Art and Culture/Wars and Battles - 1st C to 10th C

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War Date Started Date Ended Protaganists Major Battles/Sieges Treaty/Armistice Comments
Year or Date Started Year or Date Ended Location/Name Commanders Victor Date(s) Location/Name
Rome: Germanic Wars Rome German Tribes September 9 October 9 Teutoberger Wald Varus Rome Arminius Cherusci Cherusci Varus was lured in the German forests and his army was wiped out and eagles lost. Varus committed suicide.
Rome: Conquest of Britain Rome British Tribes 43 Medway Aulus Plautius Rome ? Britons Rome
61 Mancetter (?) Paulinus Rome Boudicca Britons Rome Boudicca commits suicide. End of rebellion. Other possible location for battle is Towcester
83 Mons Graupius Agricola Rome Calgacus Caledonians Rome Marked furthest extent of Roman penetration into Scotland
Rome: Jewish War 66 73 Rome Zealots 73 Masada Flavius Silva Rome Eleazer Zealots Rome Prolonged siege of mountain fortress ended with mass suicide of Zealots. 960 dead, 2 women + 7 children survive.
Rome: Civil Wars 69 69 Rival Claimants Rival Claimants 14 April 69 Bedriacum Vitellius Rhine Army Otho Rome Rhine Army Vitellius becomes Emperor
24 October  69 Bedriacum Vitellius Rome Antonius Primus Danube Army Danube Army Danube Army puts Vespasian on the throne
Septimius Severus Pescennius Niger 193 Cyzicus Varus Rome Arminius Cherusci Cherusci Varus was lured in the German forests and his army was wiped out and eagles lost. Varus committed suicide.
Rival Emperors Rival Emperors 28 October  312 Milvian Bridge Constantine I Maxentius Constantine I Maxentius killed. Constantine sole western Augustus
Rival Emperors Rival Emperors 324 Adrianople Constantine I Licinius Constantine I
Rome: Barbarian Invasions Rome Goths 251 Abrittus Decius Rome Cniva Goths Goths Emperor Decius and son Herennius both killed. Battle also known as Forum Terebronii
September 269 Naissus Galenius, Claudius Rome ? Goths Rome Victory attributed to future Emperor Aurelian as cavalry commander. Massive defaet ended Gothic threat for a century
9 August 378 Adrianople Valens Rome Fritigern Goths Goths Emperor Valens killed. Worst Roman defeat since Cannae. For some this marks the end of "ancient world"
Rome Visigoths June 403 Verona Stilicho Rome Alaric Visigoths Rome Prevented Alaric from invading Italy again
Rome Huns 20 September 451 21 September 451 Chalons Aetius, Theodorid Rome Attila Huns Rome Also known as Battle of Catalaunian Fields. Alliance of Roman federation and Visigoths defeated Attila the Hun. Theodorid killed
Byzantine Wars Byzantium Ostrogoths 28 August 489 Sontius Theodoric Ostrogoths Odoacer Foederati Ostrogoths Odoacer forced to retreat to Verona
30 September 489 Verona Theodoric Ostrogoths Odoacer Foederati Ostrogoths Odoacer forced to retreat to Ravenna
490 Faenza Theodoric Ostrogoths Odoacer Foederati Foederati Odoacer counter-attack forced Theodoris back to Pavia
11 August 490 Adda Theodoric Ostrogoths Odoacer Foederati Ostrogoths Odoacer forced to retreat to Ravenna
Byzantium Vandals 13 September 533 Ad Decimum Belisarius Byzantium Gelimer Vandals Byzantium Belisarius forced Gelimer to abandon Carthage. Ad Decimum means 10 mile post - 10 miles from Carthage
15 December  533 Ticameron Belisarius Byzantium Gelimer Vandals Byzantium Marked end of the Vandal kingdom in North Africa and reconquest by Valentinian
Byzantium Sassanids 12 December 627 Nineveh Heraclius Byzantium Rhahzadh Sassanids Byzantium Rhahzadh killed. Ctesiphon captured and Empire briefly restored to its ancient boundaries
Byzantium Arabs 634 Ajnadayn Theodore Byzantium Khalid ibn Walid Arabs Arabs First clash between forces of Islam and Byzantium
20 August 636 Yarmuk Baanes Byzantium Khalid ibn Walid Arabs Arabs Defeat led to capture of Jerusalem
677 Syllaeum ? Byzantium ? Arabs Byzantium Naval battle in which the Arab fleet was destroyed by the use of Greek fire
British Wars Northumbria Picts 603 Degsatan Aethelfrith Northumbria Aedan of Dalradia Picts Northumbria
Northumbria Mercia 12 October 633 Hatfield Chase Edwin Northumbria Penda, Cadwallon Mercia Mercia Edwin and two sons killed and army destroyed. Power struggle ensued in Northumbria
Northumbria Welsh 634 Heavenfield Oswald Northumbria Cadwallon Welsh Northumbria Decisive victory enabled Oswald to reunite Northumbria under his rule. Battle so-called because Oswald raised a cross and prayed on the battlefield
Northumbria Mercia 5 August 642 Maserfield Oswald Northumbria Penda Mercia Mercia Oswald killed and dismembered, his limbs and head stuck on poles by his pagan enemies. Battle took place near Oswestry (Oswald's Tree) and Oswald became a Christian martyr
Northumbria Mercia 15 November 655 Winwaed Oswiu Northumbria Penda Mercia Northumbria Penda killed and army destroyed after being deserted by his allies including Cadfael "Battle Shirker"
Northumbria Picts 20 May 685 Nechtansmere Ecgfrith Northumbria Bridei III Picts Picts Ecgfrith killed. Decisive victory for Picts forced Northumbrians out of Scotland
Islamic Wars: The East Muslems Byzantium 718 Adrianople ? Arabs Terbelis Bulgars Bulgars Forced Arabs to abandon the siege of Byzantium
Islamic Wars: Spain Moors Visigoths 19 July 711 Guadalete Tariq ibn Ziyad Moors Roderic (Rodrigo) Visigoths Moors Roderic killed. Moors followed up with a full-scale invasion of Spain
Moors Asturians 722 Covadonga Alqama Moors Pelayo Asturians Asturians Defeat of Moors seen as beginning of "Reconquista"
Moors Franks 10 October 732 Tours/Poitiers Abd er Rahman Moors Charles Martel Franks Franks Emir Abd er Rahman killed. Northward advance of Islam from Spain stopped
Wars of Charlemagne 774 Pavia Charlemagne Franks Didier (Desiderius) Lombards Franks Charlemagne was called King of the Franks and Lombards
Danish Invasion of England May 878 Ethandune Alfred the Great Britons Guthrum Danes Britons Guthrum became a Christian and withdrew from Wessex
Viking Invasion of Britain Saxons Vikings 937 Brunanburgh Athelstan Saxons Olaf Guthfrithson Vikings Saxons Alliance of Norse, Scots and Irish decisively defeated. Confirmed England as the power in the British Isles with governance in the South
Saxons Vikings 11 August 991 Maldon Byrthnoth Saxons Olag Trygvasson Vikings Vikings
Magyar Invasion of Europe Germans Magyars 955 Lechfield Otto I Germans Karchas Bulcsu Magyars Germans Ended Magyar incursions into Central Europe
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