Civilisation/Space Exploration
Project Mercury
The Mercury Seven was the group of seven Mercury astronauts picked by NASA in 1959. They are also referred to as the Original Seven and Astronaut Group 1 – Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper, John Glenn, Gus Grissom, Wally Schirra, Al Shepard and Deke Slayton
Mercury-Redstone 3 was a U.S. Mercury program human crewed space mission launched on 5 May 1961 using a Redstone rocket, from Cape Canaveral, Florida. The Mercury spacecraft was named Freedom 7 which performed a suborbital flight piloted by astronaut Alan Shepard, who became the first American in space as a result of this mission. The flight lasted less than 16 minutes
On 21 July 1961, Gus Grissom was pilot of Mercury-Redstone 4, popularly known as Liberty Bell 7, the second American (suborbital) spaceflight
As part of Project Mercury, Mercury-Atlas 6 (MA-6) was the successful first attempt by NASA to place an astronaut into orbit. The MA-6 mission was launched 20 February 1962. It made three earth orbits, piloted by astronaut John Glenn, who became the first American to orbit the Earth. The Mercury spacecraft, named Friendship 7
MA-7 (Aurora 7) was a Mercury spacecraft piloted by Scott Carpenter
MA-8 (Sigma 7) was a Mercury spacecraft piloted by Wally Schirra
MA-9 (Faith 7) was a Mercury spacecraft piloted by Gordon Cooper
Project Gemini
Project Gemini operated between Projects Mercury and Apollo, with 10 manned flights occurring in 1965 and 1966. Its objective was to develop techniques for advanced space travel, notably those necessary for Project Apollo. Gemini missions included the first American spacewalks, and new orbital manoeuvres including rendezvous and docking
Gemini 3 was the first manned Gemini flight, launched on 23 March 1965. Command Pilot – Gus Grissom. Pilot – John Young
Gemini IV piloted by James McDivitt and Ed White. First US space walk by Ed White
Gemini VIII was the first spaceflight for command pilot Neil Armstrong, in 1966
Gemini XII was the final Gemini flight. Lovell and Aldrin
Apollo program
The Command/Service Module (CSM) was a spacecraft built for NASA by North American Aviation. The Apollo Lunar Module was the lander portion of the Apollo spacecraft built for the US Apollo program by Grumman to achieve the transit from lunar orbit to the surface and back. Powered by Saturn V rockets
Apollo 1 – Grissom, White and Chaffee died in a fire in the Command Module during a test in January 1967
Apollo 7 (October1968) w as the first manned mission in the Apollo program to be launched. Commanded by Wally Schirra
Apollo 8 was the first manned space voyage to achieve a velocity sufficient to allow escape from the gravitational field of planet Earth. The three-man crew of Mission Commander Frank Borman, Command Module Pilot James Lovell, and Lunar Module Pilot William Anders became the first humans to see the far side of the Moon with their own eyes the crew made a Christmas Eve television broadcast in which they read the first 10 verses from the Book of Genesis. Earthrise is probably the world’s most reproduced photograph. It was taken by the crew of Apollo 8 in December 1968
Apollo 9 was the first manned flight of the Command/Service Module (CSM) along with the Lunar Module (LM). Commanded by James McDivitt
Apollo 10 mission included the second crew to orbit the Moon and an all-up test of the lunar module. Commanded by Thomas Stafford
Men on the moon – Armstrong and Aldrin (Apollo 11), Conrad and Bean (Apollo 12), Shepherd and Mitchell (Apollo 14), Irwin and Scott (Apollo 15), Duke and Young (Apollo 16), Cernan and Schmitt (Apollo 17)
A Saturn V launched Apollo 11 from the Kennedy Space Center on 16 July 1969
On 20 July Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to land on the Moon, while Michael Collins orbited above
Richard Gordon was the Command Module pilot on Apollo 12. Pete Conrad was the third man to walk on the moon. Apollo 12 was hit by lightning shortly after take-off
Apollo 13 was commanded by James Lovell with Jack Swigert as Command Module Pilot and Fred Haise as Lunar Module Pilot. Swigert was a late replacement for the original CM pilot Ken Mattingly. The lunar landing was aborted after an oxygen tank exploded
Jim Lovell is the only person to have flown to the Moon twice without making a landing. Lovell was also the first person to fly in space four times
Apollo 14 Commander Alan Shepard used a Wilson six-iron to hit golf balls on the Moon
The Genesis Rock is a sample of original lunar crust from around the time the Moon was formed. It was retrieved from the Moon by Apollo 15
Fallen Astronaut is an 8.5 cm aluminum sculpture of an astronaut in a spacesuit which commemorates astronauts who died in the advancement of space exploration. It is currently at Hadley Rille on the Moon, having been placed there by the crew of Apollo 15 in 1971, along with a plaque bearing the names of eight American astronauts and six Soviet cosmonauts who had died
The crew of Apollo 15 took 398 unauthorized commemorative postage stamp covers with them on their trip to the Moon
Ken Mattingly, who had been scheduled to fly on Apollo 13, but was held back due to concerns about a potential illness, flew as Command Module pilot for Apollo 16
The Blue Marble is a famous photograph of the Earth taken on December 7, 1972, by the crew of Apollo 17
Eugene Cernan was the last man to walk on the moon
President Nixon ordered the distribution of fragments of a rock brought back by Apollo 17 to 135 foreign heads of state and the 50 U.S. states Known as ‘goodwill moon rocks’
Apollo missions collected 800lbs of rock
Eugene Shoemaker – only person to have ashes scattered on the moon
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) was the last mission in the Apollo program and was the first joint flight of the U.S. and Soviet space programs. The mission took place in July 1975. The mission entailed the docking of an American Apollo spacecraft with then-Soviet Soyuz spacecraft
Skylab
Skylab was the United States' first space station, and the second space station visited by a human crew. It was also the only space station NASA launched alone. The 100-ton space station was in Earth's orbit from 1973 to 1979
Skylab 2 was the first manned mission to Skylab. Commander – Charles Conrad. Carried out many solar observations
Space Shuttle
Space Shuttle travels at 17,500 mph and orbits the earth in 90 minutes
Space Shuttle is officially called Space Transportation System (STS)
Microgravity (micro-g) is experienced on the Space Shuttle and on the ISS
1977 – test flight of Enterprise orbiter
1981 – first flight of Colombia. Young and Crippen
1983 – first spacewalk, from Challenger
1983 – first American woman in space, Sally Ride
1984 – first untethered spacewalk, Bruce McCandless
1986 – Challenger disaster. Piloted by Dick Scobee, Teacher – Christa McAuliffe. STS-51-L. Challenger replaced by Endeavour
1988 – return to flight, Discovery
1989 – Magellan is the first planetary mission to be launched by an orbiter
1990 – Hubble telescope launched
1993 – Hubble repaired by Endeavour
1995 – Shuttle-Mir docking
1998 – John Glenn flies on Discovery, aged 77
1998 – construction of ISS begins
2003 – Colombia disaster. Piloted by Rick Husband. STS-113
2005 – Eileen Collins and her crew take Discovery back into space. STS-114
2007 – Barbara Morgan, who was the back-up to Christa McAuliffe in 1986, flies
2008 – Atlantis takes the Columbus space lab to the ISS
2011 – Discovery’s last flight. Flew more missions, 39, than any of the other orbiters
2011 – Endeavour’s last flight
2011 – Atlantis STS-135, commanded by Chris Ferguson, lands at Cape Canaveral ending the Space Shuttle programme
International Space Station
On-orbit construction of the International Space Station began in 1998
Scientists must exercise for 2 ½ hours a day in space to prevent muscle wastage
Columbus is a science laboratory that is part of the International Space Station and is the largest single contribution to the ISS made by the European Space Agency
The ISS is steered by gyroscopes and orbits earth every 92 minutes
The ISS is maintained in a nearly circular orbit with a minimum mean altitude of 330 km (205 mi) and a maximum of 410 km (255 mi), in the centre of the Thermosphere, at an inclination of 51.6 degrees to Earth's equator
William Shepherd served as commander of Expedition 1, the first crew on the International Space Station
Cosmonaut Mikhail Tyurin hit a golf ball from the porch of the International Space Station in 2006 as a stunt for the Canadian golf company Element 21
Astronaut Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper dropped a tool bag while working on the International Space Station during a spacewalk in 2008
Vostok programme
Vostok 1 (Russian: Orient 1 or East 1) was the first human spaceflight. The Vostok 3KA spacecraft was launched on 12 April 1961, taking into space Yuri Gagarin. Launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Gagarin orbited the Earth once in 108 minutes
Vostok 2 carried cosmonaut Gherman Titov into orbit for a full day on 6 August 1961 in order to study the effects of a more prolonged period of weightlessness on the human body. Titov orbited the earth over 17 times
Vostok 6 was the first human spaceflight mission to carry a woman, cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, into space, on 16 June 1963
Voskhod programme
Voskhod was the second Soviet human spaceflight project. Two manned missions were flown using the Voskhod spacecraft and rocket, one in 1964 and one in 1965
Two crewmembers were launched in the Vostok-based Voskhod 3KD spacecraft. On 18 March 1965, Alexei Leonov became the first man to walk in space. Cosmonaut Leonov's spacewalk lasted 12 minutes and 9 seconds
Soyuz
Soyuz is a series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space programme. The Soyuz succeeded the Voskhod spacecraft and was originally built as part of the Soviet Manned Lunar programme. The Soyuz spacecraft is launched on a Soyuz rocket
Soyuz rocket was introduced in 1966, deriving from the Vostok launcher, which in turn was based on the 8K74 or R-7a intercontinental ballistic missile
Salyut programme
Salyut was the first space station programme undertaken by the Soviet Union, which consisted of a series of four crewed scientific research space stations and two crewed military reconnaissance space stations over a period of 15 years from 1971 to 1986
Soyuz 11 was the first and only manned mission to board the world's first space station, Salyut 1
Mir
Mir was the world's first consistently inhabited long-term research station in space, and the first of the third generation type of space station, constructed from 1986 to 1996 with a modular design. The station was in operation for fifteen years until 2001, when it was deliberately de-orbited, breaking apart during re-entry over the South Pacific Ocean
Buran
The first and only orbital launch of the (unmanned) shuttle Buran 1.01 was on 15 November 1988. It was lifted into orbit by the specially designed Energia booster rocket. The shuttle orbited the Earth twice in 206 minutes of flight. On its return, it performed an automated landing on the shuttle runway at Baikonur Cosmodrome
Firsts
First US woman in space – Sally Ride
First non-USSR/non-U.S. person in space – Vladimir Remek, son of the Czechoslovakian defense minister. He flew in 1978 for eight days in Salyut 6
First black cosmonaut – Arnaldo Tamayo Mendez, a Cuban of African descent, who flew in Salyut 6 in 1980
First black astronaut – Guion Bluford, an African-American who flew for six days in 1983 in the U.S. shuttle Challenger.
First Westerner in Soviet space – French cosmonaut Jean-Loup Chretien was the first from a Western industrial democracy at a USSR space station. He flew in 1982 for eight days at the Salyut 7 station
First woman in space – Valentina Tereshkova, who was a textile mill worker
First American to walk in space – Ed White
First woman to walk in space – Svetlana Savitskaya
First American woman to walk in space – Kathy Sullivan
First East German cosmonaut – Sigmund Jahn, 1978
First Canadian in space – Marc Garnaeu, 1984
First Chinese taikonaut – Yang LiWei. His mission, Shenzhou 5, made China the third country to independently send people into space
First to die landing – Vladimir Komarov died in 1967, as his Soyuz 1 capsule crashed on the central-Asian plain
First Indian in space – Rakesh Sharma, 1984
First mother in space – Anna Fisher in 1984
First married couple to fly in space together – N. Jan Davis and Mark C. Lee, 1992
First Briton in space – Helen Sharman. Also the first woman to visit the Mir space station
First Briton to walk in space – Michael Foale
Sultan bin Salman flew aboard a Space Shuttle mission as a payload specialist in 1985, and is a member of the House of Saud. He is thus the first astronaut of royal blood, and the first Arab and Muslim to fly in outer space
Abdul Ahad Momand became the first Afghan to journey to outer space and spent nine days aboard the Mir space station in 1988
Space tourists – Dennis Tito, Mark Shuttleworth, Gregory Olsen, Anousheh Ansari, Charles Simonyi (twice), Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor (Malaysian), Richard Garriott, Guy Laliberte
Piers Sellers is a British-born Anglo-American meteorologist and a NASA astronaut. He is a veteran of three space shuttle missions
SpaceShipOne is a rocket-powered aircraft that completed the first privately funded human spaceflight in 2004. It was developed by Scaled Composites. Designed by Burt Rutan. Flown by Mike Melvill
Virgin Galactic – formed by Richard Branson and Dick Rutan. Plane is a modified version of Spaceship 1, which won the X prize
VSS Enterprise – Richard Branson’s first spaceship
Astronauts breathe oxygen for an hour before take-off to remove nitrogen from the blood
Whipple shield – type of hypervelocity impact shield used to protect manned and unmanned spacecraft from collisions with micrometeoroids and orbital debris
Exploration – unmanned
Sputnik 1 (‘Satellite 1’) was the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It was launched into a low altitude elliptical orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, and was the first in a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik program. The satellite traveled at 29,000 km per hour, taking 96 minutes to complete an orbit. The radio signals continued for 22 days until the transmitter batteries ran out
Sputnik 2 was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit, on 3 November 1957, and the first to carry a living animal, a dog named Laika (‘barker’)
The first living creatures that the United States ever sent into space were two mice, named Benjy and Laska, in 1958
Able and Baker were the first monkeys to successfully return to Earth after traveling in space, in 1959
Luna 3 photographed the far side of the moon in 1959
Pioneer 4 – first US craft in orbit, and the first US probe to escape from the Earth's gravity. Launched in 1959
The Nedelin catastrophe or Nedelin disaster was a launch pad accident that occurred on 24 October 1960, at Baikonur Cosmodrome during the development of the Soviet R-16 ICBM
On January 31, 1961, Ham the Chimp was secured in a Project Mercury capsule labeled MR-2 and launched from Cape Canaveral. First hominid launched into outer space
Telstar 1 was launched on top of a Thor-Delta rocket in July 1962. It successfully relayed through space the first television pictures and telephone calls
Ranger program was a series of unmanned space missions by the United States in the 1960s whose objective was to obtain the first close-up images of the surface of the Moon Mariner 2 passed within 22,000 miles of Venus in 1962, becoming the first space probe to conduct a successful planetary encounter
Launched in 1964, Mariner 4 performed the first successful flyby of the planet Mars returning the first pictures of the Martian surface
The missions Zond-4 through Zond-8 were test flights under for the Soviet Moonshot. The unmanned circumlunar Zond-5 flight in September 1968 was part of the reason NASA flew Apollo 8 to the moon in December 1968 instead of the Earth orbital test which had been planned
Upon its arrival at Mars in 1971, Mariner 9 became the first space probe to go into orbit around another planet. First probe to spot ancient riverbeds on Mars
Pioneer 10 – first probe to reach Jupiter, in 1972
Mariner 10 was the first probe to Mercury, flyby in 1974
Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program. It was the first spacecraft to successfully land on Mars and perform its mission, in 1975
Voyager 1 is a probe launched 5 September 1977. It is currently[update] still operational, making it the longest-lasting mission of NASA. It visited Jupiter and Saturn and was the first probe to provide detailed images of the moons of these planets, including the first pictures of volcanic eruptions on Io. After visiting Titan it was sent into deep space
Voyager 1 has three radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) mounted on a boom, each containing plutonium-238 oxide spheres
Family Portrait, or sometimes Portrait of the Planets, is an image of the Solar System acquired by Voyager 1 in 1990 from a distance of approximately 6 billion kilometres. The picture is a mosaic of 60 individual frames. They were the last pictures taken by either Voyager spacecraft. It is the source of the famous ‘Pale Blue Dot’ image of the Earth. Astronomer Carl Sagan, who was part of the Voyager imaging team, campaigned for many years to have the pictures taken. Six planets are visible in the mosaic: Jupiter, Earth, Venus, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
Voyager I is now 120 AU from Earth
Voyager I discovered spokes in Saturn’s rings and three new moons around Saturn (Atlas, Pandora and Prometheus)
Probes launched in 1989 – Galileo (to Jupiter, then to Europa), Magellan (to Venus)
Voyager II – launched on 20 August 1977. First probe to reach Uranus in 1986 and Neptune in 1989. Discovered nitrogen geysers on Triton
Clementine – unmanned moon probe, found ice at poles, 1994
The Mars Pathfinder mission of 1997 included Sojourner, the first rover to successfully reach another planet
Venera series probes were developed by the Soviet Union between 1961 and 1984 to gather data from Venus. Among the other results, probes of the series became the first man-made devices to enter the atmosphere of another planet (Venera 4), to make a soft landing on another planet (Venera 7), and to return images from the planetary surface (Venera 9)
Mars program was a series of unmanned spacecraft launched by the Soviet Union between 1960 and 1973. The spacecraft were intended to explore Mars
First picture from Mars – Mars 3 probe
Galileo was an unmanned spacecraft sent by NASA to study the planet Jupiter and its moons. It was launched in 1989 by the Space Shuttle Atlantis, and arrived at Jupiter in 1995, via gravitational assist flybys of Venus and Earth
NASA lost the $125 million Mars Climate Orbiter in 1999 because one engineering team used metric units while another used English units for a key spacecraft operation
Cassini–Huygens is a mission currently studying Saturn and its many natural satellites. The spacecraft consists of two main elements: the NASA-designed and constructed Cassini orbiter, and the ESA-developed Huygens probe. The complete Cassini space probe was launched in 1997, and after a long interplanetary voyage, it entered into orbit around Saturn in 2004. Huygens separated from the Cassini orbiter and landed on Titan in 2005 near the Xanadu region. This was the first landing ever accomplished in the outer solar system. Named after the discoverer of Titan, Christian Huygens
Beagle II launched from Mars Express in 2003
Methane detected on Mars, by ESA’s Mars Express
Opportunity Mars Exploration Rover found evidence of water on Mars
Opportunity Rover found gypsum on Mars. Other Rover is Spirit
Curiosity Rover is a car-sized robotic rover exploring Gale Crater on Mars as part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission. The location has been named Bradbury Landing. Sky crane used to release rover onto surface of Mars
Euclid is a space mission currently under development by the European Space Agency. The objective of Euclid is to better understand the geometry of dark energy and dark matter by accurately measuring the acceleration of the universe. To achieve this, the spacecraft will measure the redshift of galaxies at varying distances from Earth and investigate the relationship between distance and redshift
ExoMars (Exobiology on Mars) is a planned Mars mission by the European Space Agency with likely collaboration by the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) to search for possible biosignatures of Martian life. Planned launch in 2018
Pioneer plaques are a pair of gold-anodized aluminium plaques which were placed on board the 1972 Pioneer 10 and 1973 Pioneer 11 spacecraft, featuring a pictorial message, in case either Pioneer 10 or 11 are intercepted by extraterrestrial life. The plaques show the nude figures of a human male and female along with several symbols that are designed to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft. The Pioneer spacecraft were the first human-built objects to leave the solar system. The plaques were attached to the spacecraft's antenna support struts in a position that would shield them from erosion by stellar dust. Designed by Carl Sagan and Frank Drake. Map of 14 pulsars, picture of hydrogen atom. Picture of pioneer probe behind humans
Voyager Golden Record, a much more complex and detailed message using (then) state-of-the-art media, was attached to the Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977. Chosen by Carl Sagan. Disc has a Chuck Berry song (Johnny B Goode). Johann Sebastian Bach is the most represented artist, appearing three times
The Dawn Mission is NASA's mission to send a robotic space probe to the two most massive members of the asteroid belt: the asteroid Vesta and the dwarf planet Ceres. Dawn explore Vesta between 2012 and 2013, and Ceres in 2015. Dawn was the first spacecraft to orbit two planetary bodies other than Earth and the Moon, and the first to visit Ceres
Hipparcos (for High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite) was an astrometry mission of the European Space Agency dedicated to the measurement of stellar parallax and the proper motions of stars. The project was named in honour of Hipparchus and launched in 1989
BepiColombo is a joint Cornerstone mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) to the planet Mercury. The mission is still in the planning stages
BeppoSAX was an Italian–Dutch satellite for X-ray astronomy which played a crucial role in resolving the origin of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), the most powerful events in the universe. In 2003, the satellite ended its life falling into the Pacific Ocean
Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) (formerly known as Triana) is a NASA satellite proposed in 1998 by then-Vice President Al Gore for the purpose of Earth observation. It is intended to be positioned at the Earth's L1 Lagrangian point, at a distance of 1.5 million kilometers. At this location it will have a continuous view of the Sun-lit side of the Earth
Ion thruster is a form of electric propulsion used for spacecraft propulsion that creates thrust by accelerating ions. The first spacecraft to carry an ion thruster was NASA’s Deep Space 1, launched in 1998, which used xenon as a propellant
LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) is an ESA-NASA mission involving three spacecraft flying approximately 5 million kilometers apart in an equilateral triangle formation. Together, they act as a Michelson interferometer to measure the distortion of space caused by passing gravitational waves
Aura – a US space agency satellite designed to check the health of the Earth's atmosphere
Amazonas-1 and Amazonas-2 Brazilian satellites monitor the Amazon rain forest
Hubble Space Telescope discovered two new moons (Mab and Cupid) and two faint rings around Uranus
Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) was an American lunar science mission in NASA's Discovery Program which used high-quality gravitational field mapping of the Moon to determine its interior structure. The two spacecraft GRAIL A (Ebb) and GRAIL B (Flow) were launched in September 2011
Uhuru (‘freedom’ in Swahili) – first satellite used for X-Ray astronomy, in 1970
CubeSat – a type of miniaturized satellite for space research. Typically a 10cm cube
Asteroid Impact & Deflection Assessment (AIDA) mission is a proposed space probe under development by the European Space Agency, which would study the effects of crashing a spacecraft into an asteroid. The target is 65803 Didymos
Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) is a space probe designed to study the Martian atmosphere while orbiting Mars
Rosetta is a robotic space probe built and launched by the European Space Agency. Along with Philae, its lander module, Rosetta is performing a detailed study of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P). In November 2014 the mission performed the first successful landing on a comet
Stardust – photographed and took particles from comet Wild-2
Deep Impact is a NASA space probe launched designed to study the composition of the comet interior of 9P/Tempel, by releasing an impactor into the comet. On July 4, 2005, the impactor successfully collided with the comet's nucleus
Giotto – probe sent to study Halley’s Comet
Project Orion was a USA study of a spacecraft intended to be directly propelled by a series of explosions of atomic bombs behind the craft (nuclear pulse propulsion)
New Horizons was launched in 2006. In July 2015, it flew 12,500 km (7,800 mi) above the surface of Pluto, making it the first spacecraft to explore Pluto. About 30 g of Clyde Tombaugh's ashes are aboard the spacecraft, to commemorate his discovery of Pluto in 1930
