popova

The Bull – Paulus Potter (1625 – 1664)

Nicolas Poussin (1594 – 1665) was a French painter in the classical style. His work predominantly features clarity, logic, and order, and favours line over color. Until the 20th century he remained the dominant inspiration for such classically oriented artists as Jacques-Louis David and Paul Cezanne

A Dance to the Music of Time – Nicolas Poussin

Andrea Pozzo (1642 – 1709) was an Italian Jesuit Brother, Baroque painter and architect. Pozzo was best known for his grandiose frescoes using illusionistic technique called quadratura

Rev. Robert Walker Skating on Duddingston Loch – Henry Raeburn (1756 – 1823). He served as Portrait Painter to King George IV in Scotland

Raphael – Raffaello Sanzio (1483 – 1520) born in Urbino, Italy. Painted The School of Athens, The Dispute, Plato and Aristotle, 20 Madonna and Child paintings. Buried in the Pantheon

The Madonna of the Pinks – Raphael. Acquired by the National Gallery in 2004

Madonna of the Meadow – Raphael

After Bramante's death in 1514, Raphael was named architect of the new St Peter's

The four Stanze di Raffaello (‘Raphael's rooms’) in the Palace of the Vatican form a suite of reception rooms, the public part of the papal apartments. They are famous for their frescoes, painted by Raphael and his workshop

Julius II and Leo X – papal patrons of Raphael

Transfiguration – Raphael. Unfinished at his death

Madonna of the Goldfinch – Raphael

Pietro Peregino was Raphael’s mentor

Robert Rauschenberg (1925 – 2008) came to prominence in the 1950s transition from Abstract Expressionism to Pop Art. Rauschenberg is well-known for his ‘Combines’ of the 1950s, in which non-traditional materials and objects were employed in innovative combinations

Considered the first of the Combines, Bed by Robert Rauschenberg was created by dripping red paint across a quilt

Charlene – Robert Rauschenberg

Odilon Redon (1840 – 1916) was a symbolist painter born in Bordeaux

Flower Cloud , The Cyclops – Odilon Redon

Paula Rego (born 1935) is a painter born in Portugal although she is a naturalised British citizen. Rego is a prolific painter and printmaker. Her most well known depictions of folk tales and images of young girls, made largely since 1990, bring together the methods of painting and printmaking

The Maids – Paula Rego. Based on Jean Genet’s play of the same name

Rembrandt van Rijn (1606 – 1669) was born in Leiden. Son called Titus

The Night Watch – full title The Company of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem van Ruytenburch, Rembrandt (1642). Displayed in the Rijksmuseum. Amsterdam civil militia. Attacked twice

The Conspiracy of Julius Civilus – Rembrandt, commissioned for Amsterdam town hall

Stoning of St Stephen – Rembrandt

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Tulp – Rembrandt

Portrait of a Lady with an Ostrich-Feather Fan – Rembrandt

The Flayed Ox – Rembrandt

The Storm on the Sea of Galilee – Rembrandt, was in the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum of Boston, prior to being stolen in 1990. The painting depicts the miracle of Jesus calming the waves on the Sea of Galilee, as depicted in the Gospel of Mark. It is Rembrandt's only seascape

Bathsheba at Her Bath – Rembrandt

The Return of the Prodigal Son – Rembrandt painting in the Hermitage

The Abduction of Europa – Rembrandt

Rembrandt's greatest creative triumphs are exemplified especially in his portraits of his contemporaries, self-portraits and illustrations of scenes from the Bible

Rembrandt’s wife Saskia sat as a model for many of his paintings

Les Parapluie, Luncheon of the Boating Party – Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841 – 1919)

La Loge (The Theatre Box) – Renoir

Dance at Le moulin de la Galette) is an 1876 painting by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. It is housed at the Musée d'Orsay. Renoir painted a smaller version of the picture with the same title. This painting is in a private collection. For many years it was owned by John Hay Whitney. In 1990, his widow sold the painting for US$78 million

As a boy, Renoir worked in a porcelain factory where his drawing talents led to him being chosen to paint designs on fine china

Renoir “never thought he had finished a nude until he could pinch it”

During the later years of his life, when he developed rheumatoid arthritis, Renoir created sculptures by cooperating with a young artist, Richard Guino, who worked the clay

Burlaks on the Volga (or Barge Haulers on the Volga) – Ilya Repin (1844 – 1930) was the most renowned Russian artist of the 19th century. He was a member of the Peredvizhniki

Mrs Sarah Siddons as the Tragic Muse – Joshua Reynolds (1723 – 1792). The tragic muse is Melpomene

Joshua Reynolds was born in Devon. Specialized in portraits. He was a founder and first president of the Royal Academy, and was knighted by George III in 1769

Gerhard Richter (born 1932) hold the auction record price for a painting by a living artist at £30 million, for Abstraktes Bild

Stained glass window in Cologne Cathedral – Gerhard Richter

Bridget Riley (born 1931) is one of the foremost exponents of op art

Diego Rivera (1886 – 1957) was a Mexican painter married to Frida Kahlo

Rivera’s large wall works in fresco helped establish the Mexican Mural Renaissance

Diego Rivera’s mural Man at the Crossroads, begun in 1933 for the Rockefeller Center in New York City, was removed after a furore erupted in the press over a portrait of Vladimir Lenin it contained

Man, Controller of the Universe – Diego Rivera

Alexander Rodchenko (1891 – 1956) was one of the most versatile Constructivist and Productivist artists to emerge after the Russian Revolution. He worked as a painter and graphic designer before turning to photomontage and photography

Emma, Lady Hamilton – mistress of Lord Nelson, was painted many times by George Romney (1734 – 1802)

James Rosenquist (born 1933) is one of the protagonists in the pop-art movement and was a billboard painter. Rosenquist achieved international acclaim in 1965 with the room-scale painting F-111

The Annunciation, Beata Beatrix, Proserpine, The Girlhood of Mary Virgin – Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828 – 1882)

Rossetti's wife Elizabeth Siddal died of an overdose of laudanum in 1862

Fanny Cornforth – model and mistress of Rossetti

Jane Morris – model of Rossetti

Mark Rothko (1903 – 1970) is associated with abstract expressionism and colour field painting. Born in Latvia. Committed suicide

Seagram murals – created for Four Seasons restaurant in Seagram building, New York

Subway series – Mark Rothko

Rothko paintings in the Houston Chapel

White Center (Yellow, Pink and Lavender on Rose) – Rothko. Sold in 2007 for $72.8 million, setting the record of the current most expensive post-war work of art sold at auction

Black on Maroon – Rothko. Displayed at Tate Modern. Damaged in 2012 by an act of “yellowism”

Georges Rouault (1871 – 1958) was a French Fauvist and Expressionist painter, and printmaker in lithography and etching

Henri Rousseau (1844 – 1910) was known as ‘Le Douanier’ (the customs officer)

Rousseau was a French Post-Impressionist painter in the Naive or Primitive manner

Many jungle scenes, including Tiger in a Tropical Storm (Surprised!), The Hungry Lion Throws Itself on the Antelope, The Snake Charmer, The Dream – Rousseau

The Football Players, The Sleeping Gypsy – Rousseau

Peter Paul Rubens (1577 – 1640) was born in Germany. Baroque painter. Van Dyck was a student of his. Painted the ceiling of the London Banqueting House (designed by Inigo Jones)

Rubens – commissions for Marie de’ Medici

The Three Graces – Rubens

Massacre of the Innocents – Rubens. The work was sold at auction at Sotheby's, London in 2002 for £49.5 million to Canadian businessman Kenneth Thomson

Adoration of the Magi – Rubens

Saint George and the Dragon – Rubens

The Descent from the Cross is the central panel of a triptych painting by Peter Paul Rubens in 1612–1614. The painting is the second of Rubens's great altarpieces for the Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp, along with The Elevation of the Cross

Helene Fourment in a Fur Wrap – Rubens. Helene Fourment was Rubens’ second wife

Coronation of Marie de' Medici in St. Denis – Rubens

Landscape with a Rainbow – Rubens

The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt – Rubens

Rubens was sent on a diplomatic mission to Philip of Spain by the Duke of Mantua

Isabella Brant was Ruben’s first wife

Rubens collaborated with Jan Brueghel the Elder

Ed Ruscha (born 1937) is an American artist associated with the Pop art movement. Ruscha lives and works in Culver City, California

Paul Sandby (1731 – 1809) was an English map-maker turned landscape painter in watercolours, who, along with his older brother Thomas, became one of the founding members of the Royal Academy in 1768

John Singer Sargent (1856 – 1925) was the most successful portrait painter of his era. American artist, born in Florence

Madame X or Portrait of Madame X is the informal title of a portrait painting by John Singer Sargent of a young socialite named Virginie Amelie Avegno Gautreau

Gassed is a very large oil painting completed in 1919 by John Singer Sargent. It depicts the aftermath of a mustard gas attack during the First World War. Hung in the Imperial War Museum

Jenny Saville (born 1970) is best known as one of the Young British Artists. She is known for her large-scale painted depictions of naked women. Jenny Saville paintings are used on the covers of Manic Street Preachers’ albums The Holy Bible and Journal For Plague Lovers

Egon Schiele (1890 – 1918) was an Austrian painter, a protégé of Gustav Klimt, and a major figurative painter of the early 20th century. Due to the highly-charged nature of his drawings and paintings and his premature death, Schiele has come to epitomise the popular image of the tortured artist. Many self-portraits

Karl Schmidt-Rottluff (1884 – 1976) was born Karl Schmidt in Rottluff, Saxony. He was the youngest of the Brucke artists and maintained the most autonomy during his membership of the group

Kurt Schwitters (1887 – 1948) worked in several genres and media, including Dada, Constructivism, Surrealism, poetry, sound, painting, sculpture, graphic design, typography and installation art. He is most famous for his collages, called Merz Pictures. Schwitters moved to the Lake District in 1934 and died in Ambleside in 1948

Life, Nature, and Death – Alpine triptych by Giovanni Segantini (1858 – 1899), an Italian painter known for his large pastoral landscapes of the Alps

Georges Seurat (1859 – 1891) studied at Ecole de Beaux Arts

He is noted for his innovative use of drawing media and for devising the painting techniques known as chromoluminarism and pointillism

A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte1884 – inspired by The Sacred Grove, by Pierre Puvis de Chavannes. Woman has a monkey on a lead. Purchased by Frederick Bartlett for the Art Institute of Chicago in 1924

Bathers at Asnieres – hung in National Gallery

Gino Severini (1883 – 1966) was an Italian painter and a leading member of the Futurist movement. For much of his life he divided his time between Paris and Rome. He was associated with neo-classicism and the “return to order” in the decade after the First World War

Ivan Shishkin (1832 – 1898) was a Russian landscape painter closely associated with the Peredvizhniki movement

Walter Richard Sickert (1860 – 1942) was born in Munich, and was a member of the Camden Town Group. Sickert took a keen interest in the crimes of Jack the Ripper

Walter Sickert was a student of Whistler. Spent time in Dieppe and Venice

The Camden Town Murder, originally titled, What Shall We Do for the Rent? – Sickert

Brighton Pierrots – Sickert

Paul Signac (1863 – 1935) was a French neo-impressionist painter who, working with Georges Seurat, helped develop the pointillist style

In the Time of Harmony, Portrait of Felix Feneon – Paul Signac

Alfred Sisley (1839 – 1899) was born in Paris to British parents. Dedicated to painting landscape en plein air

Alfred Sisley’s best known works are Street in Moret and Sand Heaps, both owned by the Art Institute of Chicago, and The Bridge at Moret-sur-Loing shown at Musée d'Orsay

Among his important works are a series of paintings of the River Thames, mostly around Hampton Court

Alfred Sisley was known as “The English Impressionist”

Chaim Soutine (1893 – 1943) was a French painter of Russian Jewish origin. Soutine made a major contribution to the expressionist movement while living in Paris

Stanley Spencer (1891 – 1959) was born and lived in the Thames-side village of Cookham in Berkshire. The Methodist Chapel in Cookham, which he attended, is now the Stanley Spencer Gallery. Fought in WWI in Macedonia

War paintings at Sandham Memorial Chapel – Stanley Spencer

The Resurrection, Cookham – Stanley Spencer

Jan Steen (1626 – 1679) was a genre painter of the Dutch Golden Age. Daily life was Jan Steen's main pictorial theme. Many of the genre scenes he portrayed, as in The Feast of Saint Nicholas, are lively to the point of chaos and lustfulness, even so much that 'a Jan Steen household', meaning a messy scene, became a Dutch proverb

Frank Stella (born 1936) is a significant figure in minimalism, post-painterly abstraction, patterns and offset lithography

Marrakech – Frank Stella

Clyfford Still (1904 – 1980) was one of the leading figures of Abstract Expressionism. Still was also considered one of the foremost color field painters

Whistlejacket – a painting of a prancing horse commissioned by the 3rd Marquess of Rockingham by George Stubbs (1724 – 1806)

Horse Frightened by a Lion – Stubbs

The record price for a Stubbs painting was set by the sale at auction of Gimcrack on Newmarket Heath, with a Trainer, a Stable-Lad, and a Jockey (1765) at Christie's in London in 2011 for £22 million

Graham Sutherland (1903 – 1980) painted The Crucifixion (1946) for St Matthew's Church, Northampton. Sutherland was commissioned to design the tapestry Christ in Glory (1962) for Basil Spence's new Coventry Cathedral

Edmund C Tarbell (1862 – 1938) was an American Impressionist painter. He was a member of the Ten American Painters

Yves Tanguy (1900 – 1955) was a French surrealist painter. His paintings show vast, abstract landscapes

The Roll Call – Elizabeth Thompson (1844 – 1933), often referred to as LadyButler

Elizabeth Thompson was one of the few female painters to achieve fame for history paintings, especially military battle scenes

James Thornhill (1673 – 1734) painted eight scenes executed from the Life of St. Paul in the cupola of St Paul's Cathedral in 1716. He was responsible for some large-scale schemes of murals, including the “Painted Hall” at the Royal Hospital, Greenwich

Giovanni Tiepolo (1696 – 1770) was a Venetian painter and printmaker, considered among the last ‘Grand Manner’ fresco painters from the Venetian republic. Frescoes at the Wurzburg Residenz

Madonna of the Immaculate Conception – Giovanni Tiepolo

Tintoretto (1518 – 1594) – born Jacopo Comin. In his youth he was also called Jacopo Robusti. Born in Venice

The Last Supper – Tintoretto, 1594

Tintoretto trained briefly under Titian

Tintoretto painted the walls and ceilings of the Scuola Grande di San Rocco in Venice

Tintoretto painted for the church of the Madonna dell'Orto three of his leading works – the Worship of the Golden Calf, the Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple, and the Last Judgment

Paradise – Tintoretto, measures 22.6 x 9.1 metres and is reputed to be the largest painting ever done upon canvas

The Wedding Feast at Cana – Tintoretto

The Flaying of Marsyas – Titian (1490 – 1576). Full name Tiziano Vecellio

Titian – paintings for Duke of Ferrero. Worked in Venice. Commissions for Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. During his lifetime he was often called da Cadore, taken from the place of his birth

The Flight into Egypt, Venus of Urbino, Knight of the Golden Spur, Assumption of the Virgin, Bacchus and Ariadne – Titian

Diana and Actaeon and Death of Actaeon – Titian. Shown together at the National Gallery

Danae with Nursemaid – one of several mythological paintings, or ‘poesie’ (‘poems’) as Titian called them, done for Philip II of Spain

The Allegory of Age Governed by Prudence – Titian

Titian died of the plague in Venice

Henry Tonks (1862 – 1937) was a British surgeon and later draughtsman and painter of figure subjects, chiefly interiors, and a caricaturist

Henry Tonks became an official war artist in 1918, and he accompanied John Singer Sargent on tours of the Western Front. Henry Tonks described students at the Slade School of Art as ‘a crisis of brilliance’. Students included Paul Nash, Ben Nicholson, Stanley Spencer, Dora Carrington, Christopher R. W. Nevinson and Edward Wadsworth

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864 – 1901) developed an adult-sized torso, while retaining his child-sized legs

Toulouse-Lautrec paintings featured Jane Avril, a can-can dancer

Toulouse-Lautrec did many paintings of the Moulin Rouge. He invented a cocktail known as “Earthquake” which contained absinthe and cognac

Georges de la Tour (1593 – 1652) painted mostly religious scenes lit by candlelight, and after centuries of posthumous obscurity, during the 20th century, he became one of the most highly regarded of French 17th-century Baroque artists. He painted mostly religious chiaroscuro scenes lit by candlelight

Chinese Girl (also known as The Green Girl) by Vladimir Tretchikoff (1913 – 2006) is one of the best selling art prints ever. Model was Monika Pon-su-san from Cape Town

John Trumbull (1756 – 1843) was an American artist during the period of the American Revolutionary War. His Declaration of Independence (1817) is used on the reverse of the two-dollar bill

Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775 – 1851) was an English Romantic landscape painter, watercolourist and printmaker, whose style is said to have laid the foundation for Impressionism

Turner had two children with Sarah Danby

Turner died in the house of his mistress Sophia Caroline Booth. He is said to have uttered the last words ‘The sun is God’ before expiring. At his request he was buried in St Paul's Cathedral, where he lies next to Sir Joshua Reynolds

The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons – Turner, 1834

The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last Berth to be broken up, 1838 – Turner. It depicts one of the last ships of the line which played a distinguished role in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, the HMS Temeraire, being towed by a paddle-wheel steam tug from Sheerness towards its final berth in Rotherhithe to be broken up for scrap

Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway – Turner. The location of the painting is widely accepted as Maidenhead Railway Bridge

Blue Rigi, Red Rigi, Dark Rigi – paintings of Mount Rigi overlooking Lake Lucerne

The Slave Ship – Turner – based on Captain Collingworth murdering slaves and throwing them overboard to collect insurance money

Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps – Turner

Snow Storm – Steam-Boat off a Harbour's Mouth – Turner

Gavin Turk (born 1967) is one of the Young British Artists. He often uses his own image in life-size sculptures of famous people

St George and the Dragon, The Rout of San Romano – Paulo Uccello (1397 – 1475). Notable for his pioneering work on visual perspective in art

The Battle of San Romano depicts events that took place at the Battle of San Romano between Florentine and Sienese forces in 1432. The paintings are in egg tempera on wooden panels, each over three metres long. They are now divided between three collections, the National Gallery, the Uffizi and the Louvre

Ucello was notable for his pioneering work on visual perspective in art

At the age of ten, Ucello was apprenticed to the sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti, designer of the doors of the Florence Baptistery

Maurice Utrillo (1883 – 1955) was a French painter who specialized in cityscapes. Many paintings of Montmartre

Suzanne Valadon (1865 – 1938) modeled for Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (who gave her painting lessons), and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. In the early 1890s she befriended Edgar Degas. Valadon became the first woman painter admitted to the Societe Nationale des Beaux-Arts. She is also the mother of painter Maurice Utrillo

Anne Vallayer-Coster (1744 – 1818) was an 18th century French painter. Marie Antoinette took a particular interest in her paintings

Anthony Van Dyck (1599 – 1641) was born in Antwerp and became an independent painter in 1615. In his younger years, he was the chief assistant of Peter Paul Rubens. He is most famous for his portraits of Charles I of England and his family and court

The Annunciation – Jan Van Eyck (c. 1395 – 1441)

The Arnolfini Wedding – Van Eyck (1434) is housed in the National Gallery

The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb – Van Eyck, in Saint Bavo Cathedral in Ghent. Also known as the Ghent Altarpiece. The Just Judges or The Righteous Judges is the lower left panel of the Ghent Altarpiece – it was stolen in 1934

Portrait of a Man in a Turban – Jan van Eyck

Vincent Van Gogh (1853 – 1890) was born in Zundert (Holland), and died in Auvers-sur-Oise (France). His younger brother, Theo, was as art dealer

Paul Gauguin visited Van Gogh in Arles. Van Gogh cut off his left ear with a razor

The White House at Night – Van Gogh

11 versions of Sunflowers. Features 15 sunflowers. Painted in chrome yellow in 1888. Hung in National Gallery since 1924

Yasuo Goto paid the equivalent of US $39 million for Van Gogh's Still Life: Vase with Fifteen Sunflowers at auction at Christie's London in 1987, at the time a record-setting amount for a work of art

Almond Branches in Bloom, Saint-Remy – Van Gogh. Best selling fine art poster

Van Gogh was a patient at Saint-Paul asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence

Le Moulin de la Galette is the subject and title of several paintings made by Vincent van Gogh in 1886 of a windmill. The Moulin de la Galette was near Van Gogh's apartment with his brother, Theo in Montmartre

The Red Vineyard – in Pushkin Museum, Moscow. It supposedly is the only piece sold by the artist while he was alive

Van Gogh bought a number of Japanese ukiyo-e woodblock prints

Victor Vasarely (1906 – 1997) was a Hungarian-French artist whose work is generally seen aligned with Op Art. His work entitled Zebra, created in the 1930s, is considered by some to be one of the earliest examples of Op Art

Diego Velazquez (1599 – 1660) was born in Seville, court painter to Philip IV

Las Meninas (The Maids of Honour) is a 1656 painting by Velazquez housed in the Museo del Prado. The painting shows a large room in the Royal Alcazar of Madrid during the reign of King Philip IV of Spain

Portrait of Pope Innocent X (1650) – Velazquez

Rokeby Venus (1651) is housed in the National Gallery. Attacked by suffragette Mary Richardson in 1914. Rokeby is a mansion in Yorkshire where the picture was hung

Infanta Margarita in a Blue Dress – Velazquez

The Surrender of Breda – Velazquez

The Immaculate Conception – Velazquez

Velazquez paintings The Waterseller of Seville, Old woman frying eggs, and The lunch are often described as ‘bodegones’ due to the artist's depiction of jars and foodstuff

Girl with a Pearl Earring – Jan Vermeer (1632– 1675)

View of Delft – Vermeer’s only landscape painting

A Young Woman Standing and Seated at a Virginal – Vermeer

The Music Lesson or Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman – Vermeer

The Geographer, The Astronomer – paintings by Vermeer, depict van Leeuwenhoek

The Artist in his Studio – Vermeer

The Art of Painting – Vermeer. The subject is the Muse of History, Clio. On display at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna

Woman Holding a Balance – Vermeer

The Concert – Vermeer. It belongs to the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, but was stolen in 1990 and remains missing to this day. Estimated value of $200,000,000

The Lacemaker, The Milkmaid – Vermeer

Maps appeared in many Vermeer paintings

Paolo Veronese (1528 – 1588) was an Italian Mannerist painter. Originally named Paolo Caliari, he was called Veronese from his native city of Verona

Veronese moved to Venice in 1553

The Family of Darius before Alexander by Paolo Veronese depicts Alexander the Great with the family of Darius III, the Persian king he had defeated in battle

The Queen of Sheba – Veronese

Veronese’s 1573 painting of the Last Supper drew the disapproval of Venice’s Inquisition, so it was re-titled The Feast in the House of Levi

The Martyrdom of St George, Allegory of Wisdom and Strength, The Wedding at Cana, The Battle of Lepanto – Veronese

Fauvist artist Maurice de Vlaminck (1876 – 1958) lived in or near Chatou (the inspiration for his painting Houses at Chatou)

Demon paintings – Mikhail Vrubel (1856 – 1910), the greatest Russian painter of the Symbolist movement

Edouard Vuillard (1868 – 1940) was a French painter and printmaker associated with the Nabis. In his paintings and decorative pieces Vuillard depicted mostly interiors, streets and gardens

Louis Wain (1860 – 1939) was best known for his drawings, which consistently featured anthropomorphised large-eyed cats and kittens

The Death of Chatterton is an oil painting on canvas by the English Pre-Raphaelite painter Henry Wallis (1830 – 1916), now in Tate Britain

Andy Warhol (1928 – 1987) was born Andrew Walhola in Pittsburgh, to Slovakian immigrants. The Factory was Andy Warhol's original New York City studio from 1962 to 1968. The original Factory was often referred to by those who frequented it as the Silver Factory. Covered with tin foil and silver paint, the Factory was decorated by Warhol's friend, the photographer Billy Name

Marilyn Diptych – silkscreen painting by Andy Warhol. Features a picture of Marilyn Monroe from Niagara (1953)

The highest price ever paid for a Warhol painting is $100 million for a 1963 canvas titled Eight Elvises

The Last Supper cycle – Warhol

Campbell's Soup Cans, which is sometimes referred to as 32 Campbell's Soup Cans, is a work of art produced in 1962 by Andy Warhol

Death and Destruction series – Warhol

John William Waterhouse (1849 – 1917) was an English Pre-Raphaelite painter most famous for his paintings of female characters from mythology and literature

The Lady of Shalott is an 1888 painting by John William Waterhouse. The work is a representation of a scene from Lord Alfred Tennyson's 1832 poem of the same name, in which the poet describes the plight of a young woman, loosely based on Elaine of Astolat, who yearned with an unrequited love for the knight (Sir Lancelot) isolated under an undisclosed curse in a tower near King Arthur's Camelot. Displayed in Tate Britain

Hylas and the Nymphs – John William Waterhouse

Antoine Watteau (1684 – 1721) is credited with inventing the genre of fetes galantes: scenes of bucolic and idyllic charm, suffused with an air of theatricality. Some of his best known subjects were drawn from the world of Italian comedy and ballet. He revitalized the waning Baroque idiom, which eventually became known as Rococo

Pilgrimage to Cythera – Watteau

George Frederic Watts (1817 – 1904) was an English Victorian painter and sculptor associated with the Symbolist movement. Watts became famous in his lifetime for his allegorical works, such as Hope and Love and Life. Watts married the actress Ellen Terry

Marianne von Werefkin (1860 – 1938) was a Russian-Swiss Expressionist painter. Partner of Alexei von Jawlensky

Treaty of Penn with the Indians – Benjamin West (1738 – 1820). Anglo-American painter of historical scenes around and after the time of the American War of Independence. He was the second president of the Royal Academy in London

Rogier van der Weyden  (1400 – 1464) was an Early Netherlandish painter. His expressive painting and popular religious conceptions had considerable influence on European painting, not only in France and Germany but also in Italy and in Spain. Hans Memling was his greatest follower

Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket – James Abbot McNeill Whistler (1834 – 1903), is a painting of the fireworks from the Cremorne Gardens in London. Affronted by The Falling Rocket, John Ruskin accused Whistler of “flinging a pot of paint in the public's face”. Whistler sued Ruskin for libel in defence, and won damages of a farthing

Nocturne in Grey and Black: Whistler’s Mother – Whistler. Mother was Anna. Hung in Musee d’Orsay. Painted in London. Also known as Arrangement in Grey and Black, No.1

After Thomas Carlyle viewed the painting, he agreed to sit for a similar composition, this one being titled Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 2

Symphony in White, No. 1: The White Girl – Whistler. Portrait of Joanna Hiffernan

Symphony in White, No. 2, Symphony in White, No. 3 – Whistler

Whistler was influenced by Courbet’s realism and Japanese prints. His famous signature for his paintings was in the shape of a stylized butterfly possessing a long stinger for a tail

John White (c. 1540 – c. 1593) was an English artist, and an early pioneer of English efforts to settle the New World. During his time at Roanoke Island he made a number of watercolor sketches of the surrounding landscape and the native Algonkin peoples

John "Kyffin" Williams (1918 – 2006) was a Welsh landscape painter who lived at Llanfairpwll on the Island of Anglesey. Williams is widely regarded as the defining artist of Wales during the 20th century

Franz Winterhalter (1805 – 1873) was a German painter known for his portraits of royalty in the mid-nineteenth century. His name has become associated with fashionable court portraiture. Among his best known works is Empress Eugenie Surrounded by her Ladies in Waiting

Daughters of the Revolution – Grant Wood (1891 – 1942), a leading figure in the mid-western Regionalism movement

American Gothic – Grant Wood. The painting shows a farmer holding a pitchfork standing beside his spinster daughter

A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery – Joseph Wright (1734 – 1797) of Derby

An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump – Joseph Wright. The painting depicts a natural philosopher recreating one of Robert Boyle's air pump experiments, in which a white cockatoo is deprived of oxygen. Housed in the National Gallery

Three Persons Viewing the Gladiator by Candlelight – Joseph Wright

Christina’s World – Andrew Wyeth (1917 – 2009). US realist artist. The woman in the painting is Christina Olson. She is known to have suffered from polio. The house depicted in the painting is known as the Olson House, and is located in Cushing, Maine

And When did you Last See Your Father – WF Yeames (1835 – 1918), depicts the son of a Royalist being questioned by Parliamentarians during the English Civil War

Amy Robsart – Yeames

Jonathan Yeo (born 1970) has painted portraits of Tony Blair and David Cameron. His unauthorised 2007 portrait of George W. Bush, created from cuttings of pornographic magazines brought him worldwide notoriety. Son of Conservative MP Tim Yeo

Yue Minjun (born 1962) is the Chinese painter of the pink-faced laughing men

The Tribuna of the Uffizi – Johann Zoffany (1733 – 1810), a German neoclassical painter, active mainly in England

Francisco de Zurbaran (1598 – 1664) is known primarily for his religious paintings depicting monks, nuns, and martyrs, and for his still-lifes. Zurbaran gained the nickname “Spanish Caravaggio”

Unknown artist

The Wilton Diptych (c. 1395) was painted for King Richard II. The painting consists of two oak panels. On the left hand side panel of the diptych, Richard is shown kneeling. Beside him are the saints John the Baptist, Edward the Confessor and Edmund. The Virgin Mary is depicted on the right hand side of the diptych, along with a company of eleven angels. Wilton Diptych – from Wilton House, in Wilts. The painting is currently housed in the National Gallery