|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | == Banks ==
| |
| − | '''Bank of England''' founded by Williaqm Patterson in 1694. The Bank's original home was in Walbrook in the City of London. Current headquarters are on Threadneedle Street
| |
| | | | |
| − | John Houblon was the first Governor of the Bank of England, from 1694 to 1697
| |
| | | | |
| − | John Kendrick was first Chief Cashier of Bank of England
| + | Central banks |
| | | | |
| − | Bank of England financed Royal Navy in 1694, via creation of the National Debt | + | '''Bank of England''' was founded by William Paterson in 1694. The Bank's original home was in Walbrook in the City of London. Current headquarters have been on Threadneedle Street since 1734. The bank financed the Royal Navy in 1694, via creation of the National Debt |
| | | | |
| − | The Chief Cashier is the person responsible for issuing banknotes at the Bank of England. Since 1870 the Chief Cashier's signature has been printed on all bank notes issued by the Bank of England
| + | John Houblon was the first Governor of the Bank of England. The current Governor is Andrew Bailey |
| | | | |
| − | '''World Bank''' was created at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. The World Bank is based in Washington, D.C. The World Bank, as it is commonly referred to, consists of two agencies of the five that comprise the World Bank Group: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and The International Development Association (IDA)
| + | The Chief Cashier is the person responsible for issuing banknotes at the Bank of England. Since 1870 the Chief Cashier's signature has been printed on all bank notes issued by the Bank of England. John Kendrick was the first Chief Cashier |
| | | | |
| − | '''European Central Bank''' was established by the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1998, and is headquartered in Frankfurt. The primary objective of the European Central Bank is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone, which is the same as keeping inflation low | + | '''Federal Reserve System''' (also known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States. It was created in 1913. The primary declared motivation for creating the Federal Reserve System was to address banking panics |
| | | | |
| − | Institute for the Works of Religion, commonly known as the '''Vatican Bank''', is a privately held institute located in Vatican City
| + | '''European Central Bank''' (ECB) was established by the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1998 and is headquartered in Frankfurt. The primary objective of the European Central Bank is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone, which is the same as keeping inflation low. The current president is Christine Lagarde |
| | | | |
| − | '''ABN AMRO''' is a Dutch state owned bank with headquarters in Amsterdam. It was re-established, in its current form, in 2009 following the acquisition and break up of ABN AMRO Group by a banking consortium consisting of Royal Bank of Scotland Group, Santander and Fortis
| |
| | | | |
| − | '''Bankia''' is a Spanish banking conglomerate that was formed in December 2010, consolidating the operations of seven regional savings banks. In May 2012, Bankia requested a bailout of €19 billion, the largest bank bailout in the nation's history
| + | International financial institutions |
| | | | |
| − | '''Barclays''' traces its origins back to 1690 when quakers John Freame and Thomas Gould started trading as goldsmith bankers in Lombard Street | + | '''World Bank''' was created at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. The World Bank is based in Washington, D.C. Consists of two agencies of the five that comprise the World Bank Group: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and The International Development Association (IDA) |
| | | | |
| − | '''Gurney’s Bank''' was a family bank founded in 1770 in Norwich. It merged into Barclays Bank in 1896 | + | '''International Monetary Fund''' (IMF) was created at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. Headquarters are in Washington, D. C. It works to foster global growth and economic stability by providing policy advice and financing the members by working with developing countries to help them achieve macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty. The current managing director is Kristalina Georgieva |
| | | | |
| − | '''Industrial and Commercial Bank of China''' Ltd. (ICBC) is the largest bank in the world by profit and market capitalization. It is one China's 'Big Four' state-owned commercial banks (the other three being the Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China, and China Construction Bank
| |
| | | | |
| − | '''Lloyds Bank''' was founded in Birmingham in 1765. Antonio Horta-Osorio is the current chief executive
| + | Stock exchanges |
| | | | |
| − | '''NatWest''' was established in 1968 by the merger of National Provincial Bank (established 1833) and Westminster Bank (established 1834) | + | '''Bourse of Antwerp''' was the world's first purpose-built commodity exchange. It was founded in 1531 and closed in 1997 when merged into the Brussels Stock Exchange |
| | | | |
| − | '''Royal Bank of Scotland''' own Coutts, which was founded in 1692 | + | '''Amsterdam Stock Exchange''' is considered the oldest in the world. It was established in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company for dealings in its printed stocks and bonds. It was subsequently renamed the Amsterdam Bourse and was the first to formally begin trading in securities. It is now known as Euronext Amsterdam |
| | | | |
| − | '''Santander''' is the largest bank in the Eurozone by market value. Banco Santander was founded in 1857. Current CEO is Ana Botin | + | '''Royal Exchange''' in the City of London was founded in 1565 by Sir Thomas Gresham. After the building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London, it was rebuilt and re-established in 1669. This was a move away from coffee houses and a step towards the modern model of a stock exchange |
| | | | |
| − | '''UniCredit''' – Italy’s largest bank. Founded in 1473 as Rolo Banca. UniCredit Group was the outcome of the 1998 merger of several Italian banks | + | '''London Stock Exchange''' was founded in 1801. Financial markets were de-regulated in the “Big Bang” in 1986. Moved from Old Broad Street to Paternoster Square in 2004 |
| | | | |
| | + | '''New York Stock Exchange''' (NYSE) was founded in 1792. It is the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalisation of its listed companies. NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), an American holding company. Previously, it was part of NYSE Euronext (NYX), which was formed by the NYSE's 2007 merger with Euronext |
| | | | |
| | + | '''Euronext N.V.''' is a European electronic stock exchange based in Amsterdam, and with subsidiaries in Belgium, France, Netherlands, Portugal and Ireland. In addition to equities and derivatives markets, the Euronext group provides clearing and information services |
| | | | |
| − | Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) was created in 1974. The Basel Committee formulates broad supervisory standards and guidelines and recommends statements of best practice in banking supervision
| + | '''NASDAQ''' began trading in 1971, and was the world's first electronic stock market. Nasdaq was initially an acronym for the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations. NASDAQ eventually assumed the majority of major trades formerly executed by the over-the-counter (OTC) system of trading. It is the world's second-largest stock exchange by market capitalisation of its listed companies |
| | | | |
| − | Basel I is the round of deliberations by central bankers from around the world, and in 1988, the Basel Committee published a set of minimal capital requirements for banks
| + | '''Shanghai Stock Exchange''' (SSE) was founded in 1990. It is one of the three stock exchanges operating independently in mainland China, the others being the Beijing Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. The Shanghai Stock Exchange is the world's third-largest stock exchange by market capitalisation |
| | | | |
| − | == Stock markets and exchanges ==
| + | '''Japan Exchange Group''' owns and operates the Tokyo Stock Exchange |
| − | The '''Royal Exchange''' in the City of London was founded in 1565 by Sir Thomas Gresham
| |
| | | | |
| − | '''London Stock Exchange''' was founded in 1801. Moved from Old Broad Street to Paternoster Square in 2004 | + | '''Bombay Stock Exchange''' is located in Mumbai. Established in 1875, it is the oldest stock exchange in Asia |
| | | | |
| − | Stockjobbers were institutions that acted as market makers in the London Stock Exchange. Prior to ‘Big Bang’ in 1986, every stock traded on the Exchange passed through a jobber's book, where they acted as intermediaries between stockbrokers
| + | '''SIX Swiss Exchange''' is based in Zurich and is Switzerland's principal stock exchange |
| | | | |
| − | '''FTSE 100''' index began on 3 January 1984 at the base level of 1000. The index is maintained by the FTSE Group, a now wholly owned subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange | + | '''Saudi Stock Exchange''' or '''Tadawul''' is a stock exchange in Riyadh |
| | | | |
| − | FTSE techMARK 100 is an index derived from the FTSE techMARK All-Share Index, which represents the performance of innovative and technology companies that are listed on the London Stock Exchange's techMARK market
| + | '''JSE Limited''' (previously the Johannesburg Stock Exchange) is the largest stock exchange in Africa |
| | | | |
| − | The London Metal Market and Exchange Company was founded in 1877. At first only copper was traded. Lead and zinc were soon added but only gained official trading status in 1920. Many deals are made for commodities to be delivered in three months' time. The custom stems from the time that copper cargoes originally took in 1877 on their voyage from the ports of Chile. Now known as the '''London Metal Exchange''' (LME), it is the futures exchange with the world's largest market in options and futures contracts on base and other metals. Headquarters are on Leadenhall Street
| |
| | | | |
| − | The '''London Gold Fixing''' (or Gold Fix) is the procedure by which the price of gold is determined twice each business day on the London market by the five members of The London Gold Market Fixing Ltd
| + | Stock market indices |
| | | | |
| − | '''Dow Jones Industrial Average''' was created by Charles Dow. It was first published in 1885. Consists of 30 large publicly owned companies | + | '''FTSE 100 Index''' (Financial Times Stock Exchange) is a share index of the 100 companies listed on the London Stock Exchange with the highest market capitalisation. The index is maintained by the FTSE Group and index began on 3 January 1984 at the base level of 1000. Other related indices are the FTSE 250 Index (which includes the next largest 250 companies after the FTSE 100), the FTSE 350 Index (which is the aggregation of the FTSE 100 and 250), FTSE SmallCap Index and the FTSE Fledgling Index |
| | | | |
| − | '''Chicago Board of Trade''' (CBOT), established in 1848, is the world's oldest futures and options exchange | + | '''Dow Jones Industrial Average''' was created by Charles Dow, the editor of The Wall Street Journal and the co-founder of Dow Jones & Company, and named after him and his business associate, statistician Edward Jones. It was first calculated in 1896, and is a price-weighted measurement stock market index of 30 prominent companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States |
| | | | |
| − | VIX is a trademarked ticker symbol for the Chicago Board Options Exchange Market Volatility Index, a popular measure of the implied volatility of S&P 500 index options. Often referred to as the fear index or the fear gauge, it represents one measure of the market's expectation of stock market volatility over the next 30 day period
| + | '''S&P 500''' (Standard and Poor’s 500) tracks the performance of 500 large companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States |
| | | | |
| − | When the '''NASDAQ''' began trading in 1971, it was the world's first electronic stock market. NASDAQ eventually assumed the majority of major trades formerly executed by the over-the-counter (OTC) system of trading
| + | '''NYSE Composite''' is a stock market index covering all common stock listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Over 2,000 stocks are covered in the index |
| | | | |
| − | NASDAQ bought Philadelphia Stock Exchange in 2008
| + | '''Nasdaq-100''' is made up of 101 equity securities issued by 100 of the largest non-financial companies listed on the Nasdaq stock market |
| | | | |
| − | In 2007, NYSE Group, Inc. merged with '''Euronext''' N.V. to form the first global equities exchange. In February 2012, the European Union blocked the planned merger between NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Boerse. In December 2012, the boards of directors of both IntercontinentalExchange (ICE) and the NYSE Euronext approved an $8 billion acquisition of NYSE Euronext, and the acquisition was completed in 2013. In June 2014 Euronext was split from ICE through an initial public offering
| + | '''CAC 40''' is a measure of the 40 most significant stocks among the 100 largest market caps on the Euronext Paris |
| | | | |
| − | Euronext N.V. is a European electronic stock exchange based in Amsterdam, and with subsidiaries in Belgium, France, Netherlands, Portugal and the United Kingdom. In addition to equities and derivatives markets, the Euronext group provides clearing and information services
| + | '''AEX index''' is a stock market index composed of Dutch companies that trade on Euronext Amsterdam |
| | | | |
| − | The '''Amsterdam Stock Exchange''' is considered the oldest in the world. It was established in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company for dealings in its printed stocks and bonds. It was subsequently renamed the Amsterdam ''Bourse'' and was the first to formally begin trading in securities. It is now known as Euronext Amsterdam
| + | '''BEL 20''' is the benchmark stock market index of Euronext Brussels |
| | | | |
| − | === Stock market indices ===
| + | '''PSI-20''' is the benchmark stock market index of Euronext Lisbon |
| − | All Ordinaries – Australia
| |
| | | | |
| − | S&P/TSX Composite – Canada (Toronto)
| + | '''EURO STOXX 50''' is a stock index of Eurozone stocks designed by STOXX, an index provider owned by Deutsche Börse Group |
| | | | |
| − | SSE Composite – China (Shanghai)
| + | '''DAX''' is a stock market index consisting of the 40 major German blue-chip companies trading on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange |
| | | | |
| − | CSI 300 – China
| + | '''IBEX 35''' is the benchmark stock market index of the Bolsa de Madrid, Spain's principal stock exchange |
| | | | |
| − | CAC 40 – France
| + | '''Hang Seng Index''' is an index of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Launched in 1969 |
| | | | |
| − | DAX – Germany (Frankfurt)
| + | '''Nikkei 225''' measures the performance of 225 large, publicly owned companies in Japan |
| | | | |
| − | Hang Seng – Hong Kong
| + | '''Straits Times Index''' tracks the performance of the top 30 companies that are listed on the Singapore Exchange |
| | | | |
| − | TA-100 – Israel (Tel Aviv)
| + | '''BSE SENSEX''' is a stock market index of 30 companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange |
| | | | |
| − | Nikkei 225 – Japan
| + | '''NIFTY 50''' represents 50 of the largest Indian companies listed on the National Stock Exchange |
| | | | |
| − | Straits Times Index – Singapore
| + | '''SSE Composite Index''' is an index of all stocks that are traded at the Shanghai Stock Exchange |
| | | | |
| − | KOSPI – South Korea
| + | '''CSI 300''' is a stock market index designed to replicate the performance of the top 300 stocks traded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange |
| | | | |
| − | == Companies ==
| + | '''TA-125 Index''' is a stock market index of the 125 most highly capitalised companies listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange |
| − | '''Abbey National''' Building Society demutualised in 1989 and became a public limited company, Abbey National plc. It was the first of the UK building societies to demutualise. Became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Spanish Santander Group in 2004 | |
| | | | |
| − | '''Accenture''' is the world's largest consulting firm as measured by revenues. Formerly known as Andersen Consulting | + | '''KOSPI''' (Korea Composite Stock Price Index) is the representative stock market index of South Korea |
| | | | |
| − | '''Accolade Wines''' is a major global wine business. It grew from Thomas Hardy and Sons founded by Thomas Hardy in 1853 in Adelaide to become Australia's largest winemaker | + | '''S&P/TSX Composite Index''' is the benchmark Canadian index of the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) |
| | | | |
| − | '''Adidas''' was founded in 1949 by Adolf Dassler, following a family feud between him and his older brother Rudolf. Rudolf had earlier established Puma, which quickly became the business rival of Adidas. Adidas bought Reebok in 2005 | + | '''All Ordinaries''' is the oldest index of shares in Australia |
| | | | |
| − | '''Agip''' (General Italian Oil Company) is an Italian automotive gasoline and diesel retailer established in 1926. Agip was acquired by Eni in 2003 | + | '''VIX''' is the ticker symbol and the popular name for the Chicago Board Options Exchange's CBOE Volatility Index, a popular measure of the stock market's expectation of volatility based on S&P 500 index options. It is calculated and disseminated on a real-time basis by the CBOE, and is commonly referred to as the “fear index” |
| | | | |
| − | '''AgustaWestland''' NV is a British-Italian multinational helicopter design and manufacturing company, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Finmeccanica
| |
| | | | |
| − | '''American International Group''' (AIG) was bailed out by the United States Federal Reserve Bank in 2008. It had sold credit protection through its London unit in the form of credit default swaps (CDSs) on collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) but they had declined in value
| + | Commodities and Futures Exchanges |
| | | | |
| − | '''Airfix''' was founded in 1939 by a Hungarian businessman called Nicholas Kove, initially manufacturing rubber inflatable toys. The brand name Airfix was selected to be the first alphabetically in any toy catalogue. In 1947, Airfix introduced injection moulding, initially producing pocket combs. In 1949, it was commissioned to create a promotional model of a Ferguson tractor. Airfix was owned by Humbrol from 1986 until Humbrol's financial collapse in 2006. Since 2007, Airfix has been owned by Hornby | + | '''London Metal Exchange''' (LME) is the futures exchange with the world's largest market in options and futures contracts on base and other metals. The London Metal Market and Exchange Company was founded in 1877. At first only copper was traded. Lead and zinc were soon added but only gained official trading status in 1920. Many deals are made for commodities to be delivered in three months' time. The custom stems from the time that copper cargoes originally took in 1877 on their voyage from the ports of Chile. Headquarters are on Leadenhall Street |
| | | | |
| − | '''Aldi''' (Albrecht-Discount) – grocery chain named for founders Karl and Theo Albrecht | + | '''Chicago Board of Trade''' (CBOT), established in 1848, is the world's oldest futures and options exchange |
| − | | |
| − | '''Amer Sports''' has brands including Salomon and Wilson. Established in 1950, the company is based in Helsinki
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Anheuser-Busch''' InBev's North American headquarters are located in St. Louis, Missouri. The brewery was opened in 1852
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Anschutz Entertainment Group''' (AEG) is a sporting and music entertainment presenter and a subsidiary of The Anschutz Corporation. The company owns or operates several major entertainment/sporting venues, including Staples Center and the Home Depot Center in America, and The O2
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Arcadia Group''' includes Topshop, BHS and Dorothy Perkins. Philip Green is CEO | |
| − | | |
| − | '''Asda''' Stores Limited was founded as Associated Dairies & Farm Stores Limited in 1949 in Leeds. The adoption of the Asda name occurred in 1965 with the merger of the Asquith chain of three supermarkets and Associated Dairies; Asda is an abbreviation of Asquith and Dairies
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Aquascutum''' founded in 1851 by John Emary in Regent Street. Owned by Jaeger
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Associated British Foods''' brands include Allinson and Ovaltine. It also owns Primark
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Astrium''' is a European aerospace company. Subsidiary of EADS
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Avon''' was founded by struggling door-to-door book salesman David McConnell in New York in 1886. It is the fifth-largest beauty company in the world and second largest direct selling enterprise in the world, behind Amway
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''BAE Systems''' is involved in several major defence projects, including the F-35 Lightning II, the Eurofighter Typhoon, the ''Astute''-class submarine and the ''Queen Elizabeth''-class aircraft carriers
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Bang & Olufsen''' was founded in Denmark in 1925
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''BASF''' originally stood for Baden Aniline and Soda Factory. Formed in Mannheim by Friedrich Engelhorn in 1865 for the production of dyes. In 1867, research into synthesis of the dye indigo was successfully concluded. The development of the Haber process from 1908 to 1912 made it possible to synthesize ammonia
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Baskin-Robbins''' is the world's largest chain of ice cream specialty shops and is based in Canton, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1945 by Burt Baskin and Irv Robbins
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Bauer Media Group''' is a large European-based media company, headquartered in Hamburg, which manages a portfolio of more than 600 magazines, over 400 digital products and 50 radio and TV stations around the world
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Bayer''' headquarters is in Leverkusen. Bayer's first major product was acetylsalicylic acid (originally discovered by French chemist Charles Frederic Gerhardt in 1853), a modification of salicylic acid or salicin, a folk remedy found in the bark of the willow plant. By 1899, Bayer's trademark Aspirin was registered worldwide for Bayer's brand of acetylsalicylic acid. Bayer marketed heroin as a cough treatment in 1895 and invented aspirin in 1897
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Ben & Jerry's''' is a brand of ice cream, frozen yogurt, sorbet and ice cream novelty products, manufactured by Ben & Jerry's Homemade Holdings, Inc., headquartered in South Burlington, Vermont, and owned by Unilever. It was founded by Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield in 1978. One of the flavours is Black & Tan
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Berlei''' is a brand of women's underwear and in particular bras and girdles. Founded by Frederick Burley in 1912
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Berry Bros & Rudd''' wine merchants, oldest continuously trading shop in London
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''BHP Billiton''' is an Anglo-Australian multinational mining, metals and petroleum company headquartered in Melbourne. It is the world's largest mining company measured by 2013 revenues. In 2001 Billiton Plc merged with the Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited (BHP) to form BHP Billiton
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''The Body Shop''' was founded in 1976 by Anita Roddick and is now part owned by L'Oreal
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Boots''' was established in 1849, by John Boot. After his father's death in 1860, Jesse Boot, aged 10, helped his mother run the family's herbal medicine shop in Nottingham, which became Boot and Co. Ltd in 1883
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Borsalino''' is the name of a hat company known particularly for its fedoras. Established in 1857, Borsalino produces felt from Belgian rabbit fur at its factory in Alessandria, Italy
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''BP''' was formerly known as British Petroleum. In 1901, William Knox D'Arcy was granted a concession by the Shah of Iran to search for oil which he discovered in May 1908. This was the first commercially significant find in the Middle East. In 1909, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) was incorporated to exploit this. In 1935, it became the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC). The AIOC became the British Petroleum Company in 1954
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Britvic''' brands include Robinsons, J2O and Tango
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''BrightHouse''' is the largest rent-to-own company in the United Kingdom
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Brompton Bicycle''' is the UK’s leading bike manufacturer. Makes folding bikes
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Bulgari''' was founded by Sotirios Voulgaris in Greece in 1884. Taken over by LVMH in 2011
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Burton''' built the world's first snowboard factory. It is the largest snowboard brand in the world. Founded in 1977
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Cammell Laird''', one of the famous names in British shipbuilding during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, came about following the merger of Laird, Son & Co. of Birkenhead and Johnson Cammell & Co. of Sheffield
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Cargill''' is the largest privately held corporation in the United States in terms of revenue. Based in Minneapolis
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Carnival Corporation''' is the world's largest cruise operator, based in Miami. Micky Arison is the Chief Executive Officer
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Carphone Warehouse''' was founded by Charles Dunstone. Merged with Dixon Retail in 2014
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Carpetright''' was founded by Lord Harris of Peckham in 1988 when he opened the first store in Canning Town
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Chantiers de l'Atlantique''' is part of the South Korean STX Shipbuilding Group and one of the world's largest shipyards, based in Saint-Nazaire, France
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Chorion''' Ltd owned Paddington Bear, Peter Rabbit, and The Mr. Men. The company also owned the rights to the Agatha Christie Estate (including the Miss Marple and Poirot characters), Raymond Chandler and Georges Simenon. Sold all assets in 2012
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Chupa Chups''' is a brand of lollipo. Logo was designed in 1969 by Salvador Dalí
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Citigroup''' was formed from one of the world's largest mergers in history by combining the banking giant Citicorp and financial conglomerate Travelers Group in 1998
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Clearstream''' Banking SA is the clearing division, based in Luxembourg, of Deutsche Borse
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Coca-Cola''' was founded by John S Pemberton in 1886. Bought out by Asa Candler
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Coffee Republic''' was placed into administration in early July 2009 and trading in shares was suspended
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Controlled Demolition''', Inc. (CDI), founded by Jack Loizeaux in 1947, is a firm headquartered in Maryland
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Countrywide Financial''' was purchased by Bank of America in 2008 for $4.1 billion. In 2006 Countrywide financed 20% of all mortgages in the United States
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Davidoff''' is a Swiss luxury tobacco goods brand name, which sells a range of products including cigars, cigarillos, cigarettes and pipe tobaccos
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Debswana''' is a giant mining company located in Botswana, and is the world's leading producer of diamonds by value. Debswana is a joint venture between the government of Botswana and the South African diamond company De Beers (founded by Cecil Rhodes in 1888)
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Decca Records''' was founded in 1929 by Edward Lewis. Now part of the Universal Music Group which is owned by Vivendi, a media conglomerate headquartered in France
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''De La Rue''' sells high-security paper and printing technology for over 150 national currencies. They claim to be the largest such corporation in the world. De la Rue makes paper and prints banknotes for many banks worldwide, including the Bank of England
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''DFS''' was formerly Direct Furnishing Supplies First store was in Darley Dale
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''DHL Express''' is a division of the German logistics company Deutsche Post DHL. DHLwas founded by Adrian Dalsey, Larry Hillblom and Robert Lynn
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Dixons''' was founded as a photographic studio by Charles Kalms and Michael Mindel in the High Street in Southend in 1937. In 1950 the company started selling cameras. Owned by DSG International before merger with Carphone Warehouse
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Domino’s Pizza''' was founded by Tom Monaghan. Founded in 1960, Domino's is the second-largest pizza chain in the United States (after Pizza Hut) and the largest worldwide
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Dupont''' was founded in Delaware in1802 as a manufacturer of gunpowder. Products include neoprene, nylon, Teflon, Mylar, Kevlar, Nomex and Lycra
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''EADS''' – European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company. Parent company of Airbus
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Electricite de France''' (EDF) is a French state-owned power company
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Enron''' scandal was revealed in 2001, and bankruptcy followed in 2004. Kenneth Lay was founder, chairman, and CEO. Jeffrey Skilling was COO
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Entertainment Rights''' owned Postman Pat, Basil Brush and Rupert Bear. Now part of Dreamworks Animation
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''E.ON''' is the world's largest investor-owned energy service provider. Based in Dusseldorf
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Eon Productions''' is a film production company known for producing the ''James Bond'' film series
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''ESPN''' (Entertainment and Sports Programming Network) was founded by Bill Rasmussen in 1979
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Esso''' is an international trade name for ExxonMobil and its related companies. The name is a phonetic version of the initials of the pre-1911 Standard Oil (SO = Esso)
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Farrow & Ball''' are a British manufacturer of paints, largely based upon historic colour palettes
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Freddie Mac''' – The Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, is a government sponsored enterprise (GSE) of the United States federal government. Freddie Mac was founded in 1970
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Fannie Mae''' – The Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA), is a government sponsored enterprise (GSE) of the United States. It is a stockholder-owned corporation authorized to make loans and loan guarantees and was founded in 1938
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Gazprom''' is the world’s largest extractor of natural gas and holds 17% of world gas reserves
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Genentech''' was founded in 1976 by venture capitalist Robert Swanson and biochemist Herbert Boyer. It is considered to have founded the biotechnology industry. Created synthetic human insulin in 1978
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''General Mills''' markets many well-known brands, such as Betty Crocker, Pillsbury, Haagen-Dazs, and Cheerios
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''General Motors''' was founded by William Durant in 1908. Alfred Sloan became president of General Motors in 1923. In 2009, General Motors shed several brands, closing Saturn, Pontiac and Hummer, and emerged from a government-backed Chapter 11 reorganization
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Gerber''' was founded in Michigan by Frank and Dorothy Gerber in 1927. First company to make baby food
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Glaxo''' was founded in Bunnythorpe, New Zealand in 1904. Originally Glaxo was a baby food manufacturer processing local milk into a baby food by the same name
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Glock''' is an Austrian company that designs and produces semi-automatic pistols
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Gruenenthal''' was the first to introduce penicillin into the German market in the post-war period, after the Allied Control Council lifted its ban. In the 1960s, Grunenthal became infamous through the development and sale of the drug Thalidomide
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Haagen-Dazs''' is made by the Hristov family, established by Reuben and Rose Mattus in The Bronx, New York in 1961. It started off with only three flavors: vanilla, chocolate, and coffee
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Habitat''' was founded in 1964 by Terence Conran. In 2011 all but three UK Habitat stores were put into administration
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Halliburton''' – Texas based services company that won contracts in Iraqi war
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Hapag-Lloyd''' is a transportation company comprising a cargo container shipping line and a cruise line. It was formed in 1970 as a merger of two 19th century companies
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Harrods''' opened current shop in 1849. Harrods was sold to Qatar Holdings, the sovereign wealth fund of the State of Qatar in 2010. The only overseas branch was in Buenos Aires
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''C.F Hathaway Company''' is a shirt manufacturer most famous for its ‘man with an eye patch’ advertising campaign, which was created by Ogilvy & Mather in 1951
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''H. J. Heinz''' was founded in 1869. First product was horseradish. HQ in Pittsburgh. Baked beans originated in Boston, and were first mass-produced in UK by Heinz in 1928
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Hershey's''' is the largest chocolate manufacturer in North America. Its headquarters are in Hershey, Pennsylvania
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Hertz''' was known as Drive-Ur-Self
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Home Retail Group''' owns Argos and Homebase
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Hyundai''' was founded as a small construction firm in 1947. Hyundai Motor Company was founded in 1967
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Iceland''' began business in 1970, when Malcolm Walker opened the first store in Oswestry. In 1988, Iceland bought its competitor Bejam
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''ICI''' was formed in 1926 when the four largest chemical companies in the UK merged. The four were Brunner, Mond; Nobel Industries; British Dyestuffs; and United Alkali
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''IHOP''' (originally the International House of Pancakes) is a United States-based restaurant chain that specializes in breakfast foods
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''IKEA''' founded by Ingvar Kanprad in Almhult, Sweden in 1958. First UK store at Warrington, opened in 1987
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''JD Sports''' Fashion is based in Bury. The letters JD in JD Sports stand for the initials of the founders of the company, John (Wardle) and David (Makin)
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''JPMorgan Chase''' CEO is Jamie Dimon
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''JVC''' – Victor Company of Japan, Ltd, usually referred to as JVC, is based in Yokohama. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions, and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Kia''' is South Korea's second-largest automobile manufacturer, following the Hyundai Motor Company
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Kangoo Jumps''' is a rebound shoes manufacturer which sells a type of spring-loaded footwear
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Kartell''' is an Italian company that makes and sells plastic contemporary furniture. The company, headquartered in Milan, began manufacturing automobile accessories in 1949. It expanded into home furnishings in 1963
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Kmart''' was founded in 1962 and is the third largest discount store chain in the world, behind Walmart and Target
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Koch Industries''' is the second largest privately held company in the United States. Based in Wichita, Kansas. Owned by brothers Charles and David Koch
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Koenigsegg Automotive AB''' is a Swedish manufacturer of high-performance sports cars, also known as hypercars. Models include the CCR, CCX, Agera, and Regera
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''KP Snacks''' became part of United Biscuits in 1968. The KP Snacks subsidiary produces a range of packet snack brands including Hula Hoops, Skips, McCoy's, Frisps, Brannigan's, Royster's, Space Raiders, Discos, and Phileas Fogg. The KP originally stood for ‘Kenyon Produce’
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Krupp''' family from Essen have become famous for their steel production and for their manufacture of ammunition and armaments. The family business, known as Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp, was the largest company in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Kwik Save''' was founded as Value Foods by Albert Gubay in1959 and based in Prestatyn
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''La Redoute''' is the largest mail order company in France
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''John Lewis''' flagship store on Oxford Street began as a drapery shop, opened by John Lewis in 1864. In 1905 Lewis acquired a second store, Peter Jones in Sloane Square. His son, John Spedan Lewis, founded the John Lewis Partnership in 1920
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Liberty''' was founded by Arthur Liberty in 1875 to sell ornaments, fabrics and miscellaneous art objects from Japan and the Far East. Associated with Art Nouveau. Famous for peacock print
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Lidl''' history goes back to the 1930s, when Lidl & Schwarz Grocery Wholesale was founded in Germany. Since then Lidl has diversified into hypermarkets under the trading name Kaufland and discount food stores known as Lidl. Today, the Schwarz Group is one of the largest grocery retailers in Europe
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Levi Strauss''' was a German-Jewish immigrant to the USA who founded the first company to manufacture blue jeans. His firm began in 1853 in San Francisco
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Li Ning''' makes athletic shoes and sporting goods. The company was founded in 1990 by Li Ning, a former Chinese Olympic gymnast
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Little Chef''' was founded in 1958 by Sam Alper. In 1986 it acquired Happy Eater. Heston Blumenthal introduced a new menu at the Little Chef in the village of Popham, near Basingstoke
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Lladro''' – a company based in Valencia that produces high quality porcelain figurines
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Long-Term Capital Management''' (LTCM) was a U.S. hedge fund which failed in the late 1990s
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Lunn Poly''' originated from two successful travel agencies established in the 1890s: The Polytechnic Touring Association and Sir Henry Lunn Travel. It was rebranded as Thomson by TUI in 2004
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Lush''' was founded by Mark and Mo Constantine. Lush products are 100% vegetarian. Lush does not buy from companies that carry out, fund, or commission any animal testing
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''LVMH''' Moet Hennessy – Louis Vuitton S.A., usually shortened to LVMH, is a French holding company and the world's largest luxury goods conglomerate. Bernard Arnault is Chairman and CEO
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Lyft''' is a privately held, San Francisco–based transportation network company. The company's mobile-phone application facilitates peer-to-peer ridesharing by enabling passengers who need a ride to request one from available ‘community drivers’
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Maidenform''' is a brand of women's underwear, founded in 1922 by seamstress Ida Rosenthal, her husband William Rosenthal, and Enid Bissett who owned the shop that employed her
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Marks & Spencer''' was founded in Leeds Kirkgate Market as a penny bazaar in 1884. The company was founded by a partnership between Michael Marks, a Belarusian Jew, and Thomas Spencer, a cashier from Yorkshire. M&S bought Brooks Brothers in 1988, and sold at a huge loss in 2001. Marc Bolland replaced Stuart Rose as CEO of Marks & Spencer in 2010
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Matalan''' was founded by John Hargreaves in 1985. HQ in Skelmersdale
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Maybelline''' is an American makeup brand sold worldwide and owned by the cosmetics company L'Oreal. Their slogan is “Maybe she's born with it. Maybe it's Maybelline”
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''McDonald’s''' first restaurant opened in 1940. First franchised restaurant opened in 1955. McDonald’s first restaurant in Britain opened in Woolwich in 1974, selling Big Macs for 45p. There are now over 1200 restaurants in Britain
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Merlin Entertainments''' operates 100 attractions in 22 countries, including Alton Towers, Chessington World of Adventures, Legoland, Thorpe Park and the London Eye
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''MFI''' was founded by Noel Lister and Donald Searle, as Mullard Furniture Industries
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Miramax''' was founded by the brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein in 1979, and named by combining the first names of their parents Max and Miriam, and is now part of Disney
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Mizuno Corporation''' is a Japanese sports equipment and sportswear company, founded in Osaka in 1906 by Rihachi Mizuno
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Monsanto''' is a leading producer of genetically engineered seed and of the herbicide glyphosate, which it markets under the Roundup brand. HQ in St Louis
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Montblanc''' International GmbH is a German manufacturer of writing instruments, watches and accessories, often identified by their famous ‘White Star’ logo
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Morrisons''' was founded in 1899 by William Morrison. It began as an egg and butter stall in Rawson Market, Bradford
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Mothercare''' was founded by Selim Zilkha and Sir James Goldsmith in 1961. In 1982 it merged with Habitat
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc.''' is an American multinational financial services corporation that owns and operates the NASDAQ stock market and eight European stock exchanges, including Copenhagen, Helsinki and Stockholm
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Netto''' is a Danish based chain of discount supermarkets, and is owned by the Dansk Supermarket Group. UK stores sold to Asda in 2010
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Next''' shops opened in 1982. Founded as Hepworths in 1864
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Nike''', originally known as Blue Ribbon Sports, was founded by University of Oregon track athlete Phil Knight and his coach Bill Bowerman in 1962. The company initially operated as a distributor for Japanese shoe maker Tiger
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Northern & Shell''' is currently owned by Richard Desmond, It publishes the ''Daily Express'', ''Sunday Express'', ''Daily Star'' and ''Daily Star Sunday'', and the magazines ''OK!'', ''New!'', and ''Star''. Northern & Shell also owns three entertainment television channels: Channel 5, 5* and 5USA
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''O2''' was bought by Telefonica in 2005 for £18 billion. O2 was formed in 1985 as Cellnet
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Orange''' was created when Hutchison Whampoa acquired a controlling stake in Microtel Communications Ltd during the early-1990s and rebranded it Orange. It became a subsidiary of Mannesmann in 1999 and was acquired by France Telecom in 2000. Orange telephone packages – monkey, canary, raccoon, dolphin and panther (replaced by camel)
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Pan Am''' founded by Juan Trippe in 1927. Passenger flights to Cuba in 1928. Based in Miami. First trans-Pacific flight in 1935. ‘Clipper’ used in aircraft names. Bought National Airlines to acquire domestic routes. Declared bankrupt in 1991
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Panasonic''' was formerly known as Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Pantone''' is best known for its Pantone Matching System (PMS), a proprietary colour space used in a variety of industries, primarily printing, though sometimes in the manufacture of colored paint, fabric, and plastics. Pantone declares a particular colour ‘Colour of the Year’
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Patek Philippe''' was founded in 1851 by a Polish watchmaker and a French watchmaker
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''PC World''' became part of Dixons Retail in 1993. Many of its physical stores in the UK now trade under the combined Currys PC World brand
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Pearson''' has market-leading businesses across education (Prentice Hall, Longman & FT Press), consumer (Penguin, Dorling Kindersley and Ladybird) and business information (Financial Times). It is both the largest education company and the largest book publisher in the world
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Pemex''' is Mexico’s state oil company
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Pixar''' (Pixel Arts) started in 1979 as the Graphics Group, a part of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm before it was bought by Apple co-founder Steve Jobs in 1986. The Walt Disney Company bought Pixar in 2006. John Lasseter is chief creative officer at Pixar and Walt Disney Animation Studios. He is also currently the Principal Creative Advisor for Walt Disney Imagineering
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Pizza Express''' was founded in 1965 by Peter Boizot. In 2014 the group was sold to the China-based private equity firm Hony Capital
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Pizza Hut''' took orders online in 1994. Founded in 1958 in Kansas
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Poundland''' was established in 1990 by Dave Dodd and Stephen Smith
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Premier Foods''' brands include Mr Kipling, Ambrosia, Sharwood's, Loyd Grossman, Oxo, Bisto and Batchelors
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Primark''' was founded by Arthur Ryan in 1969. HQ in Dublin. Subsidiary of Associated British foods
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Quiznos''' is the second-largest submarine sandwich shop chain in North America, after Subway
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Random House''' was founded in 1927 by Bennett Cerf and Donald Klopfer. It is the largest general-interest trade book publisher in the world. It is part of Penguin Random House
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''The Range''' was founded by Chris Dawson in 1989
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Rank Hovis McDougall''' was acquired by Premier Foods in 2007
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Red Bull''' was co-founded by Dietrich Mateschitz, an Austrian entrepreneur who had the idea to introduce and market the drink to Europe. Mateschitz visited Thailand in 1982 and discovered that Krating Daeng (literally ‘red bull’), a Thai energy drink, helped to cure his jet lag
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Reuters''' was founded by Paul Reuter in 1851. Since the acquisition of Reuters Group by The Thomson Corporation in 2008, the Reuters news agency has been a part of Thomson Reuters
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Rio Tinto Group''' was founded in 1873, when a multinational consortium of investors purchased a mine complex on the Rio Tinto river, in Huelva, Spain from the Spanish government
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''River Cafe''' is run by Ruth Rogers (wife of Richard Rogers) and Rose Gray (until her death in 2010)
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''River Island''' was founded by Bernard Lewis in 1948. Incorporated Chelsea Girl
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Rolex''' was founded by Alfred Davis and Hans Wilsdorf in London in 1905 as Wilsdorf and Davis, Rolex moved its base of operations to Geneva in 1919. Rolex has three watch lines: Oyster Perpetual, Professional and Cellini
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Saga''' was founded by Sidney De Haan in 1959. Motto – “Nothing is too much trouble”
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Sainsbury’s''' opened first store at 173 Drury Lane in Holborn in 1869. Mike Coupe replaced Justin King as chief executive of Sainsbury’s in 2014. Anna Ford was a non-executive director of Sainsbury’s
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Saudi Aramco''' is the state-owned national oil company of Saudi Arabia. It is the largest oil corporation in the world with the largest proven crude oil reserves and production
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Seagram''' Company Ltd. was a large corporation headquartered in Montreal that was the largest distiller of alcoholic beverages in the world. Toward the end of its independent existence it also controlled various entertainment and other business ventures, including Universal Studios in 1995. The Seagram assets have since been acquired by other companies, notably PepsiCo, Diageo, and Pernod Ricard
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Selfridges''' was founded by Harry Gordon Selfridge. The flagship store onOxford Stre et is the second largest shop in the UK (after Harrods) and opened in 1909
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Serco Group''' plc is a government services company based in Hook, Hampshire. Serco was founded in 1929 as a UK division of the Radio Corporation of America and initially provided services to the cinema industry
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Shell''', officially Royal Dutch Shell Group, was created in 1907 when the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company and the Shell Transport and Trading Company Ltd merged their operations. Headquarters in The Hague
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Siemens''' is Europe's largest engineering conglomerate
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Sing Tel''', Singapore Telecommunications Limited, is Asia's leading telecommunications company, with a combined mobile subscriber base of 500 million customers
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Skidmore, Owings & Merrill''' was formed in Chicago in 1936 and is one of the largest architectural firms in the world. They have built several of the tallest buildings in the world, including the John Hancock Center, Willis Tower, and Burj Khalifa
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Smeg''' is an Italian manufacturer of upmarket domestic appliances. Best known for its range of retro refrigerators
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Spar''' was founded in the Netherlands in 1932 by retailer Adriaan van Well. The logo is a spruce tree
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Specsavers''' was founded in 1984 by husband and wife team Doug and Mary Perkins
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Sports Direct''' was founded in 1982 by Mike Ashley. The company is the UK's largest sporting retailer, and operates over 500 stores worldwide
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Spudulike''' was founded in 1974 in Edinburgh by Kim Culley and David and Barbara Leggate
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''SSL International''' brands included Durex and Scholl. Since 2010, SSL International has been a part of Reckitt Benckiser
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Starbucks''' entered the U.K. market in 1998 with the $83 million acquisition of the Seattle Coffee Company, re-branding all the stores as Starbucks. Founded in 1971. Named after the ''Moby-Dick'' chief mate on the ''Pequod'', Starbuck. Howard Schultz is Chairman, President, and CEO of Starbucks. The first Starbucks was opened in Seattle in 1971 by three partners that met while students at the University of San Francisco – Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl, and Gordon Bowker
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Standard Oil''' was founded by John D Rockefeller and was the largest oil refiner in the world. In 1911 the United States Supreme Court ruled that Standard was an illegal monopoly and it was broken up into 33 smaller companies
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Stabilo-Boss''' had been producing felt tip writing devices since 1971. It is the European product leader of manufacturing highlighters
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Statoil''' is a Norwegian energy company, formed by the 2007 merger of Statoil with the oil and gas division of Norsk Hydro. The Government of Norway is the largest shareholder in Statoil with 67% of the shares
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Steinway & Sons''' was founded in 1853 in New York City by Heinrich E. Steinweg, who emigrated to America in 1851 and changed his name to Henry E. Steinway. Steinway pianos are handcrafted at the factories in New York City and Hamburg
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Subway''' was founded in Bridgeport, Connecticut in 1965 by Fred DeLuca and Peter Buck
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Suntory''' was started by Torii Shinjiro, who first opened his store in Osaka in 1899, to sell imported wines
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Superdrug''' was founded in 1964, under the name of Leading supermarkets limited, by the Goldstein brothers in London. The business kept this name until 1966 when it was officially changed to Superdrug
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Target''' is the second largest discount retailer in the United States, behind Walmart
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''TDK''' was founded in Japan in1935 to manufacture iron-based magnetic material ferrite. In 1952 they began production of magnetic tapes, with compact cassette tapes following in 1966
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Telent''' is the remnants of Marconi, after the buyout from Ericsson
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Tesco''' was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen as a group of market stalls. The Tesco name first appeared in 1924, after Cohen purchased a shipment of tea from T. E. Stockwell and combined those initials with the first two letters of his surname, and the first Tesco store opened in 1929 in Burnt Oak, Middlesex. Tesco Lotus – stores in Thailand. Fresh & Easy – Tesco stores in USA, sold in 2013
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Thames Water''' was sold by German company RWE to Kemble Water Holdings in 2006
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Thomas Cook & Son''' was founded by Thomas Cook, a cabinet-maker, in 1841 to carry temperance supporters by railway between the cities of Leicester, Nottingham, Derby and Birmingham
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''T-Mobile''' is owned by Deutsche Telecom
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Toyota''' started in 1933 as a division of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works devoted to the production of automobiles under the direction of the founder's son, Kiichiro Toyoda. Its first vehicles were the A1 passenger car and the G1 in 1935. Toyota Motor Co. was established as an independent company in 1937
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Toys R Us''' founded as Childrens Supermart in New Jersey in 1948
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''TUI Travel''' owns Thomson Airways and First Choice. Based in Hanover
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Ultimo''' is a Glaswegian designer lingerie brand founded by tycoon Michelle Mone
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Union Carbide''' owned the pesticide plant in the Bhopal disaster. Now owned by Dow Chemical Company
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Uniq''', formery Unigate, was taken over by Irish foods conglomerate Greencore in 2011
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Urenco''' Group is a nuclear fuel company operating several uranium enrichment plants in Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''U. S. Steel''' was founded by J.P Morgan in 1901 by combining the Carnegie Steel Company with the Federal Steel Company and the National Steel Company. It was capitalized at $1.4 billion, making it the world's first billion-dollar corporation
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Vale''' is a Brazilian multinational diversified metals and mining corporation. In addition to being the third-largest mining company in the world, Vale is also the largest producer of iron ore and second largest of nickel
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Van Cleef and Arpels''' is a French jewellery firm founded in 1896
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Virgin Media''' was formed by the merger of Virgin Mobile and NTL
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Waitrose''' economy range of products is branded ‘essential Waitrose’
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Walmart''' was founded in Rogers, Arkansas in 1962 by Sam Walton. It has over 11,000 stores in 27 countries, under a total 55 different banners
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Weight Watchers''' was founded in New York by Jean Nidetch in 1963
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Weston’s Cider''' is based in Much Marcle, Herefordshire. The company has been making cider in the same place since 1878
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Winton Capital Management''' is an investment management firm, founded by David Harding. It is a UK-authorized investment manager trading as a commodity trading advisor (CTA). The company's trading decisions are guided by models developed from scientific research and mathematical analysis
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Wizz Air''' is a Hungarian low-cost airline
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Woolwich''' Building Society was demutualised in 1997 and became Woolwich plc. It was acquired by Barclays in 2000
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Woolworth''' first store opened in Utica, New York in 1878. Founded by Frank Winfield Woolworth
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Worldcom''' went bankrupt in 2002 – chief executive Bernie Ebbers. Changed its name to MCI in 2003
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Xerox''' was founded in 1906 in Rochester as The Haloid Photographic Company. Ursula Burns became CEO of Xerox in 2009. She is the first African-American woman CEO to head a Fortune 500 company
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Yardley''' went into receivership in 1998 after rebranding with Canadian model Linda Evangelista
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''YKK Group''' is a Japanese group of manufacturing companies and is the world's largest zipper/zip manufacturer
| |
| | | | |
| − | '''YO! Sushi''' opened its first restaurant in Soho in 1997. Founded by Simon Woodroffe | + | '''CME Group''' Inc. (Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Chicago Board of Trade, New York Mercantile Exchange, The Commodity Exchange) is the world's largest financial derivatives exchange. Headquarters are in Chicago |
Central banks
Bank of England was founded by William Paterson in 1694. The Bank's original home was in Walbrook in the City of London. Current headquarters have been on Threadneedle Street since 1734. The bank financed the Royal Navy in 1694, via creation of the National Debt
John Houblon was the first Governor of the Bank of England. The current Governor is Andrew Bailey
The Chief Cashier is the person responsible for issuing banknotes at the Bank of England. Since 1870 the Chief Cashier's signature has been printed on all bank notes issued by the Bank of England. John Kendrick was the first Chief Cashier
Federal Reserve System (also known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States. It was created in 1913. The primary declared motivation for creating the Federal Reserve System was to address banking panics
European Central Bank (ECB) was established by the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1998 and is headquartered in Frankfurt. The primary objective of the European Central Bank is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone, which is the same as keeping inflation low. The current president is Christine Lagarde
International financial institutions
World Bank was created at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. The World Bank is based in Washington, D.C. Consists of two agencies of the five that comprise the World Bank Group: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and The International Development Association (IDA)
International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. Headquarters are in Washington, D. C. It works to foster global growth and economic stability by providing policy advice and financing the members by working with developing countries to help them achieve macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty. The current managing director is Kristalina Georgieva
Stock exchanges
Bourse of Antwerp was the world's first purpose-built commodity exchange. It was founded in 1531 and closed in 1997 when merged into the Brussels Stock Exchange
Amsterdam Stock Exchange is considered the oldest in the world. It was established in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company for dealings in its printed stocks and bonds. It was subsequently renamed the Amsterdam Bourse and was the first to formally begin trading in securities. It is now known as Euronext Amsterdam
Royal Exchange in the City of London was founded in 1565 by Sir Thomas Gresham. After the building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London, it was rebuilt and re-established in 1669. This was a move away from coffee houses and a step towards the modern model of a stock exchange
London Stock Exchange was founded in 1801. Financial markets were de-regulated in the “Big Bang” in 1986. Moved from Old Broad Street to Paternoster Square in 2004
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) was founded in 1792. It is the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalisation of its listed companies. NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), an American holding company. Previously, it was part of NYSE Euronext (NYX), which was formed by the NYSE's 2007 merger with Euronext
Euronext N.V. is a European electronic stock exchange based in Amsterdam, and with subsidiaries in Belgium, France, Netherlands, Portugal and Ireland. In addition to equities and derivatives markets, the Euronext group provides clearing and information services
NASDAQ began trading in 1971, and was the world's first electronic stock market. Nasdaq was initially an acronym for the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations. NASDAQ eventually assumed the majority of major trades formerly executed by the over-the-counter (OTC) system of trading. It is the world's second-largest stock exchange by market capitalisation of its listed companies
Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) was founded in 1990. It is one of the three stock exchanges operating independently in mainland China, the others being the Beijing Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. The Shanghai Stock Exchange is the world's third-largest stock exchange by market capitalisation
Japan Exchange Group owns and operates the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Bombay Stock Exchange is located in Mumbai. Established in 1875, it is the oldest stock exchange in Asia
SIX Swiss Exchange is based in Zurich and is Switzerland's principal stock exchange
Saudi Stock Exchange or Tadawul is a stock exchange in Riyadh
JSE Limited (previously the Johannesburg Stock Exchange) is the largest stock exchange in Africa
Stock market indices
FTSE 100 Index (Financial Times Stock Exchange) is a share index of the 100 companies listed on the London Stock Exchange with the highest market capitalisation. The index is maintained by the FTSE Group and index began on 3 January 1984 at the base level of 1000. Other related indices are the FTSE 250 Index (which includes the next largest 250 companies after the FTSE 100), the FTSE 350 Index (which is the aggregation of the FTSE 100 and 250), FTSE SmallCap Index and the FTSE Fledgling Index
Dow Jones Industrial Average was created by Charles Dow, the editor of The Wall Street Journal and the co-founder of Dow Jones & Company, and named after him and his business associate, statistician Edward Jones. It was first calculated in 1896, and is a price-weighted measurement stock market index of 30 prominent companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States
S&P 500 (Standard and Poor’s 500) tracks the performance of 500 large companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States
NYSE Composite is a stock market index covering all common stock listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Over 2,000 stocks are covered in the index
Nasdaq-100 is made up of 101 equity securities issued by 100 of the largest non-financial companies listed on the Nasdaq stock market
CAC 40 is a measure of the 40 most significant stocks among the 100 largest market caps on the Euronext Paris
AEX index is a stock market index composed of Dutch companies that trade on Euronext Amsterdam
BEL 20 is the benchmark stock market index of Euronext Brussels
PSI-20 is the benchmark stock market index of Euronext Lisbon
EURO STOXX 50 is a stock index of Eurozone stocks designed by STOXX, an index provider owned by Deutsche Börse Group
DAX is a stock market index consisting of the 40 major German blue-chip companies trading on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange
IBEX 35 is the benchmark stock market index of the Bolsa de Madrid, Spain's principal stock exchange
Hang Seng Index is an index of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Launched in 1969
Nikkei 225 measures the performance of 225 large, publicly owned companies in Japan
Straits Times Index tracks the performance of the top 30 companies that are listed on the Singapore Exchange
BSE SENSEX is a stock market index of 30 companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
NIFTY 50 represents 50 of the largest Indian companies listed on the National Stock Exchange
SSE Composite Index is an index of all stocks that are traded at the Shanghai Stock Exchange
CSI 300 is a stock market index designed to replicate the performance of the top 300 stocks traded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange
TA-125 Index is a stock market index of the 125 most highly capitalised companies listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
KOSPI (Korea Composite Stock Price Index) is the representative stock market index of South Korea
S&P/TSX Composite Index is the benchmark Canadian index of the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX)
All Ordinaries is the oldest index of shares in Australia
VIX is the ticker symbol and the popular name for the Chicago Board Options Exchange's CBOE Volatility Index, a popular measure of the stock market's expectation of volatility based on S&P 500 index options. It is calculated and disseminated on a real-time basis by the CBOE, and is commonly referred to as the “fear index”
Commodities and Futures Exchanges
London Metal Exchange (LME) is the futures exchange with the world's largest market in options and futures contracts on base and other metals. The London Metal Market and Exchange Company was founded in 1877. At first only copper was traded. Lead and zinc were soon added but only gained official trading status in 1920. Many deals are made for commodities to be delivered in three months' time. The custom stems from the time that copper cargoes originally took in 1877 on their voyage from the ports of Chile. Headquarters are on Leadenhall Street
Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), established in 1848, is the world's oldest futures and options exchange
CME Group Inc. (Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Chicago Board of Trade, New York Mercantile Exchange, The Commodity Exchange) is the world's largest financial derivatives exchange. Headquarters are in Chicago
